Ranking libertarian socialist currents, from worst to best

Submitted by Agent of the I… on March 8, 2025

Here you will find a comprehensive guide to all the currents of libertarian socialism. Each has been assessed and ranked according to their merit. If you have any disagreements, you are invited to post your own rankings in reply, or just leave a comment explaining your disagreements. Let’s start off with the worst:

9. Daniel De Leonism. This is really not a libertarian socialist current. But it is included here because it is associated with libertarian socialism in the minds of many who have not really put much thought into it. De Leonism advocates workers organizing into unions to fight in the economic terrain, but also to organize into political parties to fight in the political terrain. The decisive step in the process is to capture the state by election. This is not syndicalism, contrary to others who think so, as syndicalism reduces all struggle to economic means.

8. Communalism or municipalism. The creation of Murray Bookchin, developed as an alternative to anarchism. Like De Leonism, this should not be categorized as libertarian socialism, as election to local government office is central to the program. This approach tries to create a holistic framework that becomes ultimately meaningless. Communalists have a hard time applying a class analysis. They also subscribe to bogus theories like dialectical naturalism.

7. Guild socialism. I am not sure what strategy is being offered here, or why guilds are being proposed over labor unions. The advocates of this current are virtually non existent.

6. Autonomism. What really is this? This comes out of Marxism but I don’t think it constitutes a coherent current like any of the other ones in this list. It often seems more like an analysis of conditions of the time it arose than a prescription of what should be done.

5. Syndicalism. We’re in more respectable territory now. This is probably the most uncontroversial theory or current in all of socialism. But it is also not as well known as it should be.

4. Council communism. Comes out of the Marxist tradition. This proposes that workers’ councils are the basic form of organizing for workers. Revolutionaries are there to aid the development of class consciousness, not to become order givers.

3. Anarchist collectivism. This is the original expression of socialist anarchism, of anarchism as a movement, and libertarian socialism in general. Born within the First International as the only alternative to authoritarian state socialists. The collectivists were the precursors of syndicalism.

2. Anarchist communism. The vast majority of the collectivists became communists, and hence this current was born. This was probably the earliest expression of a approach to communism without any transistional phase. Although I must add that not all anarchist communists conceived of revolution without any transitional measures like labor notes.

1. Anarcho-syndicalism. The latest current within classical anarchism; it is a synthesis of anarchist collectivism and anarchist communism, combining the labor movement approach of the former with the goals of the latter. This connects syndicalism with anarchism, and traces its history from all the way back to the original anarchist activists of the First International to the present. This is the ultimate form of anarchism, and libertarian socialism in general.

So what do you think? Is there any current or tendency that is missing from this list?

nastyned

2 days 21 hours ago

Submitted by nastyned on March 8, 2025

The situationists, I'm not using the term "situationism" as I believe that's considered bad form.

Indo

2 days 19 hours ago

Submitted by Indo on March 8, 2025

I would say that Council Communis is neither a libertarian nor an authoritarian current. Instead it seeks to overcome their dichotomy, like the dichotomy between Centralism/Federalism and Leader/Mass. And there have been time, like during the Nazi Dictatorship, where Council Communists became the strongest proponent of organizational centralism and authoritarianism. Also, Council Communism doesn't "proposes that workers’ councils are the basic form of organizing for workers". The Council Idea [and other related terms], as it has been called, denotes self-organization. Workers' Councils were one of the many expressions of this and might never arise in their traditional form in the future but that doesn't render the Council Idea obsolete, which only denotes self-organization, irrespective of form. See Paul Matticks's interview with JJ Lebel and Karl Korsch's description of the Commune as a "formless form".

goff

2 days 19 hours ago

Submitted by goff on March 8, 2025

From a PR prospective, a guild sounds like you’re combatting capitalism via sorcery and alchemy. Conjuring the gods of labour with the lads and ladettes. A trade union sounds a bit shit. The 21st century not making Top of the Pops is a bad sign though.

Craftwork

2 days 13 hours ago

Submitted by Craftwork on March 8, 2025

DeLeonism: Marxist syndicalism.

Communalism/municipalism: Vietnam-era hippies.

Guild socialism: British stupidity.

