A historical look at attitudes to homosexuality in the Islamic world

Although it is very different now, Shoaib Daniyal recounts historical examples of tolerance of homosexuality in the Muslim world, prior to colonisation by the West.

Submitted by Steven. on August 1, 2016

Golden Age

At the height of the Islamic Golden Age – a period from the mid-8th century to the mid-13th century when Islamic civilisation is believed to have reached its intellectual and cultural zenith – homosexuality was openly spoken and written about. Abu Nuwas (756-814), one of the great Arab classical poets during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate, wrote publicly about his homosexual desires and relations. His homoerotic poetry was openly circulated right up until the 20th century.

Nuwas was an important historical figure – he even made a couple of appearances in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (known in Urdu as Alif Laila). It was only as late as 2001 that Arabs started to blush at Nuwas’ homoerotism. In 2001, the Egyptian Ministry of Culture, under pressure from Islamic fundamentalists, burnt 6,000 volumes of his poetry.

Most modern Muslims, therefore, have little knowledge of what the Islamic Golden Age was really about, even though they keep on wanting to go back to it.

“ISIS have no idea what restoring the Caliphate actually means," a tweet by Belgian-Egyptian journalist Khaled Diab said. "In Baghdad, it’d involve booze, odes to wine, science... and a gay court poet.”

Baghdad was, till the time the Mongols invaded and destroyed it, the cultural capital of much of the world – the New York City of its time. If Nuwas and his homoerotic poetry could represent the height of Baghdadi culture, it is natural that other Muslim societies would also be quite open to homosexuality. Is historian Saleem Kidwai puts in the fabulous book Same-Sex Love in India, “Homoerotically inclined men are continuously visible in Muslim medieval histories and are generally described without pejorative comment.”

Writing on same-sex love

In fact, far from being pejorative, Muslim societies once openly spoke of same-sex love, even celebrating it at times. Mahmud of Ghazni, a towering sultan of his time (971-1030), was actually held up as an ideal for, among other things, deeply loving another man, Malik Ayaz.

Mughal Emperor Babur wrote of his attraction to a boy in the camp bazaar in his 16th-century autobiography – a celebrated work of literature in the medieval Muslim world.

In the 18th century, Dargah Quli Khan, a nobleman from the Deccan travelling to Delhi, wrote a fascinating account of the city called the Muraqqa-e-Dehli (The Delhi Album), which described just how mundane homosexuality was in Indo-Islamic society. At the public bazaars, male prostitutes solicited openly and Khan spoke admiringly of how “young good-looking men danced everywhere and created great excitement”.

Till the 19th century, Muslims treated homosexuality as a part and parcel of life, so much so that students were exposed to romantic stories of homosexual love – a position untenable even today across parts of the Western word. Kidwai writes:

Sadi’s classic Gulistan, containing stories of attraction between men, was considered essential reading for Persian students. Ghanimat’s Nau rang-i ishq, a seventeenth century masnavi describing the love affair between the poet’s patron’s son and his beloved Shahid, was a prescribed text in schools.

Islamic law

Of course, theologically, Islam did consider homosexuality to be sinful, based on the Quranic story of the people of Lut (Lot in the Bible). Interestingly, though, the Shariat, the umbrella term for the various legal codes and schools governing Muslim societies, have no punishment for homosexualty per se – sexual relations between men are outlawed under the larger rubric of adultery. Even then, convictions for homosexuality could only be carried out if the sexual act was testified to by four eye witnesses. This was such a high bar that commentators on Islam such as Hamza Yusuf have characterised the outlawing of homosexuality in the Shariat as a sort of “legal fiction”. Indeed, unlike medieval Europe, instances of homosexuals being punished are rare in medieval Muslim societies.

So what caused Muslim societies to go from coolly reading homoerotic poetry to outlawing and stigmatising same-sex love? It’s tough to nail down an exact reason but here’s an interesting coincidence: there are five Muslims countries where being gay isn’t a crime. All that the five – Mali, Jordan, Indonesia, Turkey and Albania – share in common is that they were never colonised by the British.

Colonial influence

In 1858, in fact, the Ottoman Empire decriminalised homosexuality (a status inherited by Turkey). This was two years before the British Raj created the Indian Penal Code, Section 377 of which proceeded to outlaw homosexuality in modern-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

So deep was the influence of the 1860 penal code in India that conservative Hindus continue to hold homosexuality to be immoral and in the nearly 70 years since Independence, Parliament has not been able to overturn the law. Subramanian Swamy, Member of Parliament from the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party even went so far as to claim: “Our party position has been that homosexuality is a genetic disorder." This is near-bizarre given that Hinduism, unlike Islam or Christianity, does not even have any textual condemnation of same-sex love.

