“Toxicity’s coextant figure is immunity; to be more precise, threatened immunity.” – Mel Chen, Animacies

The discourse of capital invokes the notion of the toxin to describe—perhaps to quarantine—those segments of the consuming population that do not, from the perspective of those in whom capital is concentrated, consume properly. (Consider the phrase “toxic assets”: the concept is linked to the commodified credit debt and subprime mortgages traded by financial institutions, especially during what is called the financial crisis of the late 2000s.) To think of toxicity in a generalized way, we might think of space. Toxins are threatening entities that exist outside (a body, an environment, an institution, etc.), and they are threatening because of their capacity to cross the boundary between outside and inside, or to penetrate.

Queerness seems always to be implicated in notions of the toxic. Queer itself arises from the AIDS crisis of the 1980s—a crisis over a virus which is a kind of toxin, and a crisis linked discursively to queer bodies and sexualities. According to one poll, a majority of the US public in 1985 favored quarantining seropositive people; a majority also supported criminalizing sex with a seropositive person. Both of these responses to HIV/AIDS suggest the reciprocal relationship between toxicity and immunity—bodies (materials, assets, etc.) defined as toxic threaten comfortable subjects by disturbing or complicating constructed boundaries and immunities; simultaneously, the response by those whose immunity is threatened is to further shore up these boundaries, to contain the toxic bodies (materials, assets, etc.).

Mel Chen discusses “immunity nationalism,” a kind of xenophobic discourse of nationhood that locates and externalizes toxins in foreign bodies and institutions. Perhaps we can also apply this notion of immunity to the university’s plans to outsource, and to larger neoliberal trends in the concentration of capital and liberalization of politics. If this occupation situates bodies inside a space connected to the administration of the university, those bodies operate as toxins. Simultaneously, the university may move to neutralize or quarantine these toxic bodies—that is, the university may seek to comfortably manage the occupation. Perhaps our goal is to produce a state of intoxication, so to speak—to make the administration constantly uncomfortable by complicating the neoliberal boundaries between public/private spaces (or, maybe, between student/nonstudent spaces).

Originally posted at the Queer (in) Crisis blog.

By way of linking toxic assets to occupation, we can think of evicted homeowners as occupying their recently foreclosed homes. At this point the asset is toxic. Prior to this, people were being “allowed” to remain in homes where they had stopped paying the mortgage and banks were sitting on the foreclosure process. To what extent is the occupation permitted or allowed, and to what extent does that permission occur as neutralization? How does the asset metaphor work in this instant (the current occupation of the Conference Centre at Sussex University)?

Let us consider this occupation in terms of symbolic capital. The university transforms student activism into symbolic capital that is then used to leverage potential investment by future students. With the increase in fees, the university’s potential for political prestige is materialised as more money in the back pockets of the administrators. Our intimate crises become tradable cash prospects. How can we damage the brand?

If the occupied space is a loan, in what sense is it not performing? Management have loaned the occupiers the space in order that they further the image and credence of the university through practice—let us call this political investiture. This credit-debt contract is then sold on to potential new students, or those about to invest in the university, as an unreality or an action stripped of meaning. The actual space, or the conference centre, exists as collateral in this production of symbolic capital. How can we realise this potential toxicity of this credit-debt asset? How can we make this their (management and/or prospective students’) crisis? Either we must actually win whereby the assets become toxic, or we stop acting politically in this space at all—we demonstrate an inability to pay back the loan under the terms set. We occupy a foreclosed space. By that we mean an immediate end to the symbolic meaning of the occupation and a return to its material basis. While the space is being used for great things such as teach-ins &c., it is paying on its loan by contributing to the political prestige of the university’s image—its toxicity is merely a potentiality.

To what extent is it helpful to think of the management as invested in the political traditions and reputations of the university? Do not imagine that the university exists for management as anything other than a bullet-point in their curricula vitae, or securitisation on their escalating mortgages. To what extent is the conference centre occupation performing as an asset, and why does management continue to extend the terms of the loan? On the one hand, the VC has openly accredited the occupation to the university’s legacy of radicalism, invented as that is. The administration refuse to recognise loss; there is zero political will for open acknowledgement of toxicity, and thus toxicity remains a potentiality. On the other hand, this management of crisis always threatens to become the crisis of management, those in Sussex House. A toxic asset is an asset in crisis, positioned just at the edge of liability. Toxic assets always stand on the edge of death, where death occurs as the loss of capital, or capital’s loss. Management are managing their own death; they are lying about the value of the occupation—meaning is being stripped from action. When we push the boundaries of this form they are quick to reconfigure themselves to contain us. Tradition and reputation occur as a process of recuperation. As UC President Mark Yudof once said, ‘being president of the University of California is like being manager of a cemetery’. The political tradition of the university’s dead generations weigh like a nightmare on the brain of the current student “activists”. Our political actions have been commodified and our activities become dead labour.

