December 6th 1813: Byron writes in his diary:

"This journal is a relief. When I am tired - as I generally am - out comes this, and down goes everything..... I have just thrown a poem into the fire (which has re-lighted to my great comfort), and I have smoked out of my head the plan for another. I wish I could as easily get rid of thinking."

For many years I have been an indefatigable note taker. The extent of it causes my head to spin, and as the years role by it gets worse, not better. In this emptiest of empty worlds, paradoxically my curiosity constantly expands - though I do draw the line at Formula One. And even then I am curious as to why people continue to follow it, forever on the look out for the moment of breakthrough when spectators crash the barriers, not the cars.

Despite having a pocket computer, I still have several notebooks on the go and which I try to keep separate. A keyboard cannot match the spontaneity of a pen, and when, for example, looking through a microscope at a hatching butterfly egg, a note book and a Biro is undoubtedly the more flexible and appropriate tool. And when depressed, to scribble pain on a page is about all one can manage to do.

Notwithstanding my best efforts to keep topics apart, one subject constantly threatens to spill over into another. Whenever I do this I make a mental note of the fact - and then forget where I have buried it, only for it to take me by surprise later, and when I least expect it. This note taking is a whirlpool of impressions, facts and opinions that constantly threatens to drag me under. But how to order this material? Should I even try to do so? Shouldn’t I just let it roll and roll and accept that all attempts to impose a discrete ordering undermines the spirit of this note taking and is not really me in any case? Anything less fails to show how I arrive at my ideas and diminishes me as a person. Moreover, I firmly believe those who can narrow things down, are able to do so only because they lead a narrower life. So why not push things to extremes and see what comes up, for capitalism, more than ever before, is now a total culture requiring a total response? And I did let rip - only to find I was drowning in the flow. The following is like some compressed file put together around what I initially wrote, constructed from the building blocks of the far-flung note taking – and which still needs opening.....

Nature diaries ------ and

We were only eight years old when we first started to keep nature diaries (c/f “Mabey Baby” also on the RAP web). We had moved from a small railway halt in Co Durham on the fringes of a vast industrial estate that during the Second World War had produced armaments. To disguise it from the air, the armaments factories had been covered in spoil and clinker taken from local pit heaps and blast furnaces. As very young children this was to be our playground, farmers’ fields and country lanes unable to offer anything like the same enticements. And so was born in us the combined love of nature and industrial wasteland which has never left us and that we still regard as home. From a very early age we knew we were more likely to find skylarks, flocks of lapwings and gold finches on the heaped-over factories than in the surrounding countryside. Still in primary school, our hearts and minds were flung open to an “industrial pantheism”, experiencing in places that were then, and still are, regarded as eyesores, a profound, unforgettable sensation of connectedness. On these wastes intermingled with tarred railway sleepers, rusting rails, forgotten boilers and half demolished brick huts, nature teemed effortlessly. And we knew which industrial workers to trust and who would come down to our level, remembering, perhaps, that sites like these had also once been their playground. Looking back these men, who were sometimes setting snares, also helped increase our powers of observations.

This expansiveness diminished somewhat amid the soot and grime of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Sad to say only one diary survives from that time. But leafing through it, whether in the shape of disused quarries, railway sidings or mill yards, the presence of industry is always there as a backdrop. I was particularly struck by the evocative power of one entry that reads: “Sat 15th Jan 1954. At half past nine it started snowing. It was a very silent day, not a tree stirred”. Otherwise the diary is memorable for its documenting of butterflies not known to be then present in industrial West Yorkshire, like the common blue and meadow brown. Brought to the attention of Yorkshire naturalists only in the last ten years, these observations dating from the early 1950s indirectly led to the discovery of a remarkable colony of grayling in Healey Mills MarshallingYards in lower Calderdale during 2003.

Though sporadically at first, sometime in the late eighties and after a lapse of three decades, I began to keep a nature diary once more. Whenever I wish to refer back to then, invariably I cannot immediately put my finger on what I am looking for, having first to wade through a mass of other material. I therefore resolved to keep a notebook specifically devoted to observations in the field. So every time I go out, mainly in pursuit of butterflies, I record the exact date and quickly note down other details. Stacked on a shelf are fourteen volumes of notes that have been thrown down in massive haste in case I forget a detail that may eventually turn out to be of some significance. To say the least these tatty volumes make for disjointed reading. However their lack of premeditation is a welcome release from the bane of considered writing.

To these notebooks another has been added entitled “anatomical details”, although the varying degrees of magnification provided by the microscope allows me to observe and photograph everything from living butterfly eggs to a single scale from a butterfly’s wing. The number of prior entries extend from August 2006 to August 2007, the last entry detailing a magnificent derive we took through Grimsby docks. There is the same rapid fire, staccato delivery as in my nature diaries: “a sunken boat, its funnel projecting from the water - a shop with a sign on which is painted “ice and ocean”- in the window a chandelier and a pair of rubber gloves - a rowing boat on a mound of earth with starlings resting on the rim, on closer inspection only half a boat as if sawn in two – on the prow of this part boat someone had recently sprayed ‘Gemma’ - the Jubilee Café - a black wooden hut - behind it a small stove with a tall chimney some 8ft high - plastic chairs and a mean table. In fact there were chairs to be found all over the docks left just as quayside workers had left them. No one ever tidied them away. The strangeness and emptiness of it – opposite the Jubilee Café a failed installation made from a disused dockside crane - to one side a broken down planter covered in Canadian fleabane from which soil was spilling out onto the road- on the top a discarded brief case - magnificent, cryptic concrete structures now abandoned - huge frame-less windows rising above the docks like empty cinema screens peering onto nothing and with no audience - a couple of turnstones hopping about – their quick, jerky gait was markedly more hurried than the flock on the tiered breakwater on the approach to Cleethorpes- the sudden transition from freshwater to saline plants - mugwort then sea purslane and spurrey – and as for the insect life - could it be almost as good as England’s rainforest… and more likely to survive because the place will be saved from the scorched earth of gentrification unlike the Thames Estuary? After all N. E. Lincs is a fragment cut off from any real post modern development; a land that neo liberal time forgot.

Over the years the details have tended to uncouple and become less focussed on butterflies and habitat as the world forced its blanket attention upon us. I wonder too if the hopes we had invested in a resolution of the class struggle had not now been transferred onto nature and that the struggle for nature is obliged to take on anti capitalist perspective, the issue of an anti-statist autonomy mattering as much as it did to a lapsed workers' movement. The treatment meted out to us over the fate of the Dingy Skipper on the spoil heaps of South and West Yorkshire was also a requiem to the defeat of the miners' strike and which, by the same token, also sealed the fate hereabouts of this endangered butterfly. To the eternal shame of conservationist bodies, especially Butterfly Conservation and other Dingy Skipper deniers, this holocaust of the species has passed off with never a mention. Thus two linked communities were cleaned off the face of the earth, their memory lingering on in photographs and shaky film footage.

Whenever we took photographs, and latterly film, in the field we endeavoured to capture the small as well as the large, minute detail as well as background. In 2008 the binding polarities were taken to their furthest extremes, when, in a gale on the top of the Langdale Pikes, I succeeded in filming a microscopic close up of the eye and antennae of a mountain ringlet, its “eyelashes” whipped by the wind shaking the butterfly and minutes later a panoramic view from Sergeant Mann, the Langdales’ topmost pinnacle, my tripod tethered down by rocks. All this was hastily scribbled down latter that day, the unearthly fluorescence of the hair moss and lichen tachiste rocks noted and how when gasping for breath, having just ascended Dungeon Gyhll, the mountain landscape appeared to heave as if breathing. This scrawl that passes for writing is not just badly written; it is frequently undecipherable!

Above, top left: Stickle Tarn and Harrison Stickle. Above, top right: Pike of Bliscoe.
Middle, bottom left: Mountain Ringlet sheltering in howling gale, 2008. Middle, bottom right: Eye of the same butterfly.
Bottom, left: Dungeon Ghyll from valley bottom. Bottom, right: Mountain Ringlet on the Langdale summit.

The photographs that we have taken in the field mostly lie unscrutinised, shut away in wallets. Space permitting, they could profit from a greater exposure because over time one begins to notice things, their continual presence becoming less habit forming as if time is required to enable them to release their secret. Propped up on a work surface is a photograph of a oleander hawk moth taken with Notting Hill’s cloud clipping edifice of Trellick Tower in the background. I had imagined to myself how wonderful it must be to encounter the moth resting on vegetation or walls in dusty urban settlements at the base of the Atlas Mountains. And it remained like that until by chance a woman, in recovery from breast cancer, remarked on it and I took down a copy of Skinner’s “Moths of the British Isles” and showed her a plate of hawk moths. We both immediately noted the museum specimen lacked “depth”, that the moth’s top wings appeared much flatter than they did in my photo. Here the wings gave the illusion of an alternating concave and convex undulating surface with a plant like stem running through the top wing, the effect greatly increased by the moths natural resting position than in the splayed out museum specimen. The overall effect was intensely three dimensional and resembled more the skeletal remains of an animals skull that has lain on the ground for some length of time and is already turning mouldy. That or overlaying foliage in which light and dark varies, an effect that has evolved to trick likely predators. I looked at the top wings of other hawk moths and wondered if photographs taken in the field would tell the same story, particularly in the case of the silver striped hawk, striped hawk, spurge hawk and bedstraw hawk, all from warmer climes where a greater adaptation to the starker effects of light and shade would be called for. I then went on to note that the under wings showed less variation throughout the Sphingidae than did the top wings, and that the colours were toward the warm end of the spectrum – red, pink, orange, yellow and more saturated, though broken by two dark bands that followed the outlines of the wing margins and with just the hint of a third more or less parallel to the abdomen. Did these colours and bands have any evolutionary significance, or were they just junk adornment that just happened to gratify our aesthetic sensibilities? In any case it was a rare delight that this one photo glanced at a thousand times but never once really looked at, had triggered such a train of reflection. But could repeated exposure to the same moving images ever do the same, creating insight rather than overwhelming it? Or would one forever remain trapped in the same endless, ground hog, loop screaming for release from a medium becoming ever more invasive and threatening to take over one’s entire personality?

- and the new nature writing -

For some time now there has been talk of a new nature writing which we were contemptuous of from the start. The very idea one should define oneself as a writer has long been bankrupt, despite the many blood transfusions and repeated bailouts that grow ever more desperate, the whole gamut of art being capitalisms' final redoubt. Writing henceforth must remain a mere adjunct to expression, a prelude to action rather than yet more words, words, words. The “new nature writing” aspires to an engagement with reality, but because ecological critique is not wedded to a rigorous critique of capitalism, stays put at a sentimentalising, even deeply conservative, notion of the humanising of nature and its interconnectedness with us. Instead of developing the “Thesis on Feurbach“ by Marx, this drift has led to the reclaiming of Feurbach for ultimately reactionary purposes. In “Crow Country”, Mark Cocker describes the way rooks followed the spread of European farming from the cutting down of the primeval forest to the present day. Though appalled by today’s agi-business, ultimately Coker's tone is resigned and rooks become a symbol of our heritage, and so indirectly the key to our salvation: rookeries were recorded in the Doomsday Book and subsequently regarded as a sign of baronial entitlement.

This engaged approach to nature lived on as a romantic sub culture composed largely of working people to whom the mere passive recording of the facts was an in built anathema, knowing that their chances of a better life depended on practical change. Concurrent with this there was a modernising literary fashion stemming from the Cambridge professor F. R. Leavis linking the practise of poetry to the practise of rural crafts like that of the wheelwright, the whole edifice being predicated on a rejection of industry, the industrial working class and the class struggle that went with it. Though we are spared the embarrassment of the new nature writing breaking into song, some of this attitude still remains though brought up to date by the avant-garde aware Richard Mabey, particularly in his fulsome praise of the wretched eco artist Andy Goldsworthy. More or less intuitively the new nature writers know they must not revive the corpse of romanticism down to the last detail otherwise they will become a laughing stock. The undeniable power of “Crow Country” partly comes from its unconscious assimilation of the revolutionary avant-garde of the first decades of the 20th century, for what we have here is not poetry but the actual poetry of facts. The same goes for Richard Deakins ”Waterlog” and “Wildwood” which though interspersed with quotes from Clare, Ruskin etc, seeks to practise Keats not imitate him. To get to know about pond and river life Deakins would swim in them, “taking part” even more than Keats, it has to be said,“ in the experience of things”. In “Crow Country” the landscape is viewed, at least partially, through non-human eyes.

Yet another example of this budding genre is Phillip Hoare's “Leviathan-or the Whale”. Like so many other works written by natural historians and biologists, we are repeatedly reminded of Kant, as though his imprimatur would, unawares, stamp everything produced after him. What could evoke the Kantian sublime more than when swimming beside a Sperm Whale, Hoare experiences “a sensation of beauty, a feeling of something limitless, unbounded, an almost religious feeling”, and though made to feel small, he cannot rid himself of his (rational?) ego: “I felt insignificant” he says “but not quite”. Hoare is not a natural historian, marine biologist or cetologist by training, having studied English Literature at university.

The two novels that had most impressed him were also ours, both written within four years of each other: Emily Bronte's “Wuthering Heights” and Herman Melville's “Moby Dick”. Though both were written at the height of the novel as the literary genre both anticipated the complete collapse of the novel. In fairness, we would add two others that still excite with possibility: “Tristram Shandy" by Lawrence Sterne at the moment the novel was kicking off in the 18th century and inevitably “Ulysses” and its aftermath in “Finnegan's Wake” by James Joyce in the first few decades of the 20th century both of which finally laid waste to anything promised by the artificial novelistic conceit. (Ever after, the novel has meant absolutely nothing no matter that as a dead form it is more ubiquitous than ever marking a cocooned, reified, dead or dying existence).