Autonomism: operaismo's abortion.

Syndicalism: trade unionism, unless you append the prefix 'anarcho-'.

Council communism: the Dutch-German communist left's abortion.

Anarcho-collectivism: self-governing federations.

Anarcho-communism: utopian socialism, fantastical technical blueprints, no political realism.

Anarcho-syndicalism: utopian trade-unionism.

The Situationist International: councilist art hoes.

Councilism: council communism's abortion.

Submitted by Indo on March 9, 2025

Craftwork wrote: Council communism: the Dutch-German communist left's abortion.

[...]

Councilism: council communism's abortion.

I don't believe there's any difference between Dutch-German Left and Council Communism. The term "Council Communist" was already used by Franz Pfemfert in 1920 in his article "Die Sympathie der Unsympathischen" and even the KAPD on certain occasions. There have been attempts to separate both by referring to the fact that the Dutch-German was pro-party whereas Council Communism as represented by the GIC was anti-party but this again is not true as the GIC often defended a vanguardist position and it's member even formed the Communistenbond Spartacus which was a Council Communist Party. And then one might bring up the question of the Russian Revolution as the dividing point, with Dutch-German Left agreeing with the concept of a double revolution and Council Communism with the concept of Bourgeois Revolution. But again, not true. Members of the so-called Dutch-German Left, Helmut Wagner and Karl Schröder, were some of the first to describe the Russian Revolution as bourgeois and sections of the GIC, the so-called Council Communists, believed in the concept of Double Revolution. However, all this doesn't mean that there were no differences. The most fundamental one in my view being on crisis, with older member of the German Left defending the view of a death crisis based on Luxemburg's works whereas the younger members of the German Left and those in GIC basing themselves either on Grossman or Pannekoek. But this doesn't constitute a difference so big that we can speak of a Dutch-German Left and a Council Communism.

Now, for the term "Councilism". This term has often been used to describe the post-1960 groups who declared themselves to be in line with Council Communist but rejected organized theory and intervention in class struggle. This word has also been used to describe Rühle's positions but I think this is completely wrong as Rühle was never against organized theory or intervention in class struggle but wanted to do it from within the AAU itself i.e. he wanted a group within the AAU itself. The KAPD even said

Even some comrades of the Berlin AAUE cannot ignore the necessity of a planned implementation of the Unionen and recommend the gathering of suitable comrades in their bodies.

Now, away from Rühle. The word "Councilism" and "Councilist" was a derogatory word which was rejected by the post-1960 Council Communist groups and individuals. Like Henri Simon rejected it in his letter to Charles Apro, Échanges did too, and so did Serge Bricianer.

Personally I like to go with the term Council Communism, with Pro-Party Council Communism for the KAPD, GIC and other and Anti-Party Council Communism for Rühle, AAUE and others. I don't like to use the word "Councilism" but I agree that the theoretical development of the post-1960 Council Communist groups, especially the French ones, had very little in common with the pre-1960 Council Communists on the question of intervention in class struggle and organized theory.

All in all, Council Communism doesn't represent a rigid doctrine or accomplishment and can't be concretised into an intrinsic unity or fossilized extrinsically into the "Dutch-German Left", "Council Communism" and "Councilism". It is, as Pannekoek once said, a method of self-emancipation which can be easily worked out with several different theories and viewpoints. This would explain it's popularity within the so-called libertarian current, the New Left and even the Open Marxists. This is also why I call myself a Council Communist, while also recognizing the need to move beyond the older Council Communists on several question.

westartfromhere

2 days 3 hours ago

Submitted by westartfromhere on March 9, 2025

Although I must add that not all anarchist communists conceived of revolution without any transitional measures like labor notes.

Instead of looking at the theoretical, it would be more useful to look at the practical instances of revolutionary anarchist communists, such as the Makhnovshchina, to highlight where these fell short of the aims and goals of the proletarian revolution, of its anarchy, its communism. What compromises did the Makhnovshchina make with the rule of law and order and mercantile society?

Equally, rather than concentrating on the self-proclaimed Council Communists, look towards the actual workers' councils, of India, Iraq, Africa, Europe and the Americas...

goff

2 days 2 hours ago

Submitted by goff on March 9, 2025

If you combined all 9 currents, do you think we’d be bigger or smaller than the English Subbuteo Association?

