Workers' struggles in East Asia (June 2011)

This month there has been news from Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. I'm not going to go into detail or find lots of pictures because I'm still busy working on a set of tools that should make compiling these summaries and similar ones for other regions much easier and faster. Anyone interested in testing them out when they're ready can let me know by private message.

The most important stories:

Asia 8: More anti-union repression in Asia (link 1)
Cambodia 7: Villagers' long march for land rights protest (link 1)
Cambodia 9: Cambodian police clash with villagers over land row (link 1) (link 2)
Cambodia 14: Missing owners: Workers protest over lost wages (link 1)
Cambodia 16: Protest turns violent (link 1)
Cambodia 20: Protesters block road with house (link 1)
Cambodia 24: Arbitrary detention of union leader and human rights defender Sous Chanta (link 1)
China 1: China Extends Hand and Fist to Protesters (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
China 1: HK's foreign maids get $160 pay hike (link 1)
China 4: Tiananmen Square anniversary draws huge crowds (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
China 6: Seven Chinese Petitioners Attempt Suicide Outside US Embassy (link 1) (link 2)
China 8: 2 stand trial for killing Mongolian herder (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
China 8: Violent wage arrears protest leads to nine detentions (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11) (link 12) (link 13) (link 14) (link 15)
China 8: China's rulers shaken by youthful protests in Inner Mongolia (link 1)
China 11: Thousands Protest in China's Hubei Province, After Official's Suspicious Death (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10)
China 11: Unrest in Hubei and Guangzhou (with Video and Photos) (link 1)
China 11: Guangdong Hit By Riots (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
China 13: Chinese riots enter third day (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11) (link 12) (link 13) (link 14) (link 15) (link 16) (link 17)
China 13: Protest outside railway office in Beijing (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
China 13: Tire Workers Strike for Better Wages in Changchun (link 1) (link 2)
China 14: Power Line Dispute (link 1)
China 15: Chinese workers protest lead poisoning (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
China 17: Tibetan truckers protest after work in their area given only to Chinese (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
China 17: China unrest as hundreds protest against Taizhou 'land grabs' (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8)
China 17: Protests in China Violently Put Down in Six Provinces (link 1)
China 18: Workers strike over hours at China watch factory (link 1) (link 2)
China 24: Strike At China Factory That Makes Bags For Burberry Turns Violent (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
China 27: Taxi strike hits central Chinese city (link 1)
China 28: HK villagers protest over illegal home structures (link 1) (link 2)
China 29: Veterans Protest Over Welfare (link 1) (link 2)
China 30: Herders 'Beaten' After Protest (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
Indonesia 6: Temporary workers at a furniture factory demonstrate asking for permanancy after 5 years of work (link 1)
Indonesia 8: Striking garment workers rally in state capital (link 1)
Indonesia 10: Labor Cikarang Block Toll Road Exit (link 1)
Indonesia 10: PT Sungchang Indonesia Workers Strike (link 1)
Indonesia 11: Workers' at a power plant protest against security searches (link 1)
Indonesia 15: Laid off Indonesian workers protest at parliament building (link 1)
Indonesia 15: Indonesian workers demand social security for all (link 1) (link 2)
Japan 11: Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally 3 months after quake (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
Malaysia 27: Malaysian activists arrested before banned political rally (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
North Korea 28: N. Korean police manual documents deepening, extreme social unrest (link 1)
Philippines 11: Youth group disputes proposed Zambo power plant (link 1)
Philippines 13: PAL union threatens strike over hiring of contractual workers (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
South Korea 3: Vietnamese Migrant Laborers Who Went on Strike Demanding to Be Allowed to Eat Properly (link 1)
South Korea 8: Tuition protests building into candlelight vigils (link 1)
South Korea 8: Unions vow "war" over mega-bank (link 1)
South Korea 8: Int'l Petition urging that the 10 Vietnamese Migrant Workers be found Not Guilty and Released (link 1) (link 2)
South Korea 9: Suicide halts work at S. Korean Hyundai plant: report (link 1) (link 2)
South Korea 11: Parents, union members join 'half-price tuition' demonstrations (link 1)
South Korea 13: Tuition rallies continue, 72 students arrested (link 1)
South Korea 13: Labor supporters converge at 158-day crane sit-in site (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
South Korea 17: Student Protests Again Shake Up Seoul (link 1)
South Korea 17: ACT Now: Support Imprisoned Vietnamese Migrant Workers in South Korea (link 1) (link 2)
South Korea 24: South Korea Bank Faces Strike (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
South Korea 24: Labor, management clash at Yoosung (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
South Korea 27: SC First Bank union goes on indefinite strike (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
South Korea 27: S. Korea ship strike ends, crane protest continues (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11)
South Korea 29: S. Korea police stop anti-government march (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
South Korea 30: KMWU calls for urgent solidarity support - International Metalworkers� Federation (link 1)
Taiwan 4: Hundreds mark Tiananmen anniversary in Taipei (link 1)
Taiwan 5: Conservationists protest against nuclear policies (link 1)
Taiwan 28: Residents of Lyudao stage first protest in 50 years (link 1)
Taiwan 30: Jhubei farmers protest land seizure (link 1)
Thailand 1: Thailand: Reinstate KFC union activists now! (link 1)
Thailand 8: Striking factory workers in Pegu win demands (link 1)
Vietnam 5: Hundreds attack gold mine, tons of gold ore robbed (link 1)
Vietnam 16: Vietnam Labor Appeal Diminishes on Strikes - 336 strikes in the first 4 months of 2011 (link 1)
Vietnam 23: Hanoi guard drives truck into striking workers, one killed (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6)

