An essay by Michael Goldfield, identifying what he believes are the most important issues concerning the CIO's racial policies, examining how racially egalitarian the CIO and its various components actually were; the determinants of how egalitarian a union was; what caused many CIO unions and the CIO as a whole to retreat from their early commitments to racial egalitarianism; and the unrealized possibilities for egalitarian, interracial unionism in the United States.
![](https://files.libcom.org/files/styles/small_wide/public/images/history/CIO_highlander_strike_t607.jpg?itok=Cf2e1QBz)
Originally appeared in International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 44 (Fall, 1993)
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