Submitted by Agent of the I… on March 10, 2025

DeLeonism: Marxist syndicalism.

Syndicalism: trade unionism, unless you append the prefix 'anarcho-'.

Syndicalism doesn’t refer to any kind of trade unionism. When people use that term, they are speaking of a revolutionary union movement specifically based on anarchist principles such as federation, direct action, social revolution, etc.

As for De Leonism, you cannot categorize that as any form of syndicalism. Syndicalism rejects political action and the State, unlike De Leonism, which regards those things as necessary.

Agent of the I…

20 hours 20 min ago

Submitted by Agent of the I… on March 10, 2025

Aside from the currents I listed above, I could have also included the revolutionary industrial unionism of the I.W.W., which I believe is distinct from syndicalism. One example of the difference is that industrial unionists subscribe to direct democracy, not federation. I didn’t include it in my list because no one really identifies with it as their primary political label.

I also feel that there exists a tendency consisting of those influenced by the ultra left, Dauve, communisation theory, etc; folks who just label themselves ‘communist’ with a small c. This position characterizes many past posters on this site. They may or may not call themselves Marxists.

I didn’t include left communism because I view that more as a broad grouping that encompasses specific tendencies like council communism.

Submitted by Craftwork on March 10, 2025

Agent of the International wrote:

DeLeonism: Marxist syndicalism.

Syndicalism: trade unionism, unless you append the prefix 'anarcho-'.

Syndicalism doesn’t refer to any kind of trade unionism. When people use that term, they are speaking of a revolutionary union movement specifically based on anarchist principles such as federation, direct action, social revolution, etc.

As for De Leonism, you cannot categorize that as any form of syndicalism. Syndicalism rejects political action and the State, unlike De Leonism, which regards those things as necessary.

Nope, syndicalism quite literally means trade unionism in French; syndicat being the word for union.

Revolutionary syndicalism is self-descriptive, and anarcho-syndicalism is where anarchy is the goal to be achieved through syndicalist (union) methods.

DeLeonism advocates industrial unions as the tool of revolution, without giving up the need for political organisation.

Agent of the I…

12 hours 36 min ago

Submitted by Agent of the I… on March 10, 2025

Nope, syndicalism quite literally means trade unionism in French; syndicat being the word for union.

Yes, syndicalism is french for trade unionism. You are correct about that. But here is the thing. In the english speaking world, at the very least, whenever someone uses that term, they are always referring to revolutionary syndicalism. That’s why I list it as such, without the prefix, in my post starting this thread.

Here is a question for you. Since you do recognize that there is a revolutionary syndicalism, distinct from both regular trade unionism (“syndicalism”) and anarcho-syndicalism, do you believe that De Leonism can be categorized as a type of revolutionary syndicalism?

adri

10 hours 38 min ago

Submitted by adri on March 11, 2025

Agent of the International wrote: This is the original expression of socialist anarchism, of anarchism as a movement, and libertarian socialism in general. Born within the First International as the only alternative to authoritarian state socialists. The collectivists were the precursors of syndicalism.

I don't think it's particularly helpful to just regurgitate Bakunin instead of actually quoting Marx, if that's who you're referring to, and explaining how you think he was an "authoritarian." In addition to Bakunin's differing political/organizational views, he also personally disliked Marx, dismissing him on the basis of his German and Jewish background, and had every reason to misrepresent Marx's beliefs. People should really try bearing this in mind—i.e. that Bakunin described Marx as an "authoritarian" in the same breath that he dismissed him as a "German Jew"—whenever they go around parroting Bakunin's description of Marx and Engels instead of actually quoting them.