Though Hoare refers to “Wuthering Heights” as a novel he never describes “Moby Dick” as one but simply as a book, an omission that is not thought through because not entirely conscious. Hoare perceptively notes the book “stands outside itself from the very start”, weighted with exo-literary minutiae: alongside typical taxonomical details are also weird ones, rather in the same manner Pliny would include descriptions of fabled monsters in his natural histories. Millennia later, natural historians would disdainfully dismiss these apparitions, though logic requires that we begin to accept that the human capacity to imagine is also part of natural history. Now necessitating a radical reappraisal, its meaning has remained unexamined, superseded by the exigencies of scientific method and the need for accurate recording .The book’s legendary beginning “Call me Ishmael” is like the sound of a wave breaking and Ishmael himself is a walking conceit of discordant suggestions, continually “sidestepping his own narrative” and interrupting the reader with “diversions and digressions, pulling him aside with hell fire sermons or musical interludes, with anatomical allegories or sensual dissertations on spermaceti oil”.

Hoare dips in and out of “Moby Dick” becoming “engrossed only for my attention to wander”. We can also pick up “Wutherings Heights” and more or less open it at random in a way one cannot do with the historical novels of a Tolstoy or Balzac, for here time frames reign supreme. In these two books the form of the novel, though only two centuries old, is – as previously pointed out - already breaking down, their extraordinary power residing in this formal dissolution. Though there is a narrative structure, it is also one we help create and personal to each of us, time coming to something of a standstill in these two seminal contraries of the novel. Hoare half grasps he is the beyond of “Moby Dick” but never quite. Human beings are absent from his evocation of a pre-lapsarian world as is also a critique of art: “it was as if human kind never happened, as if the ocean had reverted to another Eden”. The worry is that in bringing to light an endangered world in which, as oceans warm and the food supply of whales dwindle, there is no space for man. We are hardly at the beginning of this development that could eventually turn into the horror of horrors.

Moby Dick” especially began slowly to obsess the growing revolution of modern art in the first few decades of the 20th century though nothing like to the extent of what was to succeed it - the modern art of revolution – which still remains to be realised. And wasn't it so because the book deals with so much in a wide ranging, even disconnected, passionate totality which constantly leaps out of the pages and sentences in a call for imaginative activity and action? Inevitably it gave rise to Charles Olsen's perceptive theorising about Melville which complimented the American beat lifestyle and action painting of the 1950s though rather more coherently than the recuperative, often tired, artistic limitations these movements entailed. Nearly four decades later and Loren Goldner was to add further extensive reflections to this wide ranging critique instigated by the quest that was Melville's life and the expression of that complex, wild experience. In fact Goldner in his “Herman Melville: Between Charlemagne & the Antemosaic Cosmic Man” was able to to formulate an original and sensitive critique of the present failure of social revolution in the continent of North America. The essence of Melville particularly as expressed through “Moby Dick” means such cavalier interpretation is wholly in keeping with the spirit of the original and doesn't feel one iota out of place. (Needless to say the academic pantheon around Melville memorabilia will have none of this and Loren Goldner was forced to publish his contribution through his own auspices - something we are entirely familiar with and the 'new' nature writers are not!) The fact that “Moby Dick” is now being placed high up in the pre-history of eco critique may bode well though if the raw urgency of imaginative action which is the very heart of “Moby Dick” isn't emphasised it may also prove to be nothing more than another dead end. For let's face it: most action proposed by even the better part of the ecos falls well short of the basic trajectory needed, hidebound by statist perspectives and professional status meaning infinite reforms of the present system of capitalist accumulation encountering moral duty is the only game in town. But first a few asides......

It is time to get down, dirty and very personal. Overtime, the records I have kept of butterfly jaunts, though always dashed down with an eye to other details, also include accounts of brief encounters in the field. These have, we believe, a tendency to turn more impassioned than at any other time since the mid 1600s, an upside down world producing a nature turned upside down. This development is so momentous it’s best not to dwell on it too much since it can tip a person into insanity. Suffice to say that birders are more conscious of it than lepidopterists because of the mass decline of summer migrants. The annual migration of five billion birds between Africa and Europe is on the scale of the Gulf Stream or Indian monsoon. As regular as clockwork they arrive and depart – or rather once did. All “new nature writing” is aware of impending eco collapse. What is substantially less obvious in this writing is the extent of capitalist induced social collapse that destroys not just the complex irreproducibility of the planetary ecosystem, but personal relationships as well.

Apart from a meticulously kept nature diary and sporadic entries arising out of the building scene, there are countless pages of tortured stuff recording the messy details of breakdowns following failed relationships with the opposite sex, the kind of thing one doesn’t want others to read, is embarrassing to re-read but also contains moments of insight so naked, intensely private and self revelatory that only the heart of darkness can unlock. Am I forever to be denied a companion prepared to put up with the rigours of fieldwork? Both Mabey and Cocker have endured quite severe depressives episodes but theirs is not an expression of the all-round hopelessness the approaching end of human time is bound to produce. In Cocker's case we feel in the background the comforting presence of domestic orthodoxy and it is difficult to escape the conclusion his unfailing crows are a continuation of time-honoured ritual, both human and animal: “Crow Country” is as motionless as socio-biology gets. How different my life has been, how ripped apart in comparison because more open to experiment and a yearning for total change. I wonder too if my fondness for the wild life havens of industrial dereliction over countryside canons, means my experiences and outlook are indelibly marked by relationships forged in the melting pot of the inner cities and which I genuinely believe, though fragmentary and courting the non-existent, are superior, when all is said and done, to ones based on more traditional premises. If the human race is to have a future, this is the way forward, not least because it breaks the reproductive spell of a planet now threatening a holocaust of children so dreadful as to end forever the desire for reproductive success.

Building work notebooks and the

displacing of writing, music and

nature

Two years ago in 2007 I remember sitting in a garden with others and all of us at the end of our tether because we were unable to plastically realise the building dream of the woman who owned this darned house. It was an old 19th century house with all ceilings and walls on the piss, the mortar between the bricks being little more than dust. We had made a large kitchen out of three rooms each with different ceiling levels and walls that did not read through and so had to be evened out. We had just about made a silk purse out of a sows ear, as we, in desperate need of reassurance, told ourselves over and over again, and given the subsidence, a better job was not possible. Yet it did not meet with approval because the by now passé, energy wasteful, halogen head lights were literally millimetres out in some places. We were made to feel incompetent chancers and we were on the verge of jacking the job when my eye was drawn to a piece on John Coltrane written by the Guardian’s music critic John Fordham in which this musicologist for the first and last time excelled himself:

“Coltrane's huge yearning tone, sermonising intensity and revolutionary technique allowed him to sound like several saxophonists rolled into one, but for all that he always sounded as if striving for what still lay out of reach. It wasn't just the search for more music, or a different music, It sounded like the search for another world or another life” (13.7.07).

Jack Kerouac had also written brilliantly on Lester Young but this was different because it hinted at the transcendence of music. But would the great ‘Trane have ended on a building site like we had, dreaming of a far, far better world whilst being hounded by a pernickety client whose ideal of building were the bleak interiors of Canary Wharf and who went off to work looking like a prostitute in a see through dress, the better to sell properties to rich overseas buyers? Pushed to these extremes, temperatures rise and analysis grows razor sharp, each sally, in this mounting crescendo of insight, prompting an even smarter response, a carpenters pencil and scrap of paper torn from an open bag of plaster, all there is to note down some of the choicest turns of phrase, and then only very infrequently, the inspired bon mots mangled, because written down much later when the writing hand is free. Forget bad writing - like a latter day cuneiform, it hardly qualifies as writing at all. Nor is it apparently good building work either, and we would leave work resembling more a wart-covered toad than a human being. I was reminded of a passage from Lautreamont that could have been written especially for us, with the days events in mind:

“I cast a long look of satisfaction upon the duality that composes me ----I find myself beautiful! Beautiful as the congenital malformation of man’s sexual organs – or - as the fleshy wattle, conical in shape, furrowed by quite deep transversal wrinkles, which arises from the base of the turkey upper beak”;

or rather as the following truth:

“The system of scales, modes, and their harmonic series does not rest upon invariable natural laws but is, on the contrary, the result of aesthetic principles which have varied with the progressive development of mankind, and will vary again”;

and “above all like an iron clad turreted corvette”. The reference to music could have been lifted word for word from a then current textbook, though hardly a standard one. Again it is a vivid demonstration of Lautreamont's magpie-like clashing together of unrelated material whose bizarre possibilities for good and evil also reflect a cock-eyed totality out there, one in the process even than of becoming misshapen, phantasmagoric and very ominous.

I greatly regret that I did not keep a more thorough diary of the building sites we have known over the past 35 years. For working at the coal face of the property boom was, looking back, an extraordinarily rich experience and had this personal record been more complete, had I thrown down literally everything that came into my head, for every piece of fiction appearing in estate agents descriptions, in government statistics, in economic analyses or in trade union records I could have substituted a real story. So I often have to rely on memory to fill in the gaps, like the bricklayer who saw rise up in front of him on Dartmoor, a brick wall of vast proportions reaching to the cloud base. Or another brickie who was back living in his parents’ council accommodation, his own house seized by his aspirational, estranged wife who had married him for his building skills and taken out an injunction against him, prohibiting him from seeing his kid. To cope with his depression he would stare for hours into his parents’ aquarium and try for all he was worth to think himself a fish with a memory span of less than two seconds. That way he could forget his wife and child. We were often struck by the way builders, particularly those with general building skills, commanded a premium in the marriage market, complimenting that of an endlessly rising property market. They were in fact Gasoline Alley’s new rock stars and could marry up, if they chose to, but only on condition they became aggressively more entrepreneurial

Many years ago we worked with a couple of ex-Catholic Irish lads from Belfast who had been laid off with some reasonable redundancy from the Harland and Wolfe shipyards. They had no wish to ever become sub contractors and were dating a pair of lasses from the all girl pop group Bananarama, then just breaking into the charts. Naïve colleens though the girls were, it was inevitable they would be swallowed whole by the music industry and would in turn spit out their Irish chippies. Years later we saw one of them, now a broken man, on his own and talking to himself. He had become a subcontractor, addicted, like a moth to a flame, to frequenting the rock musicians’ hangout, the Horley Arms, in Camden Lock. With property on its ass, building merchants are suffering as never before, B&Q advertising its wares to the accompaniment of a thirty year old former hit single by – Bananarama! Hardly back to where they started from, though, more's the pity.

Sometimes a record of events related as much to nature as to building. During the total eclipse of the 1990s we were working on a boat moored in the Thames. As the midday sky began to darken we stopped working, noting how under Battersea Bridge the mallards began to roost, some tucking their heads beneath their wings. Out in midstream on an empty Thames barge, a dozen herons became as eerily motionless as their ornamental tin counterparts. As the moment of totality approached, corks popped, and the inevitable rockets launched, the crowd gathered on the embankment breaking into applause. During the last eclipse in the 1920s, in the little Pennine town of Giggleswick then directly in the path of the eclipse, people had fallen on their knees. Which was worse, we wondered, religious dread or natures' grandest spectacles become a performance to be cheered and clapped at?

- Nature as merely another media circus -

The immense contemporary problem for us and the essential one we have to deal with is the passive consumption of nature; nature as something to be viewed, as simple entertainment; a nature X Factor to be switched on and off as we surf with boredom; an hour long TV spectacular between soaps, football results and late night pornography, and all relating to the omnipotence of money. It is nature as spectator sport celebrating an absent life, something which isn't practised let alone something we immerse ourselves in or consciously live with. We delight in the discovery of a miniature, multi-coloured parrot in an undiscovered rain forest while killing the dull little black beetle scurrying across our sterile carpets bought with a 30% discount from Dunelm or Allied Carpets. Keats exhortation in the early 19th century to seek out "negative capability" which by now should have flowered on a mass scale with the concept deepened magnificently - meaning a large amount of us would now have some idea what it is like to be a bat or a beetle - has virtually disappeared without trace.

It as though some horrible, benighted recognition that should never have seen the light of day has been born within us like a Maldorean monster which says nature is dying, if not already dead and so fucking what for at least we have the compensation of celebrity culture. Or, if not that, at the very least celebrities will save the planet as they engage in saving everything else. It's a realisation intimating that the final extinction has already taken place and from now on a dying nature can only be catalogued and filed away tucked into an eternal one thousand gigabyte yellow folder drifting endlessly in cyberspace as we hasten ever faster to our final encounter with stardust.

Everything is circumscribed by an all powerful fatalism blithely masquerading as its exact opposite heralding the era of the living museum; of a pickled in aspic nature inseparable from a living sculpture intertwined with each other forever! It is the era of a spurious radical nature as permanent gallery exhibit writ large; a space to be charged for by every visiting, cloned consumer replete with officious aesthete police touting a disposition of silent, supine worship.