History

6: Pamphlet: Capitalism and workers' struggle in China (revised edition) - pamphlet by some Trots, unlikely to have much worth reading, but you never know (link 1)

libcom articles

14: Riots in China (link 1)

WSWS Asia

4: Workers Struggles: Asia, Australia and the Pacific (link 1)
11: Workers Struggles: Asia, Australia and the Pacific (link 1)
18: Workers Struggles: Asia, Australia and the Pacific (link 1)
25: Workers Struggles: Asia, Australia and the Pacific (link 1)

All reports ordered by country and date:

All Asia

8: Bangkok Post : Survey: More anti-union repression in Asia (link 1)
17: New treaty aims to protect millions of domestic workers (link 1)

Burma/Myanmar

9: Burma cracks down on better pay (link 1)

Cambodia

7: Villagers' long march for land rights protest (link 1)
9: Cambodian police clash with villagers over land row (link 1) (link 2)
14: Missing owners: Workers protest over lost wages (link 1)
16: Protest turns violent (link 1)
20: Protesters block road with house (link 1)
22: Miner Encroaches on Ancestral Lands (link 1)
24: Arbitrary detention of union leader and human rights defender Sous Chanta (link 1)

China

1: Chinese Workers Gain Strength In Cyberspace (link 1)
1: Chinese rights activist detained in protest crackdown jailed for credit card fraud (link 1)
1: As Wages Rise in China, Trading Companies Face Higher Costs (link 1)
1: What Are You Allowed to Say on China's Social Networks? (link 1)
1: Tighter Controls on Activist, Family (link 1)
1: Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights 2011 - ITUC (link 1)
1: China Extends Hand and Fist to Protesters (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
1: HK's foreign maids get $160 pay hike (link 1)
2: Coal mining in Inner Mongolia fuels tensions (link 1) (link 2)
2: Workers owed billions as authorities in China fail to tackle missing wages (link 1)
2: Analysts Criticize Chinese Regime's Iron Fist Approach in Mongolia (link 1)
2: China crackdown recalls Tiananmen: rights groups (link 1)
2: Southern China's Unwanted Masses (link 1)
2: Labor Dents Appear in China's Factory Armor (link 1)
3: Beijing on Its Guard at Anniversary (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
3: Huge Security Presence in Hohhot (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
3: Street Vendor's Death Sentence in China Rouses Public Outcry (link 1)
3: Chinese Artist Wang Jun Speaks Out After Release (link 1)
3: China's Environment Remains "Very Grave" Officials Say (link 1)
4: Wikileaks: no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square, cables claim (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
4: Tiananmen Anniversary Brings New China Detentions (link 1)
4: Tiananmen Square anniversary draws huge crowds (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
6: Inner Mongolia in 'War-Like State' (link 1) (link 2)
6: Lawbreakers run free, honest folk get arrested (link 1)
6: Southern Mongolia: A Jasmine Revolution but Different (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
6: Call for More Rallies (link 1) (link 2)
6: Netizen 'Re-educated' for Online Rant (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
6: Another blow for embattled iPad maker Foxconn (link 1)
6: Fish market fees strike to continue (link 1)
6: Seven Chinese Petitioners Attempt Suicide Outside US Embassy (link 1) (link 2)
7: Old habits die hard as officials create 'carrot' jobs for their sons and daughters (link 1)
8: Chinese sentenced to die for Mongol herder's death (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6)
8: Student Executed for "Peasant" Murder that Outraged China (link 1)
8: Wife of Jailed China Activist Tells of Eviction Effort (link 1)
8: Concerns Over Two Activists (link 1)
8: Chinese Farmer Sets Himself on Fire to Protest Forced Eviction (link 1)
8: HK - Workers seen to feel benefit of minimum wage (link 1)
8: 2 stand trial for killing Mongolian herder (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
8: Violent wage arrears protest leads to nine detentions (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11) (link 12) (link 13) (link 14) (link 15)
8: China's rulers shaken by youthful protests in Inner Mongolia (link 1)
9: Beijing dissident begs for rescue from psychiatric unit (link 1)
9: Fa Ke You, River Crab (link 1)
9: China Moves to Stop Grass-Roots Candidacies [note: Chinese Bookchinists? ;)] (link 1)
9: A One Yuan Bus Ride Costs a Disabled Woman One Year of Forced Labor in China (link 1)
9: China Works to Control Coverage of Bombings (link 1)
10: China's Tianjin City Municipal Building Bombed (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
10: China's community teachers: A historical debt still unpaid (link 1)
10: Activist Vows to Continue Work (link 1)
11: Seized explosives caused massive blast that shattered police station (link 1)
11: Thousands Protest in China's Hubei Province, After Official's Suspicious Death (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10)