To reiterate, we call all those in the occupation to reconsider the value of their political actions on-campus. It is time to move away from the chauvinism of demos and the soft nationalism of “Sussex united”. Stop grandstanding in general assemblies. Refuse image. Work silently.

Originally posted at the Queer (in) Crisis blog.

The current occupation at Sussex University is in its fifth week, with no signs of ending. The management remains comfortable with its presence and unwillingness to force an eviction. In a recent interview Sussex University Vice Chancellor Michael Farthing stated the following:

I respect students’ right to voice their opinions, and we always have done, and Sussex has been a place where people have been critical of a whole range of issues from management to government. Providing protests are peaceful, providing they’re legal, and providing the students are safe we have freedom of speech here and we allow people to express their views … . If it wasn’t [legal and safe] we would have taken action to bring it [the current occupation] to a close, and we’ve done that in the past when we have been concerned about legality and safety.

Like Farthing, it is possible to read this occupation as the continuation of a tradition of particular modes of activism at the university. Occupation has established itself as the predominate and normative tactic for student protesters on campus. Over time, this form of action has depreciated in significance, becoming a deradicalised and safe expression of student criticism. Perhaps the occupation is now a legitimate form of protest, expected, even welcomed. To what extent is the current occupation permitted, and to what extent does that permission manifest itself as neutralization?

Over the last few years, occupation as a tactic has increased sharply, spreading memetically between differing struggles. While the occupation initiates the visceralities of communality, providing a space to imagine alternative ways of living and practicing, its suitability and political efficacy for this particular crisis are in doubt. The recurrence of occupation at Sussex has resulted in a process of normalization. It is diluted by liberal accretions to the point of semantic satiation, with each repetition reducing the anxieties and intensities of the form. In an article exploring Tahrir Square as meme, The Deterritorial Support Group (DSG) state,

The tactic [of taking squares] also becomes problematic when the form of the protest, the driving force of the idea of “the Square” starts to become its content; when “taking the space” replaces any discussion of what is being attempted, what aims are and what processes are fit to achieve those aims… . This is a key component in the life of a meme– the content is emptied out of the meme until all that remains is a self-reflexive closed network, relevant only to those who already understand, incapable of communicating new ideas or pushing for change.

Without a critical engagement of the processes fit for our aims we cannot hope to achieve those aims. The occupation does provide a venue to consider modes of political engagement and participation, such as consensus-decision making and what one participant recently described as, ‘innovative forms of leadership (apersonal, horizontal, with multiple heads, random selection, and regular swapping of roles)’. However, as DSG warn, when those processes become ends in themselves, ‘A self-congratulatory atmosphere ensues, with the very simple task of making decisions equitably becoming seen as a “victory” … rather than a basic component of non-coercive human interaction’.

Sussex University has always been at the forefront of student activism. However, this expectancy comes with its negative aspects. In what ways does the immediate concern to take action arise out of a sense of historical responsibility to the University’s so-called traditions, invented as they are?

Protest by Sussex students in 2010…

We suggest that the performance of particular forms of action at the university is determined by an intellectual and culturally left-wing university climate that fosters liberal inclinations and encourages “radical” experimentation. This climate favours a particular aesthetic which, practiced and emptied of content over generations, produces actions such as the current occupation. These lack a critical interrogation of the particular resonances of the form and its efficacies. The actions of past students within these traditions and cultures inflate the symbolic value of the occupation as form, while current students replicate forms of action conducive to an aesthetic and coherent student ‘Sussex’ identity that distorts the meaning of legitimacy. Without content, this form of action is easily tolerated and there is no need for management to bring it to a close.

The occupation is compromised. It is no longer dirty but sanitized and management is immune to its effects. It is predictable, can be forecasted and monitored, maintained and tolerated. (Similarly, students can tolerate this interruption on the ordinary progression of their lives as a productive experience without risk). The occupation as form is no longer unmanageable but is employed as a prophylactic agent within the university body. The toxic content of the campaign against privatisation’s aims is reified by the form of the occupation, as a symbolic value profitable for management. We could even call this a process of real subsumption within the social or university factory.