We are still at the early stages of the financialization of nature. That eco artists are without a doubt the emissaries of this process was clearly evident from the recent “Radical Nature” exhibition in the Barbican Centre in London during the summer of 2009. The exhibition's mast head was a field of wheat planted and harvested in Battery Park at the tip of Lower Manhattan in 1982. Called simply “Wheatfield - a Confrontation” it is now famous, but it would be in a far better world if it was now regarded as infamous - with the essential proviso 'infamous' for the right reasons. The fact that the wheatfield was planted on land worth $4.5 billion neatly disguised another totally ignored fact that it has to be the most value-added wheat field in history. The harvested grain travelled to 25 cities around the world in an exhibition called the “International art show for the end of world hunger” organised by the Museum of Minnesota. Superficially a protest against the crudest, most blatant, form of commerce, it raised the prospect of an art farming in which crops can be valorised according to whether they are labelled art or not. The artist, Agnes Denes, has been able to live off it ever since and was indeed “recreating the work on a scrap of forgotten land in industrial East London" as an associate editor of the New Scientist put it (15th August 2009), insensible to the way the recreation was being used to greenwash the Olympiad site and increase real estate values. What other farmer in history has lived off the proceeds of a two acre wheat field for well over a quarter of a century? The artistically modified seeds were carried away by people who planted them in many parts of the world and, given time, Guggenheim Seed PLC may come to rival Montsanto. However we can be certain of one thing: AM seeds will be a lot more expensive than GM seeds – and far harder to combat.

Truth about nature must also be denied like never before in a kind of strange oscillation between depressing fact and a euphoric make believe about the future as nature is aestheticised from all quarters. It has been said recently by the media in general in the slightly better, climate-wise spring and summer of 2009 in the UK that we have had a glorious year for insect activity. A brief respite, a slight rally, has been hyped beyond all cognisances of even minimal truths. On the simplest of levels, any nondescript, casual observer will tell you in comparison to the buddleia bushes of even ten years ago the florets are empty of the pollinators which, in their turn, were empty in comparison to the late 1980s and so on as we travel backwards in time. One example will suffice: a few photographs, well courted by the media, portray a pretty picture of eight or so Heath Fritillary butterflies resting on a frond of bracken in East Blean Woods near Canterbury thus merely sharpening the appalling con we are forced to swallow. Yet none of the official, 'important' lepidopterists and other experts will say anything leading about this for fear of courting pariah status as they eternally look over their shoulders frightened of their shadows and forever hedging their bets.

Above left: The offending super-abundance in East Blean Woods. Above right: The offending butterfly dome.

Indicative of such grovelling toadying, every individual belonging to this crew is singing the praises of that monster of monstrosities; the huge geodesic structure now being built to house the lucky (?) representatives of enough of the world's dying invertebrates near St Albans in Hertfordshire. Nobody even dares murmur that this artificial palace of hospitalised beauty is a sure sign the battle has been lost before the forces have even engaged in resolute skirmishing. Yet this monument to death is clapped, clapped and clapped again. Oh the noise of that joyful din! Yet more than ever this artificial twisting of paradise signifies that the rest of the real environment, even in the vicinity of St Albans – e.g. the vicious widening of the M1 – can go hang.

In a similar vein the London Pestival exhibition on the Southbank artsy/fartsy scene gets bigger and more sophisticated by the year as the combination between artist and insect is gradually made more rounded or rather conical like some aesthetes giant wasp's nest. Aren't we the lucky ones because wasn't it ourselves in Icteric in Newcastle in the mid 1960s who first set the Pilkington father and now latterly son on this path as the figure of Mark Pilkington certainly figures large in this display? Cynics and buffoons will certainly say we blow our own trumpet, yet it is no more than truth still hidden from history! There is little point here going into all the ins and outs suffice to google Pestival to provide yourself with a host of irrelevant details giving some idea what the project is about, though obviously the central, salient facts are missing. In 2009, computer aided design & build took centre stage via a giant mock-up of a termites nest suggesting such a form of construction is the way out for architecture at a dead end rather like some updated repeat of the mid 1960s Archigram project but this time around replete with an eco veneer and just like aeons ago, helps keeps the idiotic role of architect alive and kicking. Needless to say, we were reminded of the Icteric beetle (see “A Malicious Dunciad in Newcastle” elsewhere on the RAP web) as natural architecture which we unceremoniously threw into the sea at Tynemouth sometime in 1966-7 as already our critique of architecture way back then was becoming more sharpened. No need here to go into psychogeography and all it implied though perhaps it's worth pointing our fulsome praise of the free-for-all relationship between human beings and nature conceived as living space, in a probably ex-colliery allotment in Maltby, South Yorks which we have referred to as the Maltby favela in one of our present films on the demise of the northern Dingy Skipper butterflies to get some idea of a more fruitful way out of the impasse of modern and post modern architecture. More than ever this curious favela – for want of a better description - is a space put together over the years without the aid of the scurrilous profession of architecture!

Yet this art/nature/architecture syndrome pulls all the “the little learning is a dangerous thing” nitwits in everywhere and their numbers are mushrooming and among them sometimes those with the beginning of an idea who could really go somewhere but tend to be derailed by one obfuscation after another. Among these serried ranks can be placed an organisation like “Buglife” which starting out with combative spirit in the road protests of the 1990s directing spot on telling criticisms of English Nature (now Natural England) over the demise of the Desmoulin's whorl snail etc on a Newbury by-pass translocation, (a process whereby threatened species are moved to a new location where they invariably die) relinquished their early promise as more and more they courted official media and were equally more and more patronised by middle-of-the-road eco organisations. The outcome is also today part of the backbone of Pestival. Unable to go down the searching, difficult path of a new total, revolutionary, autonomous critique they have been placated by half measures and “Buglife” is an awe of environmental art!

Alas, we fear something of the same fate, though coming from different angles, may befall “Workers' for Climate Action” who've played such an inspiring part in fomenting the employee occupation of the Vestas wind turbine factory on the Isle of Wight in 2009. We note more and more – like “Buglife” before them – they resort to interesting letter writing to newspapers like the Guardian whom it seems never refuse them. (The Guardian has always refused ours when we've been stupid enough to put pen to paper addressed to that crock of shit!) We note naiveté too though this time through a touching faith in trade union structures as means towards eco/social emancipation without even cautioning about the need for open assemblies outside of any bureaucratic interference. And for sure, their critique of art will probably be non-existent and they could so easily fall for “Pestival” display events. But we shall see....

The occupation of the wind turbine factory on the Isle of Wight laid bare the limitations of the eco movement even in its most progressive aspect, namely the Workers for Climate Action group. An initial enthusiasm was rapidly tempered when it became apparent how much they were still in hock to traditional trade union ideology, the ideology of nationalization and ultimately a workers' state, though this time a 'green' workers' state. However it did mark something of a break and may possibly have occasioned a bit of a rethink in the ranks of the green movement, forcing greens to disinter the real, unofficial, history of the workers' movement that for over a quarter of a century has been declared dead and buried, along with, it is essential to add, the official workers' movement. To say the least there is much catching up to be done and so little time in which to do it. And meanwhile we are still left talking to ourselves and brick walls.

Amid the hubbub caused by the occupation which briefly caught the headlines – Bob Crow the Gen. Sec. of RMT (Rail/Maritime/Transport union) ably summed occupations up as “immediate, focussed and high profile and can force a dispute into the headlines at short notice” – it was soon forgotten that the Vestas plant on the Isle of Wight was a non unionised plant. However this was not true of the Visteon occupation earlier in the year. Visteon was a spin off from Ford and when Ford's decided to close the plant, the staff received just six minutes notice to clear their lockers and get the fuck out. The redundancy terms were far inferior to what they had been promised and after an initial plan to ram the main gates; a back way into the building was found. Local people, some with no connection with the plant, joined in with the struggle and saw it as their own – just as was to happen on the Isle of Wight. A placard appeared “don't need politicians, don't need bosses, workers take control”. A classic statement of its kind and which, if it were to become fact, Leninists, Trotskyites etc would be the first to oppose, workers control of a Ford plant, no matter how radical in terms of rejecting politicians and bosses, simply does not make sense today when it is essential all production is fundamentally altered and redirected according to whether it is sustainable or not. Reimagined is how ecologists like to put it, which gives a hint of the creative flair that is vital to success but not that actual workers need to be mobilised from the ground up in order to carry it out. To save the planet and teach the majority of ecologists a lesson, workers of the world have still to unite.

The slogans that issued from the Vestas occupation, though not as abstractly radical, somehow struck deeper by recognising it was humanity's future that was at stake. The occupying Vestas workers called for the nationalisation of their enterprise unlike the Visteon workers who did not (perhaps realising that this option really was a dead duck), adding, “its about the history of humanity”. However at this point the occupation was open to be taken by the ideology of a “green new deal” which has been much aired since the financial crises hit but not acted upon primarily because it does focus on manufacture and goes against the grain of a country still sold on financial capitalism and the need to protect the hegemony of the City of London whose present sway, as regards these islands, is historically unprecedented. It is an acutely disabling power and the number of people who can no longer open a pot of paint or use a screwdriver is astonishing. It is as if a fatwah has been issued against all practical capacities and the “British genius” for invention put permanently on the dole. To even mention the international division of labour is nigh on forbidden and that the growth in consumption and the spendthrift profligacy that goes with it has been made possible by the off shoring of production and by the willingness of countries, mainly in the east, with a huge trade surplus to fund the deficit. However the demise of the dollar and the decision by China, Russia and France to stop using the US currency for oil trading could mark the end of an Indian summer of a hoped for, and speedy return, to an economy built on financial speculation. Purchasing treasury bonds denominated in a currency likely to go into free fall is not an attractive proposition. Yet again finance capital is as vulnerable as ever to self-slaughter.

Like it or not the greens are very much a part of this disabling tendency and harbour a dislike of blue collar workers. And so it should come as no surprise that come Climate Camp in the late summer of 2009, newspaper coverage had dropped any mention of the Vestas occupation. Given the anti-worker hostility that is endemic in this country, one felt this was not mere oversight but policy and one the greens are more than happy to go along with. On August 31st a letter from Workers for Climate Action appeared in the Guardian claiming that the newspaper’s reports had not mentioned the presence of the Vestas workers who “are still fighting for the nationalisation of the plant” and who are “taking part because they understand that workers organisations and the fight against climate change are inseparable” The letter concludes “trade unionists should join the debate”.
Workers for Climate Action had obviously got wind the turbine factory was due to close long before it was officially announced. Some weeks prior to that they had set up camp outside the main gates and spent long hours talking to the workers who were employed inside. According to the Guardian of July 25th 2009,, "Initially they were met with sceptism but gradually small numbers of workers began to be persuaded that action could make a difference”. The group, to their great credit, obviously played a major part in getting the workers to occupy the plant. The ease with which they were able to talk to the workers must have been greatly facilitated by the fact there were no official trade union representatives present to put them off their stride. Like as not, the latter would have regarded the camp as undermining the negotiations with Vestas management to keep the plant open and would have advised their members to steer clear of the trouble makers, even saboteurs, parked outside. So how come Workers for Climate Action were now directing their appeal at bona fide trade unionists, as if to say people who are not in trade unions can play no part in the struggle? This is a leftist prejudice of the first order and one that throughout history has been disproved time and again initially in some of the writings of Bakunin and William Morris and, a little later, eloquently spelt out by Rosa Luxembourg in her agitational, book length, pamphlet “The Mass Strike” through to the late 1960s and 1970s where this disposition was more prominent than ever e.g. a huge swathe of the May ’68 revolt in France was comprised of the non-unionised etc. Then suddenly a vast dumbing down took place and a direct outcome of the grotesque neoliberal experiment. This theoretical humbug must in part be put down to the catapulting of Workers for Climate Action briefly into the limelight and the fact that Bob Crow of the RMT was prepared to sign a joint letter with them, which the Guardian published without further ado. But even without Crow's imprimatur, letters from the group were published in the newspaper. However if the letters had born witness to the hobbling role of trade unions and political parties in revolutionary moments, and how it will be no different come a genuine green revolution, then, for certain, not one letter would have been published.

So many of these people who make up this half way house critique, though not perhaps Workers' for Climate Action, are precisely the ones who will see in the Guardian's recently created 10:10 campaign (the pledge to cut your personal emissions by 10% within the year) a means of future freedom via fluffy eco get-togethers; the stirring counterpart to the inevitable bureaucratic sclerosis of the Copenhagen climate summit. For isn't the social basis of 10:10 those individuals who've spent their lives climbing somewhat the career ladder oriented around 'concerned' occupations or businesses spewing out high ideological good intent who've flocked to the Guardian's cause? For sure they'll cut somewhat their carbon emissions and tamper with their lifestyles a little but, for certain most will refuse to go down that very difficult, extra mile abandoning their bullshit professions, their buying and selling, or even their augmented purchasing power and/or their love affair with celebrity – minor or major. Like journalist Mad' Bunting they will be adept at a pernickety reeling off of carbon statistics they've improved upon, though essentially they'll never move beyond a holier than thou, deeply hypocritical, essentially moral response to commodified superabundance (for some) making sure their status in this wretched society remains an eternal given.

So it is left to us; those who've been cast aside and thrown away; those without official status either, culturally, politically or scientifically to say the obvious: Down with this huge sideshow – and slideshow – of utter bullshit .There are more of them than us, more, much more. Most of us don't have the means to buy big - or even medium expenditure - carbon polluting items. Most do not own a house, live the suburban existence, or even had/have a car and literally have no empathy with Mad Bunting’s hand wringing over a deluxe, very polluting, Aga cooker. Most too have always travelled by public transport and, as we know, George Monbiot finds buses depressing. So what about us who've never ever found this to be true?

Sadly we also know that most at the real sharp end have little awareness of the impending eco catastrophe and lack any sophistication in reeling off variation upon variation of green thoughts in green shades. However, the constant media bumph spewing out tales of an eco woe not accurately presented means that a minority of sharpenders are beginning to read through the phased alternate lines and are coming to the conclusion, whilst still hanging on somewhat to their fluffy teddy bears, that their carbon front print is very small indeed, so what are they exactly supposed to feel guilty about? It is not a climate change denial alibi neither because it inevitably seems to bring with it heightened, general eco awareness that big storms are on the way headed by an uprising of the dispossessed.