11: Unrest in Hubei and Guangzhou (with Video and Photos) (link 1)
11: Guangdong Hit By Riots (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
12: The Machinery of Stability Preservation (link 1) (link 2)
13: Chinese riots enter third day (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11) (link 12) (link 13) (link 14) (link 15) (link 16) (link 17)
13: Protest outside railway office in Beijing (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
13: Tire Workers Strike for Better Wages in Changchun (link 1) (link 2)
14: China Riots Highlight Migrant Rights (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
14: Chinese Military Moves on Restive Guangzhou Suburb (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
14: Power Line Dispute (link 1)
15: Chinese Regime Shuts Down Over 20 Civil Rights Websites (link 1) (link 2)
15: Wife of Imprisoned Dissident Hu Jia Evicted by Landlord (link 1)
15: Chinese workers protest lead poisoning (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
16: Concern Over Internal Situation (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
16: China vows help for Inner Mongolia after unrest (link 1)
16: Chen Guangcheng & Wife Beaten by Local Authorities, Says Smuggled Letter (link 1) (link 2)
16: China detains 'rumour-monger' over riots (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11) (link 12) (link 13) (link 14)
16: Wife says China activist beaten unconscious � U.S. group (link 1)
17: Long live the workers! (link 1)
17: Saving Face in Beijing: Regional Policemen Sent to Intercept Petitioners (link 1)
17: Hong Kong government hires 'gay conversion expert' (link 1)
17: Mongolian Rapper Warned (link 1)
17: Clashes highlight the plight of migrant workers in China (link 1) (link 2)
17: Tibetan truckers protest after work in their area given only to Chinese (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
17: China unrest as hundreds protest against Taizhou 'land grabs' (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8)
17: Protests in China Violently Put Down in Six Provinces (link 1)
18: Macau - Unions� independence �undermined�: report (link 1)
18: Workers strike over hours at China watch factory (link 1) (link 2)
19: Is China Really On The Edge Of Mass Social Unrest? (link 1)
20: China offers riot informers cash and other awards (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6)
20: Anger grows over fare hikes (link 1)
20: AIDS Activist's Wife Held (link 1)
20: No Charge For Detained Artist (link 1)
21: Chinese man gets death in pollution protest case (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
21: Strike At Chinese Parts Plant May Slow Citizen Watch Shipments (link 1)
21: Protesters Sing Red Songs (link 1)
22: Former Village Official Detained (link 1)
22: UNPO: Inner Mongolia: Chinese Crack Down Under Martial Law Continues (link 1)
22: China Restricts Popular Report-a-Bribe Websites (link 1)
22: Ai Weiwei Released on Bail; Xu Zhiyong Reportedly Detained (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
23: China unrest becoming commonplace (link 1) (link 2)
24: Social injustice in China: Two widows� tales (link 1)
24: Propaganda Film Inspires China�s Youth to �Overthrow Dictatorship� (link 1)
24: Guerilla Tactics Chip Away at Chinese Regime�s Web Censorship (link 1)
24: Security Tight in Xinjiang (link 1)
24: Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned �Future� (link 1)
24: Chinese Regime�s Ability to Dominate Society Waning (link 1)
24: Strike At China Factory That Makes Bags For Burberry Turns Violent (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
25: Mainland mothers stage protest (link 1)
25: Upsurge in mass protests in China (link 1)
26: Hu Jia Freed (link 1) (link 2)
26: Tiananmen Square activist gives support to China's official union (link 1)
27: Riots test Communist China's love of order (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
27: Yu Hua: The Spirit of May 35th (link 1)
27: China's main union is yet to earn its job (link 1)
27: Police crack down on two strikes in China (link 1)
27: Think Twice, We Have the Guns (link 1)
27: Taxi strike hits central Chinese city (link 1)
28: Hong Kong People�s Trust in Government Plummets: Survey (link 1) (link 2)
28: HK villagers protest over illegal home structures (link 1) (link 2)
29: Tens of Thousands Appeal in Beijing (link 1)
29: More than 130 construction workers on one project owed 3.4 million yuan (link 1)
29: Six-month suspended sentence for 15 Chinese who had closed a road (link 1) (link 2)
29: Veterans Protest Over Welfare (link 1) (link 2)
30: Is China facing a summer of discontent? (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
30: Detentions Ahead of Anniversary (link 1) (link 2)
30: After 12 Years, Law Knocks Down Forced Demolitions (link 1)
30: Workers demand assistance to recoup outstanding wages (link 1)
30: You Can�t Have a Party Without Music: A Red Song Primer (link 1) (link 2)
30: Herders 'Beaten' After Protest (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)