If you were to actually read and quote Marx and Engels, then you would find that they were not "authoritarians" at all! Marx and Engels, for the hundredth time, never meant a small group of professional revolutionaries when they were talking about the temporary proletarian dictatorship or workers seizing state power; their conception of this revolutionary or transitional period was in fact quite democratic and involved things like revocable delegates who were democratically selected and responsible to their constituents—the exact opposite of what prevailed in Bolshevik Russia. Both Marx and Engels also pointed to the Paris Commune as an example of what a transitional workers' government might look like. One can take, for example, Marx's commentary in the Civil War in France, in which he praised the self-governing aspects of the Commune:

Marx wrote: The Commune was formed of the municipal councillors, chosen by universal suffrage in the various wards of the town, responsible and revocable at short terms. The majority of its members were naturally working men, of acknowledged representatives of the working class. The Commune was to be a working, not a parliamentary, body, executive and legislative at the same time. Instead of continuing to be the agent of the Central Government, the police was at once stripped of its political attributes, and turned into the responsible and at all times revocable agent of the Commune. So were the officials of all other branches of the Administration. From the members of the Commune downwards, the public service had to be done at workmen's wages. The vested interests and the representation allowances of the high dignitaries of State disappeared along with the high dignitaries themselves. Public functions ceased to be the private property of the tools of the Central Government. Not only municipal administration, but the whole initiative hitherto exercised by the State was laid into the hands of the Commune. (MECW, Vol. 22, p. 331)

Marx wrote: The multiplicity of interpretations to which the Commune has been subjected, and the multiplicity of interests which construed it in their favour, show that it was a thoroughly expansive political form, while all previous forms of government had been emphatically repressive. Its true secret was this. It was essentially a working-class government, the product of the struggle of the producing against the appropriating class, the political form at last discovered under which to work out the economical emancipation of Labour. (MECW, Vol. 22, p. 334)

I also don't see the point of ranking various socialist tendencies in the first place. Like are you suggesting that people who identify as anarcho-syndicalists (number 1 on your list) are somehow "more worthy" or "better allies" than people who call themselves anarcho-communists (number 2 on your list)?

Agent of the International wrote: 2. Anarchist communism. The vast majority of the collectivists became communists, and hence this current was born. This was probably the earliest expression of a approach to communism without any transistional phase. [not true at all] Although I must add that not all [i.e. very few in fact] anarchist communists conceived of revolution without any transitional measures like labor notes.

Once again, there is no such thing, in the vast majority of cases, as communism without any sort of transitional phase or transitory measures in between, unless you believe that communism/socialism can be created overnight, which is an idea that many anarchists themselves (both contemporarily and historically) reject. Again from the AFAQ:

McKay wrote: So rather than seeing a "full blown" communist society appearing instantly from a revolution, anarcho-communists see a period of transition in which the degree of communism in a given community or area is dependent on the objective conditions facing it. This period of transition would see different forms of social experimentation but the desire is to see libertarian communist principles as the basis of as much of this experimentation as possible. To claim that anarcho-communists ignore reality and see communism as being created overnight is simply a distortion of their ideas. Rather, they are aware that the development towards communism is dependent on local conditions, conditions which can only be overcome in time and by the liberated community re-organising production and extending it as required.

I'm not sure why you're trying to make Leninists' and Stalinists' job of criticizing anarchists easier by arguing the points that they claim that all anarchists believe in, such as that "full-blown communism can be created overnight."

Let's take the Paris Commune for instance, which is celebrated by both Marxists and anarchists: Did the Communards create a full-blown communist society following their rebellion against the Thiers government and their refusal to hand over the cannons? Of course not! The Commune was merely a transitional or revolutionary government during a Civil War, in which the democratically elected (excluding women unfortunately)[1] Commune Council tried balancing instituting radical reforms (e.g. allowing workers to take over abandoned workshops and opening up the arts and sciences to the mass of people) with defending themselves against the Thiers government and other reactionary forces. As Marx correctly argued in my view, the fatal error of the Commune was their failure to strike immediately at the Thiers government in Versailles (as the Blanquist faction, including Louise Michel at the time, and others desired) rather than allowing it to consolidate itself. In addition to the contrasting visions among the Communards on what a socialist society should be, it would have been impossible for the Commune Council to simply abolish commodity production or wages when Paris was largely an isolated city and when the foundations for a communist society were not yet in place.