This patchy though growing awareness emanating from the ecos of no property and slight consumer pulling power can only really get somewhere by relying on themselves alone, minus the false friends of eco consumption and the have your cake and eat it alternative. This isn't denial rather its opposite as there is nothing today in dominant society which is creative or worth having. For sure interesting facts, interpretations, tendencies or what have you can for instance be taken from the 'new' nature writing providing all hesitations, half-measures and double dealings of these litterateurs are redefined by a down home energy and a previous wealth of hard, practical experience. It means if necessary we must court arrest through intelligent intervention aimed at getting across – through the publicity of an anti publicity - a sharpened eco awareness as an essential part of renewed, total revolutionary critique. The future points to extreme divergence: The spectacle is marginalising like never before all real thought, contribution and achievement, because in the era of a state supported free market buttressing the rich and super-rich we can only rely on our own genuine internet 2 samizdat, our own blogs, or more permanent ebooks as the facebookers, youtubers, twitterers forever dallying with the society of entertainment are cast aside. As for the rest, a dying, official, all pervasive media wants no truck with us in any case and more importantly, we no longer need to have any truck with them.....

Stuart & David Wise: Autumn 2009

Section 1

(Comments on Woolley Colliery/ Maybey’s “Beechcombing”/ The great storm of 1987 viewed as free form art

Essential childhood differences regarding play and their enduring effects)

Of all the new nature writers Richard Maybey is without a doubt the most art conscious in the “progressive” sense and the one with by far the biggest profile. I intend to confine my comments to his most recent book “Beechcombings” (2007) which came out in 2007, though with luck we intend to finish a short film on the Yorkshire sculpture park shot in 2006 when the park hosted an exhibition of Andy Goldsworthy’s nature nonsense which Maybey praised to the skies. The site could not have been more apt or the contradictions more telling. For just across the MI lay the old pit spoil heap of Woolley colliery now the scene of the utmost destruction upon which a new housing estate, with regal pretensions, was in the process of being constructed. Bearing the portentous title of Woolley Grange, the pit had once employed Arthur Scargill as well as hosted West Yorkshire’s largest Dingy Skipper colony. As far as we know this is the only estate that has actually been constructed on the slopes of the giant spoil heaps that bulk up through West and South Yorkshire, the latter in particular. The others have all been built on the flat surrounding them, so, with a bit of luck, soil creep and inadequate drainage just might result in a well-deserved po-mo Aberfan, the stepped piles of lego-brick, neo-Georgian terraces eventually slithering down the spoil to end up on the muddy flats alongside a pair of rare Little Ringed Plovers. Not only was the estate a triumphalist snub to the former mining community, it was also an act of malevolence against an endangered butterfly whose fate mattered as little to the developers (and ultimately their conservationist legitimators) as did that of the miners.

Above; Woolley Colliery's magnificently disturbed hills just across the M1 from the bland 18th century landscaping of the Yorkshire Sculpture Park at Bretton Hall....

The sub title to “Beechcombings” is “the narratives of trees” implying there are a number from which we can take our pick. It also has post-modernist overtones suggesting each is a fiction in its own way and none really true. And like all post modernist writing it is taboo to ever once mention capitalism, that especially being a fiction we construct - or deconstruct - according to how the mood takes us, any one perspective as valid as that of any other. However the last thing Mabey can be accused of is relativist nihilism - merely that he backs off from ever hitting hard, though the mild mannered, erudite and it has to be said, gentlemanly text is constantly on the edge of tipping into real anger and critique. In the unlikely event of Mabey exploding with fury, he would unfortunately find that he would lose all of his false friends, partner and publishers overnight and that they would not be replaced by a better class of person, which by rights is what ought to happen. Such is the subtlety and brutishness of today’s blanket totalitarianism he would find himself marginalized to a degree he would not have thought possible, disrespected and denigrated at every turn. On the upside he would, at long last, find out who his real friends were.

Yet throughout the book Mabey’s real sympathies obviously lies with the commoners, as if they alone came closest to understanding and appreciating the essence of trees and the variable essence of woodland renewal and regeneration. Though hardly a let be approach, their “narrative” comes closest to that of the trees themselves had they been gifted with the capacity to speak. These and artists belonging to the 19th century Barbizon school and -----would you adam 'n' eve it ----- today's installation artists! Though he does not specifically mention Andy Goldsworthy in his book, Mabey does reproduce his nature sculpture “Beech Leaves at Scaur water” dated 1992 and his “Continuous Grass Stalks - Climbing a Tree Pinned with Thorns” dated 1983 from the Yorkshire Sculpture Park and “Wall Sheaves” from 1993, a beech sculpture by David Nash, in fact mere planks of wood, which, though beautiful in themselves, are made ugly by being claimed as art by some tit of an artist. When compared to a fabulous photo of pollarded beech trees taken in1962, the former artworks pale into nothingness beside this twisting, crippled, arthritic flare-up of a tree. Away from the stink of art, this unpretentious photo lets nature speak for herself.

Mabey does however quote Antony “Gormless” Gormley approvingly whose studio was wrecked by the Great Storm of 1987 and whom he claims was one of the few with the discernment to enter into the storm’s critical spirit. He told a Times journalist “I regard the whole thing being in a sense nature pruning the works of man. There are times when I feel it was strangely appropriate…. One whole aspect of my work has been to reposition man within a kind of elemental context”. Banking context more like, for all installation art is a for-runner and celebration of gentrification, of money destroying what’s left of the exceptional and hope for a better future. Imposing the most dreadful conformity to commodification there has ever been, it is the death knell of let be, revolt and spontaneity whether in nature or man.

Two days after the Great Storm, Mabey toured the Kent /Sussex border to inspect the damage. Two days after the storm we were laying floors for a solicitor who had made something of a reputation defending the Angry Brigade. His pretend radicalism had long gone and amassing money had become the sole purpose of his wretched existence. Not content with the fees he was earning defending rich villains, he too treated the storm as an opportunity – an opportunity to make money by hiring lorries to pick up the felled trees he then intended to mill and sell. Unable to conceal our disgust, a day later we were laid off for taking the piss. Mabey says of the storms aftermath “the elegant landscape parks of the Garden of England were comprehensively rearranged”. We were delighted that Seven Oaks had lost all but one of its oaks and that especially the Royal Parks were a scene of utter devastation. Try as he might, Mabey couldn’t quite stifle his enthusiasm either, describing the Petworth estate in Sussex as “turned into a free form jungle” and that “he saw children having the time of their lives crawling about these vast natural climbing frames”.

Uprooted trees in Kensington Park, London following the great storm of October, 1997. One of the great storms of history, its real threat was not to trees - most elderly trees withstood the hurricane force winds - but to public order, dramatically changing this most royal - and boring - park for the good. But, of course, the trees were not allowed to thrive horizontally, and even in less doctored environments, it is rare to find a flourishing tree just as it fell in this most salutary of storms. Left unmolested in Kensington Park, and just two years on from the defeat of the British miners' strike, these levelling trees could easily have been read as foretelling the fall of the Windsors. Dendrologists learnt much from the roof plates of the blown-over trees and it became apparent that the trees most affected were young trees that had reached full size but had not the girth or developed root system to resist the gale. But, as always. real conservation had to be sacrificed to the ruling ideology of conservation, the clean-up and indiscriminate replanting inflicting at least as much ecological damage as the storm itself. The colossal sums of money spent on "restoring the nation's ravaged woods and parks" would only be exceeded (in fact greatly exceeded) by the amount lavished on spoil heap makeovers come the turn of the millenia. However, the latter was a vengeful act taking every conservationist body with it, whereas it is becoming increasingly respectable to condemn the wholesale rush to hew and sell-off the stricken trees following the hurricane of 1997.

The two contrasting perspectives are the measure of the differences separating us from Mabey. As a young lad growing up in the Chilterns he had given names to old (beech) trees, all of which are still standing. We did the same, except the location could not be more different. The landscapes of our childhood in the Co Durham and West Yorkshire have been all but obliterated for they were semi industrial though nature rich. Though not the only ones, railway stations, goods yards, sidings were our playgrounds of choice now all gone excepting the ‘heritage line’ that runs from Darlington to Bishop Auckland. Today a shadow of its former self, the line once continued on to Tow law and Wearhead right into the heart of the England largest expanse of common land totalling over 90,000 acres! Some years ago fondly looking at a photo of a field outside of a mean row of five station houses at Heighington in Co Durham where once we were privileged to live, it suddenly came to me the now grassed over, undulating strips were the remains of common land tillage. But the other lines that once were our familiars, like the one that ran from Wakefield to Bradford, are now nearly untraceable beneath unforgiving, ‘executive’ housing estates and roads including the MI which cuts right through it. I can never cross the refurbished railway bridge, the olive green wrought iron panels now replaced with breeze block, on Station Road in Ossett without recalling with a pang what once lay beneath it as recently as 1970. A magnificent railway station built on a curve, for example, the formally innovative utilitarianism – coach houses were traditional in comparison – involuntarily, and only briefly, redolent of a new way of living, malling having now totally destroyed the promise that once existed in railway stations.

The above photos are of a Heighington station, Co Durham and its environs that no longer exists marking the exact place where George Stevenson's Locomotion No 1 was first placed on the railway in 1825. The bottom right photo is of nearby Codlings Bridge where corncrakes could regularly be heard and where the dark green fritillary and var hospita albino form of the wood tiger moth were relatively abundant. Indeed in one of the trees near the bridge we once espied a large tortoiseshell butterfly....

Dead moths in their hundreds would accumulate at the bottom of the glass bowls protecting the gas mantles and if we were there when the mantles were replaced on Ossett station we would take the moths away with us. An entry in a joint nature diary from August 13th 1954 records how we witnessed a swallow chase a moth and "eat it up" that had been disturbed by a railway worker passing under the eves of a shed in the goods yard. Another entry records how on May 10th in the same year and in the same yard "a short tailed field vole" measuring "about 2 inches" and that “I nearly went over it one (sic) my bike”. These once fairly commonplace occurrences now truly are a thing of the past.

Above photos taken in the mid 20th century of the beautiful structure that was once Ossett station and its surrounds in West Yorkshire. it was an environment where industry and wild-ish nature happily intermingled though on the cusp of the devastating invasion of an increasingly highly capitalised horticulture. In this peripheral wilderness of weeds, large elephant hawk, poplar hawk and peppered moth caterpillars - the latter mainly of the industrial melanic form - thrived in late summer/early autumn The bottom left photo shows the remnants of a burnt out signal cabin which simply exploded one night at the bottom of our garden....

The young Mabey would take adults on a tour around his called-into-being trees in the Chilterns. We gave names to the local topography of dereliction, particularly the long barrow like mounds that had been pushed up overnight during the Second World War to disguise the nearby armaments factory. “Indian Hill” was our favourite and it may well have concealed a number of natural hills for on its summits there were the splintered, hollow carcasses of what, thinking back, may well have once been elm trees. The entire man-made creation was covered in gorse that attracted flocks of Goldfinch and, to our delight, the occasional Waxwing in autumn. To facilitate access we thought nothing of cutting a maze of ‘secret’ passages through the gorse and such was the absence of constraint on this industrial common that we went about it entirely unmolested, except for once being stopped by the police who wanted to know what we doing carrying makeshift bowie knives.

Above: Random pages from a childhood Nature Diary. (See longer discussion on "Fuck the New Nature Writing"

Maybey’s relationship to the landscapes of his youth was passive in comparison to ours and hedged with restrictions, this common metaphor a graphic illustration of how hostility to enclosure has entered the unconscious of the English language. Other than in farmers’ fields, we knew no hedges and we made free play with the industrial detritus left lying about. And so decades later when we ventured once more on to industrial wastes in search of butterflies, the unreflected anarchism of our childhood and early youth surged within us once more as ours by right and we exploded with incomprehension whenever we were stopped by authority, for right of access was in our blood much as the right to pasture animals once was for commoners. And so we collided head on with conservation bodies whose first priority, we mused bitterly, was to give butterflies lessons in Lockeian civics which would teach them not to trespass and to respect other people’s property.

Mabey grew up at a time when the countryman and woman and traditional country crafts were rapidly disappearing from the rural scene to be replaced by the ignorant, vulgar, experiment phobic, 4 wheel drive, home owning circus of nothingness we are all so heartily fed up with. Peopled with slaves to the market in consumer goods, the countryside becomes a mere image on a postcard and the last refuge of the petrol head, nature a selling point in the estate agents description. Between the latter and the industrial agronomists there is a growing army of professional ecologists whom are not exactly buzzing with life, that don’t swear, get drunk and beside themselves with rage and who never savagely kick back. In the last analysis, Mabey is very much part of this refined coterie of buttoned-up professionals, far more likely to move on and become therapists than ever frankly admit the only solution is revolution.

And Mabey does mention in passing just such a case - and that of Arthur Tansley the renowned botanist who, for a short while, gave up botany to study with Freud. Quitting his post in Cambridge in 1923, Tansley returned to academia in 1927 when he was appointed Sheridan Professor of Botany at Oxford, before stooping lower still to become a knight. However Tansley’s abrupt move sideways is not to be dismissed so easily because it is a cotyledon of something that threatens to grow like Jack’s beanstalk, combining childhood, nature, the psyche and revolt. Though it has never found its proper voice, throughout the country’s history of the last eight centuries we continue to hear the strongest of echoes – like when Wordsworth wrote “the child is father of the man”.