Let us expand on this notion of toxicity. The current occupation is the manifestation of a conflict between members of the university body and the regulatory administration. A particular group of students and staff have taken a position that threatens the ordinary processes of capital; they have become toxic. Toxins are threatening entities that exist outside, and they are threatening because of their capacity to cross the boundary between outside and inside.

The discourse of capital invokes the notion of the toxin—consider the phrase “toxic assets”—to describe financial assets for which there is no longer a functioning market. By this we mean, these assets are still within the market but have diminished in value so much that they exist outside productive processes of exchange. They no longer exist as capital. During the “financial crisis” of the early noughties, people were being “allowed” to remain in homes on which they had stopped paying the mortgage while banks were sitting on the foreclosure process. These subprime mortgages remained tradeable assets on the financial market. However, when those evicted homeowners remained in their recently foreclosed homes, they did so ‘in occupation’. At this point the asset became toxic.

How does the asset metaphor work when considering the current occupation of the Conference Centre at Sussex University? Students in occupation should be considered evicted homeowners: by refusing to leave the metaphorical foreclosed home, they prevent the forced sale of the home itself, which makes the asset toxic.

Instead, however, the students in occupation are the very asset that is being sold. The occupation has been reconfigured in terms of symbolic capital. The university transforms student activism into symbolic capital that is then used to leverage potential investment by future students. With the increase in fees, the university’s potential for political prestige is materialised as more money in the back pockets of the administrators. Our intimate crises become tradable cash prospects.

The postcard back of the previous picture, distributed at 2012 Graduation ceremonies

Let us not be mistaken, the occupied space is a loan. In this case, in what sense is it not performing?

Management have loaned the occupiers the space in order that they further the image and credence of the university through practice—let us call this an investiture in a credit-debt contract. This credit-debt contract is then sold on to potential new students, or those about to invest in the university, as an unreality or an action stripped of meaning.

The actual space, or the conference centre, exists as collateral in this production of symbolic capital. How can we realise the potential toxicity of this credit-debt asset? How can we make this a crisis for prospective students?

We must actually win whereby student activism as an asset becomes toxic. We propose that occupiers stop acting symbolically with respect to the occupied space or occupation—occupiers must demonstrate an inability to pay back the loan under the terms set. We must occupy a foreclosed space by refusing any symbolic value. By that we mean an immediate end to the symbolic meaning of the occupation and a return to its material basis. While the space is being used for great things such as teach-ins, etc., it is paying on its loan by contributing to the political prestige of the university’s image—its toxicity is merely a potentiality.

To what extent is it helpful to think of the management as invested in the political traditions and reputations of the university? Do not imagine that the university body exists for management as anything other than a bullet-point in their curricula vitae, or securitisation on their escalating mortgages. Management is continuing to extend the terms of the loan. The VC has openly accredited the occupation to the university’s legacy of radicalism, invented as that is. The administration refuse to recognise loss; there is zero political will for open acknowledgement of toxicity, and thus toxicity remains a potentiality.

This management of crisis always threatens to become the crisis of management themselves. A toxic asset is an asset in crisis, positioned just at the edge of liability. Toxic assets always stand on the edge of death, where death occurs as the loss of capital, or capital’s loss. Management are managing their own death; they are lying about the value of the occupation—meaning is being stripped from action. When we push the boundaries of this form they are quick to reconfigure themselves to contain us. Tradition and reputation occur as a process of recuperation. As UC President Mark Yudof once said, ‘being president of the University of California is like being manager of a cemetery…’. The political tradition of the university’s dead generations weigh like a nightmare on the brain of the current student “activists”. Our political actions have been commodified and our activities become dead labour.

An example of this dead labour is the production of symbolic value in the demo. The demo works in the mode of the spectacular as a symbolic demonstration of presence and solidarity. The value of the demo lies in a distinct aesthetic amenable to the university’s branded image. This aesthetic is moulded by appeals to media representation. Building for demos becomes a constant and laborious process of production. The demo belongs in the realm of the image: all that was once directly lived has become mere representation.

The occupiers are particularly reliant on the demo form and this is telling. They insist on attributing to the demo a determinative or permissive quality that limits the possibility for action after it. For the occupiers, all action must occur as a result of the demo because actions can only be justified by the quantitative demonstration of support at the demo. This promissory quality stems from a privileging of the quantitative element itself, as a liberal populism. Larger numbers also dilute individual responsibility and accountability for actions and their potential ramifications.

The demonstration of solidarity at the demo itself manifests as a form of patriotism. The soft nationalism of chants, such as “Sussex united, will never be defeated,” provide confidence for the occupiers in their actions; this implies that the occupiers are invested in a university community conceived as a university-homogenizing sovereign with a coherent and stable identity that they can always rescue from corruption. Attributing to the university community a sense of homogenized sovereignty allows the occupiers to consider it as subject to external and coercive forces. The form of the demo reinforces this construction by becoming a form of ‘three-dimensional lobbying, or a moral pressure’ generated by numbers.