Do you also know that anarchists (such as Eugène Varlin, Élie Reclus, and Jules Vallès) participated in the Commune Council, which was essentially a workers' government? This sort of democratically elected and revocable body is the sort of thing Marx and Engels were talking about when they used expressions like "state," "government," or "dictatorship of the proletariat."[2] As I said before, they were never talking about the dictatorship of a party or of a small group of professional revolutionaries who claimed to represent workers and peasants, when in fact they (the Bolsheviks/Russian Communist Party) mercilessly suppressed and exploited them.[3] It's also worth pointing out that the words "state" and "government" are employed in a lot of the scholarly literature on the Commune to refer to the Commune Council, such as in Eichner's work, so it's not merely a usage restricted to Marxists.

1. See Eichner's book The Paris Commune: A Brief History:

Eichner wrote: The voters, however, included only half of the adult population. Elected through universal male suffrage, the Commune Council was chosen by only the male portion of the population. Women remained disenfranchised from electoral politics, both literally and in its imagery, as exemplified by the Le Cri du peuple statement. Yet most women sought neither the vote nor a formal governing role. Socialist feminists considered the Commune the dawn of the social revolution and saw new political forms on the horizon. They understood the Commune as transitional to an emergent, egalitarian society. Female Communards engaged extensively, however, in a broad range of political acts, actions that constituted politics outside of government. (38)

2. See Engels for example in his 1891 introduction to Marx's Civil War in France:

Engels wrote: Of late, the Social-Democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the words: Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Well and good, gentlemen, do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat.

3. Both Marx and Engels criticized Blanquism precisely for this reason. See the second part ("Programme of the Blanquist Commune Refugees") of Engels' series of articles collectively entitled Refugee Literature:

Engels wrote: Blanqui is essentially a political revolutionary, a socialist only in sentiment, because of his sympathy for the sufferings of the people, but he has neither socialist theory nor definite practical proposals for social reforms. In his political activities he was essentially a "man of action", believing that, if a small well-organised minority should attempt to effect a revolutionary uprising at the right moment, it might, after scoring a few initial successes, carry the mass of the people and thus accomplish a victorious revolution. [...] Since Blanqui regards every revolution as a coup de main by a small revolutionary minority, it automatically follows that its victory must inevitably be succeeded by the establishment of a dictatorship—not, it should be well noted, of the entire revolutionary class, the proletariat, but of the small number of those who accomplished the coup and who themselves are, at first, organised under the dictatorship of one or several individuals. (MECW, Vol. 24, p. 13)

Agent of the I…

27 min 43 sec ago

Submitted by Agent of the I… on March 11, 2025

I don't think it's particularly helpful to just regurgitate Bakunin instead of actually quoting Marx, if that's who you're referring to, and explaining how you think he was an "authoritarian."

I am not regurgitating Bakunin. I am stating a common view among anarchists of that history. After the land question was resolved, the International was primarily divided between the authoritarians and the collectivists. The former could be futher divided between social democrats and those of a more vanguardist approach. Marx was not the only one on the authoritarian side of the split. And I don’t think I have to explain why someone who believes it is necessary to capture state power is authoritarian.

I also don't see the point of ranking various socialist tendencies in the first place. Like are you suggesting that people who identify as anarcho-syndicalists (number 1 on your list) are somehow "more worthy" or "better allies" than people who call themselves anarcho-communists (number 2 on your list)?

I actually made this ranking for fun. They reveal my own preferences but I was hoping others would join along and reveal their own as well. And no, I don’t believe individual anarcho-syndicalists are superior to individual anarchist communists.

This was probably the earliest expression of a approach to communism without any transistional phase. [not true at all]

So which political tendency beat anarchist communism to it?

As for your comments regarding transitional phases: many anarchists, including myself, would assert that a social revolution requires a lot of time and effort in preparation. And that once there is a revolution, the desired society should be fully in place. This is not the same as thinking a full blown socialism or communism can be achieved overnight. It’s just that we don’t see any place for a transitional phase between the revolution and the desired society, a phase that includes measures like labor notes or features of the present society.

What’s sense does it make to have a revolution, then a long period of transition, and then usher in the new society? It just shows that anarchists and Marxists have different conceptions of the whole process. Anarchists can charge that Marxists conceive of very little preparation up to a revolution, hence the need for a transitional phase, or a preparation that accomplishes very little in terms of successfully realizing the values of a socialist or communist society.