Researching the history of industrial activity, particularly mining and quarrying, on the common lands of the South Pennies and whose residue of earth works and shales have greatly aided the recent, astonishing spread of the Green Hairstreak butterfly, I became aware of how these upland rural areas once teemed with characters whose lives at some point must have touched on the insurrection taking place in the rapidly industrialising valleys below. Take ‘Old Three Laps’, for example, who appeared to have modelled himself on Heathcliff: indulging his unrequited love, he took to his bed for forty years. (Well, it beats working, the late Victorian writer reprimanding him for his indigence whilst having to admit ‘Old Three Laps’ certainly added variety to the upland scene!) Except for the odd rambler, today, the countryside is an impoverished wasteland of dull conformity where nature fascinates more than people, when, particularly in the days of Defoe and John Ray, a happier equilibrium once existed.

Returning to my childhood I recall how we would go ratting with Mr Goldsborough, a railway worker who also owned the field on which the marks of communal strip cultivation were still visible. Close to a brick tunnel through which ran Demon’s Beck and over which ran the legendary Stockton and Darlington railway, there was an old oak tree, the “old oak tree” as we called it. Over the years it had become top heavy, its root system dangerously exposed by the scouring action of the beck. It needed pruning and so a terrific guy of ‘a retard’ employed by the railway was given the task of sawing off some of the trees biggest limbs. We children were the only ones present and watched him climb the mighty oak, ease himself along a branch and begin to saw, with him seated on the outer reach of the branch. Sure enough, when it did crash to the ground he was on it. “Lighting Dennis” was another shining ‘retard’, remembered and respected for backing almost an entire goods train into the waters of Whitby’s inner harbour, right opposite the still working boatyard where Captain Cooke’s “Endeavour” was built, where this singular wreck of a goods train could have made the most memorable ever artificial reef. And then there were the railway men who, from the safety of the goods yard running alongside the mouth of the river Esk, would stretch night lines across the harbour with little fear of the water bailiffs ever catching them.

The railway sidings at Whitby in the early 1860s set alongside the river Esk right next to the tidal mud flats where the golden plover regularly nested. A later typical development of the inner harbour for liesure time yaghting meant the bird was exterminated. The photo left is of the railway line along Upgang to Sandsend and the coastal route to Middlesborough and though closed well before the Beeching cuts of the early 1960s, it signified the triumph - and ultimately eco disaster - of car transport....

I mention these incidents since Mabey is unable to reminisce like this. What has this to do with the battle for nature? Well in truth as little and as much as Thomas Bewick’s many vignettes depicting the human–all-too-human foibles of Northumberland’s rural poor and who had just as much right to be there as did a Woodcock and Mistle Thrush. For people and nature formed more of a continuum then and which must be recovered in ways we can scarcely, as yet, guess at. Looking back I have a fund of very precious memories which directly challenge the insidious stereotyping of the industrial working class as straight laced, uniformly dull, nature comatose men and women lacking in imagination and a desire to change life. And when the “revolution of everyday life” finally did hit this country in the late 1960s, it not only instantly tied so many separate strands together but caused me to reconnect with my teen and preteen years. The many incidents I had witnessed came to be imbued with a radical hue through which a new life was visibly searching to be born. Continuing to worry out yet more memories, my opinion has not changed in over forty years.

Take my grandfather’s signal box situated on Battersby Junction station midway between Middlesboro and Whitby. This signal cabin looked on to the North York Moors and there is a photograph of my grandfather in it. Someone with half an eye must have come across the photograph because a few years ago it was on sale in Whitby, alongside Sutcliffe’s pioneering photos of the harbour taken in the closing years of the 19th century. In this photograph my grandfather, contentedly puffing his pipe, is sitting in an easy chair. It was an obligatory fixture in all signal cabins, the turned wooden legs invariably charred by the burning cinders which fell out of the coal fires that superheated these unlike greenhouses mounted on preposterously exaggerated brick foundations, and that made signal cabins such welcoming places in winter. A canopy of plants obscures the ceiling, some of whose tendrils appear to be entwined around the less frequently used signal levers (and which were always that bit harder to pull). He has made the place his own. To describe it as home from home is to misinterpret what the cabin signified to my grandfather. It was an escape from home - and my grandmother would have to send her children down to the station to implore him to come home, otherwise, once his shift was over, he could have well stayed in his cabin all night long. The communal nature of allotments has habitually functioned as a safety valve, venting pressures building up within the nuclear family. At their best they prefigure a new world and, it has to be said, miners’ allotments excelled in this respect. These allotment were never just about saving on household bills: they were also a declaration of intent, a right to build as one thought fit – free -form extemporisation as opposed to the dragging tidiness of home life, four walls and the linear terrace, scrounged material as opposed to the shop bought commodity. However, in my grandfather’s case it was a very controlled environment - and had to be given it was a functioning signal box. Though at the bottom of the cabin steps there was a poke that housed a pig, a chicken run and several beehives (he swore he could tell which were his honey bees whenever he went on the moors), within the limits of the permissible, my grandfather had conjured a spell binding palace of glass, leaves, electromagnetism, pulleys, levers, gear wheels and flowers out of a no frills, industrial man-coop.

Grandah Wise in his signal box surrounded by a jungle of hanging potted plants. Above right, a present day Battersby Junction station now overgrown with a delightful display of weeds....

Back at the family home, one of about thirty houses divided into two red brick terraces more typical of a Lancashire mill town than the farms and villages built of stone that dot the sylvan foothills of the North Yorks Moors, the one and only picture that hung on the wall was of a local farm set in a fold on a moor land hillside. It was simply called “Midnight Farm” because the sun never shone on it. I always wanted to be taken to this anti farm, this negation of sunshine, chlorophyll and everything that a farm stood for, its mysterious allure obviously capturing the imagination of our grandparents as well as my brother and I. What did this dark, forbidding place, this Wuthering Heights of non-conforming agriculture, really say about my grandparents? Why did they prefer it to a far happier reproduction of, say, the “Hay Wain”, or a Gainsborough or Hobbema? They must have felt a seed’s kinship with this darkness. Was it, perhaps, calling time on a sunny tradition of landscape painting, as if only out of a midnight nursery like this could a new world come?

At the local village school in Ingelby, the children of railway workers repeatedly outshone children from agricultural backgrounds, including farmers’ children. When I pause to reflect what this humble signalman, with virtually no schooling, had picked up in terms of rearing animals, keeping bees, growing vegetables in addition to mastering morse, basic mechanics and developing an interest in mathematics for its own sake, I am led, at the very least, to conclude here were the rudiments of a more developed totality. Given habitual experiences like this, is it to be wondered that from our earliest years we never found nature and industry to be that antithetical.

Section 2

(Ecology and corporatism/the industrial commons and freedom /Shelley & industry/Children’s nature book especially Kenneth Grahame/On dens & anti architecture)

Ecologists, particularly in this country, tend to spontaneously bundle workers and management together in the same, detestable, corporatist package. No matter how the pack is shuffled, they are inclined to find this combination of nature and industry, rather than nature v industry, an abhorrent one and are wilfully deaf to its historical resonance in this country. It would be surprising if, parallel with demands for greater job security and an end to wage cutting subcontracting, wildcatting, engineering construction workers in the energy sector were not beginning to openly argue the case for a green energy plan. (The inspirational occupation of the Vestas plant on the Isle of Wight points to this) In terms of an equitable exchange between nature and industry, it is now or never. And the energy sector is at the heart of this exchange. However there is not a chance it can be accomplished within a capitalist framework. The question therefore can never, never, never be solely a technical one and though technical innovations, like carbon capture and sequestration can buy much needed time, mankind will not be free so long as ecological technocrats, bureaucrats, politicians and capitalists are free to roam the earth.

Growing up in the years following the Second World War, I have, on reflection, become aware of other formative aspects. In a curious way the ancient liberties of the commons merged with the ideology of nationalisation, the coal and steel industry but particularly the railways, forming an ever present background to our play and fledgling interest in nature. Ideologies are never empty chimeras and the ideology of public ownership positively contributed to the surprising absence of restrictions we experienced as mere striplings. In comparison with today’s youth, it was a “self-determined” childhood. The comparative freedom from constraint afforded by this unique, greened over industrial playground moreover bred in us a psychological expansiveness, the absence of hedges a preparation for the tearing down of barriers of a different order that would later arise. And so when we did eventually come to read the romantics, the ready acceptance of horizonless disparities on a collision course – adventure - immersion in dreams, landscape, engine sheds, chimneys, industrial cowls - love of butterflies and moths - biology- depth psychology – love - popular struggle came about because it was the fruit of an experience that, in considerable part, went back to the unfettered play we enjoyed on these “unbounded” industrial commons.

Though not an entirely apt one, a line from Shelley springs to mind: “I love all waste and solitary places where we taste the pleasure of believing what we see is boundless, as we wish our souls to be.” Writing when he did, his love of Waste is insufficiently nuanced, Shelley’s conception of industry then the opposite of a Waste. In his early 20s, and though impoverished, he had enthusiastically raised money for a reclamation scheme in Cardigan Bay which involved the building of a giant embankment, or Cobb, across the mouth of Traeth Mawr. The expansion of the port of Holyhead in North Wales sealed the fate of the projected port at Porthdinallen in Cardigan Bay, though the Cobb, somewhat ironically, now carries that talisman of functioning industrial antiquarianism, the Ffestiniog Railway. Knowledge of Shelley the friend of industry has been buried beneath that of the nature poet, and we need to be reminded of the fact. That said, the straitjacketed categorisation of the latter won’t do either. Evident in practically everything that Shelley wrote is the search for art’s transcendence in unrestrained nature. The Skylark’s song is perfect fulfilment and cannot be surpassed whilst art remains “a thing wherein we feel some hidden want”.

Actually the Cobb, and the related reclamation scheme upon which the new town of Tremadoc was built, required an act of Parliament, presumably because it was Common Land. Surprisingly, census figures from 1956 show that the area of common land in Cardigan had expanded slightly since the last census in 1873, doubtless due to a post war increase in the number of nature reserves and SSS1s. In industrial Glamorgan there had only been a marginal decrease. Again this is surprising, given that during the interval there had been a massive increase in the number of pits sunk in the steep sided Glamorgan valleys. The Commission on Common Land held during the mid 1950s were forced to conclude “if the land is common land, it would seem that many of the mining operations – construction of railway sidings, works, site of dumps etc – by the National Coal Board is ultra vires. Furthermore, much of the land concerned is eminently suitable for afforestation, but who has the right to plant?” This absence of an unambiguous legal framework meant that even prior to nationalisation, much industrial infrastructure was treated by workers – and not just workers – with an impatient, expropriating disregard because ,come the crunch, trespass laws were fundamentally unenforceable. Closer to the present day, Thorne Waste, a raised peat land of great age and scarcity, was saved from almost certain destruction by a gang of cutlass brandishing, dynamite hurling desperados that went by the name of “Bunting’s Beavers”. Composed of miners from Thorne Colliery, engineers, (and anyone else who cared to join in and could keep schtumm) they would leave calling cards that read “sue us you buggers if you dare”, their exhaustive knowledge of common law rendering them virtually untouchable, though some spent time in jail. (We hope to put together the story of the Beavers from a former member we met on Thorne Wastes who like the Ancient Mariner had us spellbound, unable to move off the largest raised wetlands in Western Europe even though night was falling).

Above left: Large Heath butterfly on Thorne Wastes on the day we met Bunting's Beavers on July 17th 1997. The opposite photograph is of the general terrain but with the extremely tall winding gear of Thorne pit in the background. The pit was mothballed during the 1993 pit closure programme but has since been pulled down....

A long held, very fierce grudge against the privatisation of common land morphed to include the private industry erected on it, the abolition of private property signifying to many an industrial worker (and from our experience, usually the most experimental and alive to new ideas) a retracing of lost steps to a scrap heap reinvention of life in the wild. Was it just our identification with Native Americans that caused us to name the long barrow of an artificial hill we haunted “Indian Hill” and along whose side there ran “Street One”, a concrete road as unforgiving and Euclidean as only industrial roads can be. Or were more local ancient spirits already speaking the language of subversion to us? Sometimes we carried staves and one railway worker in particular would always ask us if we were going “lancing”, an expression which even then struck me as unusual and could not possibly mean joisting. Perhaps it harked back to the black acts or even earlier and referred to the illegal spearing of wild animals on enclosed manorial estates. The word den grew its meaning on common land for Denns in the 8th century were originally outlying, felled woodland pastures. The overtone of remoteness, of a secret place safe from prying eyes and adulthood was taken up by children, we in particular becoming the ingénue architects of a hundred dens, some of the most imaginative the least noticeable and as cryptic as a barely detectable Buff Tip moth at rest on a budding twig . There but at the same time not there, they were the ones we would most dream about when tucked up in bed at night. Almost invisible to the naked eye they were, for that reason, as indestructible as childhood itself, and I don’t doubt that the ideas we were to develop much later on of a pushed- to- the -wall, negation of building, have their origins here. Though once thought sheer lunacy not that long ago, a growth architecture that postures as not-architecture is rapidly becoming part of the mainstream. However, what really counts here is the media bio feed nurturing architects’ reputation. We on the contrary sought nothing less than imaginative self build on a global scale, a vision that automatically lead to the destruction of the role of architect on a global scale.