To some extent management find it politically expedient to leave their status as “enemy” unchallenged. Not only does this prompt a kind of cathartic form of protest, one without material results, it also reinforces the perceived value of the demo itself. It means that there is no critical acknowledgment by heuristic individuals of their own implication in the production and reconstruction of neoliberal economies. The actions of the occupiers are not infallible.

The demo becomes a form of protest that management can recuperate: like the occupation of Bramber House, the demo is not toxic. Perhaps our goal is to produce a state of intoxication—to shift the ordinary perception of modes of protest by increasing our critical concentration. To reiterate, we call all those in the occupation to reconsider how their political actions on-campus are valued. It is time to move away from the chauvinism of demos and the stagnancy of the occupation. Refuse image. Become unmanageable.

Originally posted at the Anti-Capitalist Initiative site.

On 25 March 2013 the University of Sussex will see a national demonstration against the marketisation and privatisation of Higher Education. This is a valuable opportunity to unify diverse local campaigns against privatisation and out-sourcing into a national movement. By using the day to bring together activists and campaigners from around the country the long-running Sussex campaign has the opportunity to act as a catalyst for an ongoing campaign of real strength and resilience by linking activists into a national network.

The University of Sussex has been in occupation now for 5 weeks. Since the plans to outsource 235 jobs at the University were announced in May 2012, a small and well organised campaign has sustained an opposition to these proposals. The occupation of Bramber House was an important step in escalating this opposition and its achievements over the last 5 weeks must be recognised. It galvanised the campaign, transforming it into a mass movement on campus. Regular protests, further occupations and the visual transformation of campus with yellow squares adorning windows and jackets have forcefully demonstrated to management the scale of opposition to their proposals and fostered a sense of solidarity and confidence amongst those who oppose outsourcing. High profile media coverage has put the issue of the marketisation of higher education back on the agenda and reinvigorated many of the movements that emerged from the student protests in 2010.

5 weeks on, however, we must think carefully about the future direction of the campaign. As the queer (in) crisis collective have pointed out here and here, a new equilibrium has been reached on campus. Not only does management appear content to tolerate the presence of the occupation, but it has actively co-opted it into its attempts market brand Sussex. On recent open days, Sussex sales persons have pointed out the occupation to potential customers, sorry students, and boasted how the tradition of radical Sussex remains alive and well. Through its absorption into the brand heritage, the oppositional potential that was embodied by the occupation at the outset is dissipated. Meanwhile, management show no sign of changing their plans and seem determined to steamroll the outsourcing through. Where then, might we go from here?

The demonstration against privatisation called by the National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts at Sussex University on 25 March 2013 represents an opportunity both to reinvigorate the national student movement and build a national campaign against privatisation. Perhaps we can use this event to learn about other modes of activism and successful anti-privatisation campaigns? In places like the London borough of Barnet, an alliance of workers, citizens, trade unionists and radical bloggers have built a successful grass-roots campaign to fight the privatisation of services under the Tory-led council’s ‘One Barnett’ initiative which would see the outsourcing 70% of the council’s services (worth £1Billion) to private providers. Through demonstrations, occupations, civil disobedience, squatting the local library, legal actions, the clever use of FOI requests the people of Barnet are building a campaign which will stop outsourcing. The whole outsourcing project is currently stalled, subject to judicial review in the Royal Courts of Justice. Even the embattled Higher Education Sector has had its success stories. Over ten months last year the local Unison branch at London Met successfully campaigned alongside UCU and the Student’s Union to prevent the outsourcing of all non-academic staff by university management. In Brighton the Stop the Cuts coalition have been fighting on a range of fronts from outsourcing to anti-workfare campaigns and mobilisations against the bedroom tax. The 25^th March demonstration represents an important opportunity to build alliances with these groups, to share expertise and to coordinate future actions targeting both the institutions which outsource and, more importantly those companies who enable it.

The 235 jobs under threat at Sussex represent a tiny proportion of the tens of thousands which will be outsourced across the country. Let’s use the 25^th of March to build on the success of the Sussex Occupation and set about creating a national campaign against privatisation. It has to be more than just a demonstration; it needs to set the platform for the next phase of the struggle. Retoxify, Rebel, Revolt!

Solidarity & see you on the 25^th

Antiuk collective.

Originally published at the Antiuk blog.