Indonesia

4: Activities at JICT port back to normal (link 1)
6: Temporary workers at a furniture factory demonstrate asking for permanancy after 5 years of work (link 1)
8: Striking garment workers rally in state capital (link 1)
10: Labor Cikarang Block Toll Road Exit (link 1)
10: PT Sungchang Indonesia Workers Strike (link 1)
11: Workers' at a power plant protest against security searches (link 1)
15: Laid off Indonesian workers protest at parliament building (link 1)
15: Indonesian workers demand social security for all (link 1) (link 2)

Japan

11: Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally 3 months after quake (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
13: Throwaway Labour: The exploitation of Chinese "trainees" in Japan (link 1) (link 2)
17: Moms Turn Activists in Japanese Crisis (link 1)
21: Chinese trainees lose 10,000 yuan security deposit after being forced home from Japan (link 1)

Malaysia

1: Pro-Lynas thugs too have police 'protection' (link 1)
6: Estate workers want manager out (link 1)
14: NGOs Concerned about Malaysian Government�s New Proposal to Legalize Irregular Migrants (link 1)
15: Protesters demand minimum wage (link 1)
27: Malaysian activists arrested before banned political rally (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)

North Korea

3: Jittery N.Korean Regime Forms Special Riot Police (link 1)
21: N. Korea increases imports of anti-riot gear from China (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
24: Silent spring in North Korea (link 1)
28: N. Korean police manual documents deepening, extreme social unrest (link 1)
29: College Students Mobilized For Construction (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)