It appears as though Muslim (and Hindu) conservatives, without knowing it, are actually copying the Victorian mores of 19th century colonialism, while ignoring their own history. This at a time when even Western European cultures have pulled up their socks and gone on to ensure that human rights are available to their people irrespective of random externalities such as the gender they happen to be attracted to.

Excepted from a longer article here: http://scroll.in/article/810093/orlando-shooting-its-different-now-but-muslims-have-a-long-history-of-accepting-homosexuality

Comments

Reddebrek

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Reddebrek on August 3, 2016

This is very interesting, especially the final section, but its worth making clear since the article doesn't, that Islamic societies like most other societies that were more tolerant of homosexuality before the 20th century were only tolerant of male same sex relations. Female homosexuality was not at all tolerated. But then female sexuality of any kind was often heavily suppressed.

Steven.

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Steven. on August 3, 2016

Reddebrek

This is very interesting, especially the final section, but its worth making clear since the article doesn't, that Islamic societies like most other societies that were more tolerant of homosexuality before the 20th century were only tolerant of male same sex relations. Female homosexuality was not at all tolerated. But then female sexuality of any kind was often heavily suppressed.

In terms of the latter sentence, yes good point. In terms of the previous one, got any links/info?

Reddebrek

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Reddebrek on August 3, 2016

Links and info to what? You mean Lesbianism not being viewed as favourably as male on male sex?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lesbianism

If so, I'm afraid your asking me to prove a negative. References to lesbians and lesbian sex are very rare in ancient and medieval societies and usually they're very negative. The closest (and earliest recorded examples of lesbianism) we have to a positive view would be in Ancient Greece, but even then references to women having sex with women are rare (especially compared to male homosexuality) and likely to be negative and hostile.

The poetess Sappho from Lesbos (whose the reason female homosexuals were called sapphics and Lesbians) was highly regarded in Greek and Roman culture, but one of the few biographical notes we have of her life was that she was accused of being deviant by Greek critics.

Indeed sex in Rome and Greece was very different to what we think of sex this article explains some of the differences including the negative attitudes to lesbians

http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/truth-about-sexuality-ancient-greece-and-rome261012/#gs.LpDxzDw

Not to be labour the point but, don't you find it just a little odd that an article about tolerance for homosexuality in the Muslim world only cites male examples? Either the author has some dodgy priorities or more likely they just simply couldn't find any examples of muslim women in love with other muslim women.

Khawaga

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Khawaga on August 3, 2016

Having lived in the Arab world, I remember that a lot pf ppl thought homosexuality only referred to men and had no concept of lesbianism.

ringo

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by ringo on August 5, 2016

This is an interesting and insightful article. Has any reader, or the author Shoaib Daniyal perhaps ... considered translating this into Arabic?

I'd like to send this to a couple of my friends who, I suspect, are much more likely to be receptive to reading about homosexuality within the Muslim world if the article is written in Arabic than in English.

Entdinglichung

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Entdinglichung on August 15, 2016

one of the reasons why e.g. Byron traveled to the Ottoman empire during the early 19th century was the far more tolerant attitude there towards homosexuality

Reddebrek

7 years 7 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Reddebrek on August 18, 2016

@Ringo, I agree and I've emailed the site asking about that, no response yet, apart from the automated thank you for the feedback email.

Fluffy

6 years 9 months ago

In reply to by libcom.org

Submitted by Fluffy on June 27, 2017

Interestingly, though, the Shariat, the umbrella term for the various legal codes and schools governing Muslim societies, have no punishment for homosexualty per se – sexual relations between men are outlawed under the larger rubric of adultery

I find this interesting as for some time now, a friend (with a enviable grasp of language and an interest in Hebrew) has been telling me that they believe the verse in Leviticus that labels male sexual interactions with men as an 'abomination' was mis translated and misses a subtle naunce. The way they believe the verse should read is along the lines of; "Man should not lay with man in the bed of woman". The meaning changing to the act of cheating/adultery being the 'abomination' rather than the choice of partner. As the 'big 10' count adultery amongst their number and there is no reference to gender preference in the commandments, I'm inclined to concede that they have a point.