A den was also home to a fox – at least in Co Durham and North Yorks though elsewhere lair may have been the more common term. A badger had its sett, the rabbit its burrow and warren, the squirrel its drey but the wily fox had its den. Once in a hen run, the fox was merciless, yet our hearts went out to it. There was something about its fugitive, hunted existence that appealed to the railway workers I knew as a child. I recall how my mother once opened the back door to a fox that had been pursued across the railway lines by the Quorn hunt, then rushing quickly to open the front door so the fox could escape the hounds. More than a wish to protect the fox that had recently slain all our hens, this was a protest against the two Co Durham’s, that of its aristocratic landowners in West Durham and that of its spat-upon industrial workers, particularly miners, in East Durham, my mother having come from a mining background. High upon the list of my grandfather’s (the signalman mentioned previously) favourite books was “Reynard the Fox”, a book that also delighted us as children. He too must have felt a strong identification with foxes, despite their periodic raids on his hens. The saying “as sly as a fox” may have been construed by him as an ability to remain poker faced when confronted with authority – in my grandfather’s case the hated railway bosses, for this was the era prior to rail nationalisation. Though it is easy to dismiss the humanization of animals as mere folk psychology and more typical of pre-industrial eras, here are instances of it informing industrial struggle. In America’s Deep South the boll weevil, which destroyed cotton crops and therefore the livelihood of slave owners, became another symbol of resistance.

Another favourite country writer of both my grandfathers (one a signalman, the other a miner) was G Branwell Evans, the Methodist minister turned poseur gipsy and going by the name of “Romany”. Though Evans gave repertory names to the birds and mammals he observed in company with Tim, a farmer’s son, his chapters on “Droll and Darkie the Rooks”, “Brock the Badger” etc were full of naturalistic observation. And though the ‘stories’ would unfold over several seasons, they were not anthropoid narratives in the manner of Kenneth Grahame, author of “Wind in the Willows”, or Beatrix Potter and would never make it onto the West End Stage. In fact they were more akin to Favre’s beguiling, and much superior, narratives of insect life from which the human persona is even more absent. Mulling over these facts and a few phone calls later it occurred to me I knew next to nothing about Wind in the Willows, Winnie the Pooh, Flopsy, Mopsy and Cotton tail, Swallows and Amazons Puck of Pooks Hill, Peter Pan and the entire arcania of children's stories written in the closing years of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century. Would I have done so if they had been on my parents and grandparents bookshelves? And why weren’t they there? Did they perhaps find something repellent in them as I did - and still do? However “Sajo and her Beaver People” and the characterines of “Big Small” and “Little Small“, the two beavers, were a different matter, the antipodal naming delighting me as much as the fact that waterproof canoes could be made from birch bark, no other tree thereafter having quite the same appeal to me as the birch. A portent of spring, the birch became a symbol of rebirth in more ways than one, for it was the first tree to appear on industrial spoil and in railway sidings. Today I see it as a harbinger of a nature sensitive, industrial renewal, a liberatory tree for a liberatory technology, just as the beavers’ names suggested the possibility of a countermanding renewal of language.

But as for “Wind in the Willows”, I do recall doing a jigsaw puzzle at the age of six or seven of Toad of Toad Hall pursued by a gang of wildcatting weasels in a train. Our sympathies even then were with the weasels, not least because they were actually leaning out of a steam engine with a perspiring Squire Toad fleeing before them, in fear for his life. Now Co Durham, where we were then living, was the birthplace of the railways, and odd though this sounds, it was popularly perceived as a “proletarian” achievement, an idea, though it had reactionary implications (the apostle of self help Samuel Smiles wrote a book entitled “The Great Engineers”) not as daft as it might first appear. Many of the great early railway engineers received little schooling: not only was the great George Stephenson, the inventor of the “Rocket” (the first antigravity machine, steam pressure replacing gravitational pull), actually illiterate but he liked nothing better than to challenge someone to a bout of bare knuckle boxing to relieve the tedium of a “board meeting”. Real kids stuff and we loved nothing better than as children to be taken on a Saturday morning by our uncle to a small industrial workshop in Shildon where engineers would casually gather to shoot the breeze but also discuss technical stuff. The workshop was situated on the road to Brusselton, the great incline having featured in a panoramic illustration from the 1820s that not only depicted the stationary engines and cables that hauled coal trucks up the incline, but also, on the level ground, Stephenson’s locomotives that were as “busy as ants”.

Shildon, Co Durham many moons ago. The photo left is of the oldest engine shed in the world in a state of derilection. Thirty years later and the shed became a museum.Standing opposite (photo left) was the home of Timothy Hackworth, the railway engineer who invented the spoke wheel. Like everyone else we called the place "tintacs". A similiar fate was to befall that dwelling too and you wonder which is worse: a gutted landscape or gentrification?

The metaphor whispers in another way for my uncle was both a skilled carpenter and foreman at a small wagon works owned by British Rail. Much of the timber that came into the yards for the repair of damaged rolling stock came from abroad and he would feed our imaginations - and his - with real tales of wood boring larvae, some so fearsome they could slice through a carpenter’s pencil with the ease of an executioner’s axe. A likely story, but the truth of falsehood with a good conscience turned trumps and we became fascinated with native wood boring moths like the evil smelling Goat Moth, the beauteous Leopard Moth and the many different, harmless, Clearwing moths that mimicked stinging wasps such as the Hornet Clearwing, the latter the only Clearwing we have so far seen. We, in turn, wove our own slightly less exaggerated history around them, others also, including adults, becoming fascinated by them. To be sure, we did embroider nature but I can’t say our expectations were dashed and we became progressively disenchanted as we learnt more about these extraordinary insects. It was easily more nature friendly any day than, after reading “Wind in the Willows”, fancifully expecting to see frock coated animals buttoned up against the cold amongst knotted tree roots. From an early age the bleached carcases of tree stumps became a source of inspiration to us, their form and content of great appeal to us. Lying on their sides like a tipped over L, the shattered trunk and branches became a skeletal torso of arms, elbows, hands and preternatural head that crumbled into rotting chips revealing beetles and hopefully the moth larvae we were intent on finding. We had no need of further animation because these ghost trees were already alive. Today, “Buglife” rightly argues for the retention of fallen trees but many years earlier we and others had intuitively arrived at the same conclusion, though not necessarily by the same route. A tree left where it fell indicated a relaxing of property rights and, like a disused factory or siding, that monster field was now safe to enter. When visiting the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in 2006 to jeer at everything we saw but especially Andy Goldsworthy the only escape we found from artistic oppression was in the sheep droppings and the occasional dead tree, but even these lost their allure latter took on some of the characteristics of it surroundings and became art losing its dead treeness.

None of the books I mentioned above we ever read in the sink schools we attended as children and teenagers. This must say something fundamental about them. Added almost en passant as if he does not wish to draw too much attention to it Mabey does admit that in “Wind in the Willows” class war was waged against the weasels. He also acknowledges the tamed suburban nature grown up on the ruins of a buried city which badger, ratty and mole inhabit is not that of the wildwood but through a persistent misreading has become so. In a characteristic inverting of the truth, it is the denizens of the wildwood that are stand offish, peculiar and “not like us”, the animals grouped around badger never anything other than affable and approachable in an offbeat kind of way. Inevitably it is the suspicious, easily offended, unpredictable lumpen weasels that start the trouble, with badger and the other animals, like true, decent Brits, forced into retaliation, secure in the knowledge they did not cast the first stone. Like most of the other seminal children’s stories previously cited, “Wind in the Willows” was written against a background of growing social unrest and though it pleads for a return to nature, it is, above all, a moderate, reformist plea for a bourgeoisified nature. In Grahame’s eyes, the unyielding, machined austerities of Victorianism and equally motorized morality had finally let loose the primeval beast of “the great unrest” that formerly had rampaged on the great “wastes” safely beyond the ken of civilisation.

Though no one at the time was able to make the connection, the old mole of revolution had grubbed away in a double sense. To Kenneth Grahame, Secretary to the Bank of England, the real wildwood and unbidden, more than consciously autonomous, industrial action had come to mean much the same thing It is not just the fact these children’s books were an exact hominid ledger of class society that made them somewhat mystifyingly distasteful to us. This got-up fantasy of middle English speaking animals also amounted to a kind of betrayal, even to our child minds, of the imagination, natures inherent riches not needing to be dressed up in nursery costumes. Free to roam from a very early age, our childhood was lived outside the “nursery”- whatever that was. We befriended animals; we even had an animal graveyard for out pets, every so often digging up the tortoise to see “how it was getting on”. Our eyes transfixed on an infinitely varied surface, we did not need to metamorphose them into something they were not. In the school playground a ditty made its round: “There are fairies in the bottom of my garden/ There are fairies in the bottom of my well/Are there fairies in the bottom of your garden? –Are there hell!” Yet this down to earth, crushing realism was far from lacking in vision. Its anti mythological concreteness and practical engagement with the world was, I sincerely believe, more an anticipation of classless society and the polar opposite of Graham’s ethological anthropomorphism and deification of suburbia.

One wonders what Mervyn King, the present Governor of the Bank of England, might now come up with were he to open his laptop after first getting ripped on smoke. A guileless, free-market “Animal Farm” or “Animal Pharma” would be too obviously political and seen as satirical in intent, thus defeating its purpose. The watchword has to be obedience to the laughing hyenas of the banking fraternity who want us scurrying about like scared rabbits rather than behaving like rats in a trap, or worse, massing like locusts on the Thames embankment prior to descending on the City of London .

Manipulative children’s fantasies cast their most binding spell when they appear not to have a political axe to grind. Moreover dead tree format has had its day, so a more interactive format would need to be found, a Wii game, perhaps, in which the bot flies of the of the Financial Services Authority take on us plodding shire horses stabled on dealing floors? However, in order that the FSA or dealing floors remain an immovable fixture in our lives, it is absolutely essential they first be interred deep underground and their controlling presence made to appear a nigh on absent one, just like the urban foundations of Graham’s pseudo wildwood. How very, very English!

Above is a photo of a dead oak tree on Ashstead Common, Surrey, together with a photo of a Purple purple emperor on a youngish oak sapling in July 1997. Many of the often 500 years old oaks around Ashstead are now virtually dead specimens ending their days as gnarled oddities easily giving off the appearance of goulish witch-like monsters that take up their roots and walk when darknessfalls. No wonder they were the inspiration for all those Arthur Rackham's illustrations that scared many a child witless....

Section 3

(The conceit ridden character of English/Milton & Keats/Mabey’s beeches and Marx’s commodity fetishism/the commons as realisation of the critiques of rights/Mabey’s dislike of social and ecological revolution/ The near uselessness of conservation bodies)

No other language is more conceit ridden than English and to probe the reasons why is a major investigative task in itself. The cataclysmic events that rocked Britain, though in particular England, from the peasants revolt onwards resulted in a layering of the language that was so dense as to almost obscure the actual revolutionary convulsions that lay beneath it, language through its own autonomous development appearing to become convulsed instead. The siren voices of revolution are everywhere in Shakespeare, though probably despite himself. Then comes Milton and “Paradise Lost”, this epic poem the end of the line for all epic poetry and also rooted in a civil war in which the spectre of communism is more than just an apparition and so altogether different from the Peloponnesian Wars of the Iliad or that of Rome v Carthage in Virgil’s Aeneid. Try going back and all you will get instead are the bore wars of Middle Earth and digitised sublimity for the kiddies. Then compare Miltonic literalness with the “dromedary camel” of the metaphysical poets, the beginnings of modern industry and communal seekings, part of the “new philosophy that puts all in doubt” in which “meanings press and screw”. Then finally there are the Romantics after which the English language very abruptly – at least in England - settles into a suspicious, insular slumber from which it cannot be awakened, its once inexhaustible formal inventiveness traduced into the idiom of industry, of iron, steel, steam, pipes, girders, batteries, cylinders, pumps----------- requiring a revolutionary proletariat for their proper articulation, without which this industrial disequilibria will remain mere doggerel. “Too vast a matter for so weak a rhyme” proclaims Shelley in his remarkable “Letter to Maria Gisborne”. But otherwise this historical shift went unnoticed. As for the English language------well that becomes French, literary symbolism demonstrating once and for all that once society becomes indecipherable then the poetry must follow suit, until finally the only way out is to permanently swap the pen for the hammer.

Meanwhile in science Cartesianism is the name of the game throughout, matter existing independently of mind, each of which can be studied without reference to the other. Mabey is right to want to unambiguously put the ghost back into the machine in a “literary”, if not a metaphysical sense, because a non-metaphorical beech tree is a dead one, dead to history, dead to us, and above all dead to itself, the scientific realization of “literature” enabling the tree to live for the first time in natural history and social history, it too acquiring an omega all of its own at the “end of pre history”. And Mabey does put it most eloquently “Beech trees are persistently cast as victims, they’re repeatedly looted, excoriated as bad influences and wastes of land, granted reprieves, turned into scapegoats and hostages – this is the story of the beeches with an eye for the trees experience of what happened”. But let us at least grant that in large part these metaphors are rooted in social relationships, more specifically in a class divided society and that they also are the real expressions of a class divided society and not mere artifice. These metaphors reflect the social character of trees not just as a raw material but also as political facts and a source of enjoyment (or otherwise) itself mediated by changing tastes driven in the last analysis by changes in the modes of production. Like the commodity they become a personification of social relationships but whereas the universal medium of exchange, money, - its genus if you like –, takes on many different popular names (chicken feed, rhino, dosh, readies, bread, loot, smackers, spondulies etc) the genus tree never undergoes a comparable name changing. Only in the genera’s individual ramification as separate species does it do so and then only at the moment of gravest crises for Keats’s “the grand democracy of forest trees”. Coming very late in the day, this is, at best, only a halfhearted admission that natural facts are also social facts and that natural history is also a people’s history, dinosaurs included, which is not the same thing as saying we walked alongside them.