Philippines

2: Decline in cases of 'unfair labor practices' leads to drop in notices of strike (link 1)
9: Veteran labor federation slammed ECOP's calls for tripartism as dangerous and deceptive (link 1)
10: Bukidnon farmers hold camp-out in front of Central Mindanao University to protest harassment (link 1)
10: Luisita workers advance notice to SC: We are ready to take over Aquino land (link 1)
11: Court hears P15M damage suit filed by Morong 43 vs Arroyo, former top military, police officials (link 1)
11: Youth group disputes proposed Zambo power plant (link 1)
13: PAL union threatens strike over hiring of contractual workers (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
14: Brutal dispersal of farmers in Bukidnon angered lawmaker (link 1)
15: Philippine high court defers decision on Luisita, farmworkers say SC prolonging agony (link 1)
17: Bukidnon farmers file raps vs campus guards (link 1)
17: 23 years after: Peasant groups assail CARP�s �failure� (link 1)
20: 72 dismissed port workers return to work (link 1)
20: Still fighting for justice: Philippine hotel workers demand implementation of ILO judgement (link 1)
21: Students hold anti-Aquino protest during Rizal fete, 7 arrested (link 1)
24: Protestors: Let Coke hurt,
bring boycott nationwide (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5)
30: ECOP�s top industrial relations awardees are union busters (link 1)
30: Ecumenical group condemns violent dispersal of workers at DOLE (link 1)

Singapore

12: Foreign workers in Singapore 'bear the brunt' (link 1)
15: Activists Struggle For Gay Rights in Singapore (link 1)

South Korea

2: Union fights change in workplace law (link 1)
3: Prominent South Korean hunger striker released (link 1) (link 2)
3: Vietnamese Migrant Laborers Who Went on Strike Demanding to Be Allowed to Eat Properly (link 1)
7: Q&A-Is S.Korea's car industry headed for summer of discontent? (link 1)
8: Tuition protests building into candlelight vigils (link 1)
8: Unions vow "war" over mega-bank (link 1)
8: Int'l Petition urging that the 10 Vietnamese Migrant Workers be found Not Guilty and Released (link 1) (link 2)
9: Suicide halts work at S. Korean Hyundai plant: report (link 1) (link 2)
11: Hyundai Motor settles talks with labor union (link 1)
11: Parents, union members join 'half-price tuition' demonstrations (link 1)
13: Tuition rallies continue, 72 students arrested (link 1)
13: Labor supporters converge at 158-day crane sit-in site (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
14: �Housekeepers may form labor union� (link 1)
17: Student Protests Again Shake Up Seoul (link 1)
17: ACT Now: Support Imprisoned Vietnamese Migrant Workers in South Korea (link 1) (link 2)
19: Migrant Workers' Voice (link 1)
22: Multiple union system a double-edged sword for labor (link 1)
24: South Korea Bank Faces Strike (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
24: Labor, management clash at Yoosung (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4)
27: SC First Bank union goes on indefinite strike (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7)
27: S. Korea ship strike ends, crane protest continues (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6) (link 7) (link 8) (link 9) (link 10) (link 11)
28: Report on Trial and Detention of Vietnamese Construction Workers in South Korea (link 1)
29: S. Korea police stop anti-government march (link 1) (link 2) (link 3)
30: KMWU calls for urgent solidarity support - International Metalworkers� Federation (link 1)

Taiwan

3: Family of engineer who died due to overwork seeking justice from gov't (link 1)
4: Students to hold Tiananmen Square Massacre vigil (link 1) (link 2)
4: Hundreds mark Tiananmen anniversary in Taipei (link 1)
5: Conservationists protest against nuclear policies (link 1)
8: Demonstrators call for answers on slain captain (link 1)
10: Amis protest against new development law, projects (link 1) (link 2)
11: The realities of Taiwan�s housing price issue (link 1)
24: Premier broke his promise on land seizures: farmers - Taipei Time (link 1)
28: Residents of Lyudao stage first protest in 50 years (link 1)
30: Jhubei farmers protest land seizure (link 1)

Thailand

1: Research on inhumane prison conditions (link 1)
1: Thailand: Reinstate KFC union activists now! (link 1)
8: Striking factory workers in Pegu win demands (link 1)
13: Labour unions take rights fight to ILO (link 1)
16: Big step forward for Burmese migrant domestic workers (link 1)

Vietnam

5: Hundreds attack gold mine, tons of gold ore robbed (link 1)
9: Hmong: Thousands Petition State Department on Rights in Vietnam (link 1)
9: Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights 2011 - ITUC (link 1)
14: Hundreds rob tons of gold ore in central Vietnam (link 1)
16: Vietnam Labor Appeal Diminishes on Strikes - 336 strikes in the first 4 months of 2011 (link 1)
23: Hanoi guard drives truck into striking workers, one killed (link 1) (link 2) (link 3) (link 4) (link 5) (link 6)