James discusses a 1981 riot in Manchester, northern England.
FREE FOR ALL
The nine year old leader
(1982 magazine article)
By C L R James.
Free For All. I love that title. Freedom is a very rare thing: it is for example rare in the account of great
events. It was only a few years ago that a French historian really got down to it and brought out some of the greatest and most important events in the French Revolution. You may think that that is History, with a capital 'H', because it is one of the greatest events and everybody, particularly the professional historians, ought to know something about it.
But enough of that.
I have been exercising my freedom to say a few things about history
which are not only important in general but relate directly to the riots
which took place in Britain during last summer. Darcus Howe is talking
to an American about those events. He picks up a paper and reads this.
"Listen to this",
he said, "after the uprising in Moss Side last July they appointed
a local Manchester barrister called Hytner to enquire into what happened,
and how it started. Here's what he writes:
" 'At about 10.20pm
a responsible and in our view reliable black citizen was in Moss Lane
East, and observed a large number of black youths whom he recognised
as having come from a club a mile away. At the same time a horde of
white youths came up the road from the direction of Moss Side. He spoke
to them and ascertained they were from Withenshawe. The two groups met
and joined. There was nothing in the manner of their meeting which in
any way reflected a prearranged plan. There was a sudden shout and the
mob stormed off in the direction of Moss Side police station. We are
given an account by another witness who saw the mob approach the station,
led, so it was claimed, by a nine-year old boy with those with Liverpool
accents in the van [in the lead].' "
You believe that you have read this and
that you understand this: pardon me if I tell you that I don't think
you have. Let me select a passage and draw it to your attention.
[He] observed a large number of
black youths whom he recognised as having come from a club a mile away.
At the same time a horde of white youths came up the road from the direction
of Moss Side. He spoke to them and ascertained they were from Withenshawe.
The two groups met and joined. There was nothing in the manner of their
meeting which in any way reflected a prearranged plan. There was a sudden
shout and the mob stormed off in the direction of Moss Side police station.
That my friends is the revolution. There
is no highly educated party leading the backward masses. There is no
outstanding leader whom the masses follow because of his great achievement
in the past. There had been no prearranged plan. They met and joined,
they shouted and they stormed off, (note this particularly) in the direction
of Moss Side police station. The great leader? Before I deal with that,
let me quote from one of the greatest historians of the 20th century.
I can quote at once because I made quotations from it in 'The Black
Jacobins' (edition Allison & Busby, page 338n).
"... It is therefore in the popular mentality, in the profound
and incurable distrust which was born in the soul of the people, in
regard to the aristocracy, beginning in 1789, and in regard to the king
, from the time of the flight to Varennes, it is there that we must
seek the explanation to what took place. The people and their unknown
leaders knew what they wanted. They followed the Girondins and afterwards
Robespierre, only to the degree that their advice appeared acceptable.
Who then are these leaders to whom the people listened? We know some.
Nevertheless, as in all the decisive days of the revolution, what we
most would like to know is forever out of our reach; we would like to
have the diary of the most obscure of these popular leaders; we would
then be able to grasp, in the act so to speak, how one of these great
revolutionary days began; we do not have it."
So much for these great leaders.
this time we know that it was a boy of nine who was leading this particular
part of the revolution.
I don't think I have
anything more to say here. But for the greater part of my long life,
I have been saying and preaching and teaching "the two groups
met and joined. There was nothing in the manner of their meeting which
in any way reflected a prearranged plan. There was a sudden shout and
the mob stormed off in the direction of Moss Side police station."
Work at it please.