Mark Cocker in his recent book “Crow Country” reckoned he had just about read everything there was to read in English on crows. One cannot help wondering did Mabey sit himself down to read every item that came up when he googled “beech” on his computer? There is something too literary about his beech conceits that overwhelm the subject and that tend to turn the beech into a work of art and nature into a gallery. However Mabey as a proto gallerista of the wild, a trend that is becoming ever more important, spurred on by the reaction to the financial crises has to be left for another web that specifically deals with this issue. Yet this whole drift into fantasy projections, at the same time both imaginary and real, caused neurons to fire in my brain and I was drawn once more to open Marx’s “Capital” and read Chapter 4, “The Fetishism of the Commodity and its Secret”. And what material does Marx select to demonstrate how a raw material becomes a commodity? Why, wood of course! And what does our carpenter make of the wood? Why a table, in all probability a table made of beech wood from a tree cut down in the Chiltern Hills where the legs were also initially turned by the bodgers that peep into Mabey’s tale of beech trees, as most tables in London at the time were made from Chiltern beeches. These justly famous legs not only sit four square on the ground but dance as well, their capers as a commodity performing more wonders to behold than the table turning of mediums. The entire chapter is an essay in religious demystification; man not only creating god but the commodity form as well, which then assume the “fantastic” form of a relation between things. Mabey has scanned the far horizons for references to beech trees, even citing passages from Orwell’s “Keep the Aspidistra Flying”. How come that he missed this reference, then? Though not exactly explicit, it is also rather more than just bordering on the credible. And what a can of worms Chapter 4 opens up. And how necessary it is for all ecologists to read it and take on board what is there revealed and to henceforth treat it as a base line. For without it, we, and vast swathes of nature, are doomed.

Marx began his life’s work with a critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right. “What has this to do with the price of eggs” ecologists might well ask, or at least the pitiful few prepared to take the above approach seriously. Well, it is also a critique of the state and Hegel’s statolatry, mind and nature coming to rest in the state in Hegel's system. Though natural scientists since the mid 19th century have split their sides laughing at Hegel’s “preposterous” philosophy of nature (a presumptuous judgement in any case which is now being questioned, particularly in America), the deification of the state by today’s ecologists, climate scientists etc is equally preposterous and just as metaphysical. By entrusting the future of nature and the human race to the state, this closet Hegelianism works behind their backs, barely one natural scientist even remotely suspecting they are the victims of what is rapidly turning out to be history’s biggest ruse.

As for Mabey, literary imagery becomes actual imagery - tree stumps and the hobgoblins of pollarded trees. Unbeknown to himself he has metamorphosed the truth of literary imagery and the literary past and made into a tree and at the same time rescuing it for science by letting it live. However he then goes too far in the range of literary and painterly references meaning the tree itself becomes a work of art an exhibit a natural gallerification. Mabey – as previously pointed out - really is a gallerista of the wild, a collector of nature’s artefacts, a Guggenheimer of greenery.

Mabey shies away from ever mentioning his radical past when articles written by him in the mid 1960s appeared in the often excellent, New York based “Rebel Worker” via being copied and pasted from the often insipid London based “Peace News”. (In truth, quite superficial appraisals of the 60s growing youth revolt as personified in the Mersey Sound). I can understand why Maybey might not wish to be reminded of the former but not “Peace News”. I also have a very early book of his entitled “Class in Britain” which I got in the hope I just might find an enlightened coming together of class struggle and the battle for nature. Not a whisper and I did actually wonder if there might be another Richard Mabey. In “Beechcombings” he describes in some detail the past history of the repeated attempts to enclose Berkhamstead Common. Matters came to a head in 1865 and fences were torn down in a night raid - just as they had been in 1640 when a local man had led a “disciplined” band of 100 men in an earlier foray, cheered on by 1000s of locals. The adjective is hardly neutral, given the date, and the precision of this military style enterprise reads more like an anticipation of the New Model Army to come. Significantly Maybey’s two direct references to the English Civil War are a shade negative, one regretting the looting of the forests that took place, (much the same happening during the French Revolution,) the other that Epping Forest, after the Civil War, become a place of refuge for former soldiers turned deer hunters - a sort of back to front remake of the Hollywood blockbuster if you like. How would he deal with the Digger, Gerrard Winstanley, one is compelled to ask? Would it be any different to that of W.G. Hoskins and L. Dudley Stamp, joint authors of the New Naturalist” “Common Lands of England and Wales” (1961) and who had been part of the royal commission on Common Land (1955-8)? (This commission marked the moment the matter of the Commons became part of a wider landscape amenity aesthetic and conservation “ethic”, culminating, at the end of the decade, in Nan Fairbrother`s “New Lives, New Landscapes” which positioned this altered perspective in an industrial change-over promising automation and consumer abundance. We can only regret the visionary, revolutionary upheavals of the late sixties were not powerful enough to stamp on the book, for it has a lot to answer for – the chapter “The Disturbed Landscape of Industry” suggesting that it is not merely an eyesore but also akin to a psychological abnormality).

Hoskins was an historian and Dudley Stamp a geographer, neither really kicking against the limits of the academic division of learning. However it was geography that was about to take the most surprising leap forward, and though to Dudley Stamp psychogeography (then taking its first, and best steps) would have been beneath derision, it is implicit in his catching descriptions of the terraced houses of the Welsh valleys “climbing gradually up the hillsides in congestion and disorder to present a specialized industrial landscapes which has become famous or infamous the world over”. To the historian Hoskins, the Commons had throughout their chequered history not only been threatened with “longing commercial eyes” but were confronted with “another attack ---- from an entirely different angle This was the revolutionary movement of the Diggers (who) advocated particularly the ploughing up of the commons and waste land throughout England regardless of the rights of the lord of the manor. He concludes, “This dangerous revolutionary movement was quickly crushed “.

We think it more than likely that Mabey would box clever on this issue and keep his counsel, knowing that to lend his name to such a crass denunciation could be his undoing. However it has to be said we get a better feel of what the Commons were actually like from Hoskins, in particular the fact that the monetary economy was a late arrival on the scene, “money for the majority of English and Welsh people playing only a marginal part in their economy until the early parts of the 19th century". As we are living "in a complete money economy" today, this is hard to grasp given the constant temptation to remake the past in the image of the present, the heritage industry being the final triumph of this unhistorical tendency. One gets the impression reading Mabey’s drawn-out account of Berkhamstead Common that a monetary economy had thrived on the Commons since time immemorial and so had beech wood commodity speculators. Nowhere does he explicitly say that throughout the entire existence of the commons money played only a marginal role in the reproduction of the society of commoners.

Though Hoskins and Dudley Stamp only twice mention Berkhamstead and the battles to retain it as a Common not once, their discussion of rights has an odd Marxist ring to it, as though they were no strangers to the examination of the matter by Marx in “The Critique of the Gotha Programme” taking it upon themselves to develop the critique still further. Where there was an ample supply of land, and especially on the wastes, it was not possible to speak of “common rights” for they had “no need of definition, and therefore could hardly be said to exist”. This absence of definition defines the Commons, though more especially the Wastes, as a place of freedom from constraint upon which everything is permitted and a fool can dethrone a king. When Hoskins declares “where there is no limitation, there can be no rights” an extreme libidinal craving breaks through despite himself, and what is clearly meant to be a colourless statement of the obvious becomes marvellously shadowed with suggestion. It is rather ironic to be reminded that Mabey had written a long article in The Guardian (14/3/09) deeply critical of the lack of engagement he felt in the New Naturalist series of interesting books that dominated nature writing in the decades following the Second World War. Is he not guilty of a greater charge, a more metaphorical approach to nature that yearns to be the thing itself, much as Keats described the infilling of “negative capability” and that paradoxically says more on the plane of objective truth than the commonsense of science, ultimately falling down because of a total absence of a critique of political economy, hints of which we find in the authors of “The Common Lands of England and Wales”?

The ancient commons of Grassington in the North Yorkshire Pennines. The photo on the left is of the limestone pavement on the top of the largely ash tree array of Grass Woood where the only indigenous plant of the lady's slipper orchid remains. On the right is a photo of a wall overgrown with thick moss in Grass Wood proper. Sixty years ago a peculiar, indistinct, sooty-coloured variety of the rare Scotch Argus butterfly - an Arctic species - flew here....

This intense dislike of revolutionary upheaval also shapes Mabey’s attitude to avant-garde art. Going no further than installation art, will he forever be able to keep the hatches battened down on the territory that lies beyond it and which he knows full well is there and just hopes no one will out him over? It is a logical step to take but few are prepared to go that extra mile because everything about their life will change. Never able to fully purge the memory of the past, Mabey dreads radicalism because it embodies his more real self, the one he has been running from for decades. When Mabey trespasses accidentally into a lime wood he describes it as an “intervention”, as though the word has wantonly slipped through the snare in his throat, despite his continuing efforts to tighten the noose on it. Called La Tillaie, it was a reserve biologique in the Fontainebleau Forest, though dedicated to the unmanaged growth of beech rather than lime trees. Would Mabey have done so had he seen the notice beforehand pointing out that La Tillaie was a strict non-intervention zone? What we, and the rest of the English speaking world, now understand by the word is etymologically rooted in French usage. So to make an “intervention” is not mere motion in space and time that thrusts others aside just for the hell of it, but a deliberate, thought out challenge to authority, a provocative act that encourages the common people to take heart and take over. As an invitation to an uprising rather than an opening at a gallery, it clashes head on with the property relations typical of capitalist society. So when Mabey says of this minor act of transgression in Fontainebleau that “I had become an intervention myself, as I had much more aggressively in Hardings Wood” he forgets to add he is the titular owner of Hardings Wood and therefore free to do more or less as he pleases. In Mabey’s hands the vital word becomes emptied of meaning. This was not what was meant by the realisation of art and the setting free of nature that the powerless early 19th century, East Anglian poet John Clare could only yearn for, the enclosing fences torn down in his mind’s eye only.

Now had we, in desperation, taken a chain saw to the encroaching carr woodlands in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards, West Yorks to save the Grayling butterfly, that would have been an “intervention”. Though it would have led to our arrest and a swingeing fine, the situation had potential and might have ended up acutely embarrassing the owners of the yards (now Deutsche Bahn and presumably less thick skinned than the former owners, EWS) but more especially conservation bodies who allegedly are there to protect wild life but fail massively when it comes to brownfield sites. We say “had the potential” to cause profound embarrassment but this is by no means a foregone conclusion. Such a drastic intervention may not have received any publicity at all because the growing rapprochement between conservation groups and the media only serves to stifle all independent criticism and silence dissident voices (like ourselves), despite the latter being numerically easily the largest, and potentially most proactive, constituency. It is the latter, among others, to whom we address our theories and our experiences in practical action.

Above: a burnt out carriage in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards and photo right, a grayling butterfly

Mabey as the titular owner of Hardings Wood sensibly has allowed the place to become the property of a village trust. I’m unable to own a piece of nature because I simply don’t have the money. But in the highly unlikely event of ever being left any money and with no dependants, perhaps I too would want to purchase an uncoppiced wood, a piece of a spoil heap or quarry and see what I could do with it in terms of creating a variety of habitats and attracting wild life. Meanwhile I am very much a member of that unsung band that goes around giving nature a hand and is constantly knocked back. Virtually all my guerrilla seeding and planting has come to nothing: whether mown down or pulled up or whatever, it has all been destroyed in one way or another. More than disheartening, it flattens a person. It occurs with such devastating regularity it is beginning to seem like it is fated to happen. It is as if all our efforts are being monitored on CCTV, a panel of invigilators then sending out a swat team dedicated to ensuring that nothing is allowed to regenerate of its own accord but must be covered with evergreen aliens and then mulched to stop native weeds from appearing. Every bit of trefoil that we have planted around Shipley station on the outskirts of Bradford to extend the threatened Common Blue population has literally been ground into the dirt it thrives on, if left alone. However, for a couple of years our efforts did meet with success and for the first time ever we succeeded in drawing the Blue across the Bradford beck, “t` mucky beck” as it is known locally. With no one to lend a helping hand, it is a lone, thankless task though if something drastic is not done in the immediate future, the butterfly is doomed to die out at the station.

Conservationist bodies do not like individuals taking matters into their own hands. That way they lose control, their unwritten motto being “everything within the party nothing outside it”. I had intended to write “organisation” rather than “party” but what came out instead is very telling. For we find members of conservationist parties have something of the apparatchik about them. This control fetish is also a property fetish and the fact that all our planting involved trespassing means it is therefore illegal and to be doubly condemned. Conservationism profoundly mirrors the society we live in and is riven by an us and them of believers and sceptics, of representatives and the betrayed represented whose “stakeholding” is much weaker and therefore far more open to the idea that we must be rid of the reservation mentality and all that implies. We go to look at a reservation or SSSI in a frame of mind akin to that of visiting a museum or gallery or any staged performance. We must begin to envelop ourselves in nature, approach it with hands, feet, spades, hammers, saws, as well as eyes, prepared, this time, to work with nature rather than against it. We must cease to seat ourselves before it as we would a TV, treat it as easy viewing in the confident expectation it will perform as requested and at the time of our choosing. Looking at nature has made us blind to it.

To take the theatre out of nature so we might better grasp it comes at the end of a long development that has its origins in classical German philosophy. Appearing in 1849, the explorer Von Humboldt’s “Ansichten der Natur” was the apogee of one particular strand arising out of this tangled skein in which art and nature are intertwined and which essentially sets the scene for today’s pretty pretty, natural history aesthetic. For these “pictures of nature” were aesthetic presentations of research into natural science and geography that Von Humboldt honed up into a dazzling series of lectures and which won him a worldwide following. These polished performances also suggested a new approach to travel as opposed to the fearsome privations of the voyage, the comfort of the planned tour, the travelogue and leisure cruiser taking the place of the “floating coffins” which were the sailors names for Darwin’s “The Beagle” sister ships.

Hegel would have undoubtedly objected to Von Humboldt’s “pictures” because surface appearances were only part of the story. Much in the same way, Faust longed for a philosophy and praxis that transcended the dead objectivity of the solely contemplative and the disunity between knowledge of nature and human nature. His first step in Faust Part One was to explicitly reject the notion of drama as simply denoting a play, bending it to mean something far wider. I merely cite the latter not in order to show off, but so that conservationists may begin to take us more seriously. And so to conclude this lengthy digression on Mabey, suffice to say this has never been his problem but it is ours, just as our praxis of conservation is profoundly different and basically at loggerheads with his and the entire conservation Cominterm.

So is it possible to neatly sum this guy up? Richard Mabey as a young man with flair liked the razzmatazz of the mid 1960s - what blues shouter George Melly referred to as revolt into style – a relatively mild-mannered non conformity that also occasionally nurtured an often astounding radical expression quickly following on its heels; one which demanded the world be turned upside down. It was a vision of total social revolution. And pronto! We guess that Mabey was flummoxed by much of this. Nay more; he probably hated it and he probably hated all the people like us who tried to practise a situationist critique. Mabey’s turn to nature throughout the 1970s was also a retreat from the uproar as he couldn’t even countenance social ecology a la Murray Bookchin never mind a critique of art and the state and nearly everything else beside. Suffering from periodic nervous collapse – an inevitable by-product of intensifying alienation – Mabey sought in nature quiet, contemplative ponderings and solitude, looking for a wholesome fulfilment that forever escaped his grasp; a deflected eros that we have more than a little sympathy for, as it also soothes our furrowed brows. Ineluctably though the great themes of revolt slunk through the cool, dark woods and crept through the back door of his country cottage. Maybey had to confront them or rather, he made it his business not to confront them, deflecting them into cul-de-sacs of fine sounding phraseology and prose which on the surface look so profound but end up meaning little. The guy cannot be crude, he cannot forthrightly hate the system, and as for the very word capitalism, why it is an ugly expressive description to be avoided at all cost. Above all, Mabey has no faith in a liberatory uprising of ‘the people’. The bald truth is that elusive but utterly essential revolution of the green, red and black combined is not for the likes of an English gentleman naturalist who sees in such an uprising something of Edmund Burke’s “swineish multitude” nowadays given added value by an hysterical media that views all of us at the sharp end as part and parcel of a psychotically maimed collective. Mabey baby you should first pronounce on the real psychotics who administer and promote this end game suicide capitalism?

Stuart Wise with help from bro’: Late Summer, 2009

The above is also prelude to the critique of Maybey’s erstwhile friend, eco artist Andy Goldsworthy who despite all his self-serving images to the contrary, is the person most responsible for an even greater invasion of value and monetarisation of nature, especially through the paid for up front concept of an aestheticised nature walk and counterpart to an eco tourism more expensive than any banal, humdrum, cheap and nasty, swimming pool vacation in Lanzarotti.

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20/20 vision in William Hazlitt's Maidstone and a short addendum

........The discovery of a fold made of beech trees.........

Quite by accident we discovered this fold made from beech trees on a piece of waste ground known locally as 20/20 in Maidstone, Kent. The land now belongs to Wimpey's and planning permission had been granted for yet another suburban atrocity when like a deus ex machina, the credit crunch struck and so the brownfield site was, at least temporarily, saved from predation.

Chancing on the site was a transforming experience and made our day. We had passed what we took to be a beech coppice several times without paying it that much attention, except to unconsciously note for a large beech it did look rather squat lacking the height, if not the breadth, of a mature beech. Stooping beneath the low-slung branches that concealed the trunk from view, we were surprised to find ourselves confronted with a palisade of beeches. We immediately thought the beeches had once formed the boundary of an ancient path but shimmying between the close set trunks we were even more amazed to find we had entered a dark, rectangular enclosure bounded on all sides by beech trees. Except where the light was able to break through the canopy in the centre of the fold, there was no other woodland vegetation apart from decaying beech leaf litter and therefore not that untypical of beech woods generally. This geometric, malfunctioning naturalness had taken on a life of its own and instantly caught our imaginations, for we had never seen anything remotely like it before. A fold constructed entirely of beech trees must be virtually unique, surely? Why beech, why not fast growing hawthorn (“quickthorn”), for there was plenty of hawthorn on the 20/20 site?

We instantly began to notice other irregularities. In the gloom there appeared to be a glowing crystal of considerable size. A bag of white cement perhaps that had been left outside in the rain? On closer inspection it turned out to be a shattered ball of gypsum, strewn fragments scintillating from beneath the decaying vegetation. Where had the quartz come from? Perhaps the cement works located some distance outside of Maidstone? Strangest of all, though, were a large number of buried plant pots, their terracotta rims just to say visible and which we would have overlooked had not the strangeness of the place quickened our perception. An illicit marijuana plot? Hardly, for very little could grow in these sunlight-starved shadows. There was also an abandoned plough and an old wrought iron gate which a blacksmith must have fashioned in the late 19th century. It was now laying on the ground where it once had stood upright in the only gap in the four-sided figure of beech trees. Rough cyclists had practised in the clearing, a series of earthen ramps having been thrown up and which are now becoming rapidly grassed over. The cyclists have now moved on to a patch of sandy ground outside of the pill box.. Someone has sprayed “local” on it as if this was an alternative, criminal Tesco's owing to the numbers of shopping trolleys that had been dumped around it. By the side of the pill box there are a couple of cherry trees with branches that have been rived off, this delinquent 'pollarding' contrasting with the traces of 'legitimate' pollarding in the rows of beeches back in the hidden fold. However the fold could not have been much more than 150 years old and by then pollarding was going out of fashion as coal replaced wood as the commoners' household fuel, and iron began to take the place of wood in buildings for industrial use, the construction of machine frames and in ships and barges etc. Henceforth, in addition to becoming objects of scientific study as more was learnt about trees in one decade than in the entire previous history of dendrology, trees would increasingly be aestheticized and revered for their intrinsic beauty as art aspired to break through representation and be life itself. As absorbers of CO2, rather than just providers of oxygen, only latterly have trees proved to be more functional and necessary to mankind than ever, a necessity however that, up to a point, proscribes their centuries old utilisation: rightful tree worship has finally rid itself of pagan crankiness, found its corresponding science and come of age.

The fold (on reflection intended for pigs rather than sheep, goats, cattle or horses) may actually have been a beech coppice that was traditionally foraged by pigs and this had been chopped down piece-meal over time. The commoners' rights of pannage for swine in Kent - the Andredsweald - reached back to the 8th century. Any beech mast that had taken root may well have been grubbed out and then planted in straight rows. If wood anemones and dogs mercury, both specifically woodland plants, appear in spring, then almost certainly we are dealing with a ghost wood that has been made-over and aligned into a pig pen. We looked for signs of other trees between the individual beeches but found none, so presumably a temporary fence cut from the nearby hawthorn had once protected the newly planted hedge. Once the beech trees had gained in girth, the hedge would have withstood any amount of rough treatment by pasture animals.

(Though, in the scale of pasture animal values, the pig ranked below that of the milk cow, it was above that of the goose and it was the fate of the goose more than any other “farm yard animal”- the notion of the farmyard was a consequence of enclosure- that sparked revolt. It was not the pig but the goose that prompted the inspired, anonymous, couplet that has resounded down the centuries and just too acute and stinking of muck for any self styled poet: “they hang the man and woman that steals the goose from off the common /but lets the greater villain loose that steals the common from the goose”. We have lost sight of the fact the goose once was a life and death issue for the poorer commoners summed up in the lapsed popular saying someone’s “goose is cooked” meaning they’d completely had it. The dreams of the poorest burst with excess and the commoners desire for untold riches and freedom from toil was centred on the “goose that lays the golden eggs” and a good layer that nurtured her goslings eventually evolved into the Mother Goose of Xmas pantomimes, theatre but a poor substitute for the lost dramatic significance of domesticated wild fowl)

The oddity of the Maidstone denaturalised wood (see the addendum to MABEY BABY) somewhat helped compensate for a desolating absence of song birds and insects on this waste ground that could well have once have been common land. Three sun filled days in mid September, 2009 with sound carrying for miles on the motionless air, and all we saw were several Common Sympetrums, one female Common Aeshna, one Comma, one Small Copper and at most three Speckled Woods. We remarked on the absence of wasps, bees, hover flies but especially crane flies, unable to spot even one daddy long legs, though in truth we opted not to look too closely, preferring to remain blind. In nearby suburban gardens the diadem or garden spiders appeared to be doing well, but one couldn’t help feel that this was an aberration and that it did not indicate a recovering eco system. But this is the position that has been adopted by Buglife and the British Arachnological Society, duplicating the dangerous hyperbole of the billion Painted Ladies that purportedly would, in a spectacular reverse migration, be winging their way to warmer climes in late summer.

No other explanation was ever offered for the seeming large number of arachnids. Helped by the decline in insectivorous birds, spider eating wasps, frogs and even flies, could it be that the chain of predation has broken down, allowing more spiders to reach maturity than is customarily the case? The larder appeared to be all but bare when we came to examine garden spider webs in the second week of October, these intact, tensile and empty orbs showing only a barren assortment of leaves, down, dust particles and the odd winged aphid. Though this may seem far fetched, a comparable scenario is infolding in drought-ridden East Africa. Big cats are also doing well there because stricken herbivores are very easy prey. Of course we would know nothing of this if all we had to go on was David Attenborough's shameful "life" (first screened on Oct 12th 2009) which began in Kenya and showed an example of cooperative behaviour, three leopards joining forces to bring down an ostrich. The series was three years in the making so there can be no excuse in pleading ignorance regarding a drought that has ravaged East Africa for five years with Kenya, and neighbouring countries, the first to be almost totally burnt to a frazzle by climate change. With this in mind “Life” (though “Death” would be a better title) did not come across as a scientific record but rather as invitation to a wild life safari and was therefore advertising at its most deceitful.

Attenborough is a master of the black arts of pseudo conservation and honorary president of Butterfly Conservation [BC], chosen on account of his celebrity status and unrivalled capacities as a salesman of nature. This year BC and the Independent newspaper got together and came up with the hard sell of “Butterfly Summer”. In fact this partnership was an ecological bogoff - join BC and the Independent was yours for free for one year.

On July 25th the Independent's environmental editor Michael McCarthy foamed that we were in the “middle of one of Britain’s most extraordinary butterfly summers – with a billion butterflies of one species about to take wing----presenting people with a chance to spot butterflies in greater numbers than have been seen in Britain for years”. What pernicious nonsense! One butterfly, no matter how many there are of one species (in this instance, the Painted Lady) hardly makes a “butterfly summer”. Nearly six weeks later the same sentiments were echoed in the Guardian (4/9/09) with a journalist claiming he “had been amazed by the swarms of butterflies that I believed only existed in the hyperbolic imagination of Victorian lepidopterists” adding “the summer of 2009 has witnessed one of the greatest Painted Lady migrations in living memory”. Both journalists appear to have been suffering from the same hallucination brought on by the editorial enforcing of wishful thinking, because, in our view, there have not been that many Painted Ladies on the wing either in the north or south, certainly not in comparison to the great invasion of over a decade ago when it was possible to pick Painted Lady larvae off thistles growing up through cracks in the pavement of inner London and Silverdale Moss in Morecambe Bay was one mass of writhing larvae. Come October 2009, even the BBC's “Autumnwatch” began to have their doubts: where were all the expected millions - even billion - second generation Painted Ladies? No one dared say it was not much more than hype from the very start. And so this perplexing ecological mystery needed to be solved and perhaps we the viewers had the answer! And there had to be an answer – if not some knowing wiseacre might begin to compare this piece of inflationary nature hype with the fictive bubbles generated by a stagnating capitalism founded on the advertising of brands (or butterflies) and the spinning of wilder and wilder fantasies.

As the Independent’s environmental Editor Michael McCarthy, of all people, should have exercised restraint. In an article for the Independent on April 21st 2008 he wrote of the alarming decline of birds migrating between Africa and Europe, this profound motion having long been “recognised as one of the worlds most magnificent natural phenomena on the scale of the Gulf Stream and the Indian monsoon. On the 22nd of March, 2009 reviewing a book titled “Say goodbye to the Cuckoo” by John Murray he wrote of his unease, of something troubling he could not put his finger on, of spring as we know it coming to an end, of something so momentous “that perhaps it is better not to think it through”. Fortunately for the Independent's environmental editor “Butterfly Summer” saved him from having to do that and bland conservationism is once more the order of the day. The majority of conservation yap is today filtered through the media with cash strapped editors and program directors pressuring journalists into writing up-beat assessments against their better judgement, just as if they were preparing a company report prior to a shareholders meeting.

In this media transect they clutch at numbers (numbers in organisations, numbers of individual species, numbers of consumers of nature - everywhere the hunt is on to increase the number -) never once stopping to ask what do the numbers actually mean, for their jobs would be on the line if they did so. And wild life conservation charities ever anxious not to alienate the middle ground, in the last analysis unequivocally support this bad practise - despite the occasional quibble of a conscious stricken member who is then silenced by being ignored, (or maybe judged a bit touched), rather than asked to leave.

Even more insidiously than their advertising counterparts (for it is expected of them) the bio-numerati have, almost without exception, fallen into the trap of hyping the one swallow that makes a summer in ad land but certainly not in nature. So number begins to substitute for genuine biodiversity and becomes bioperversity, the main aim of the language of advertising being to inflate expectations and the myth of possession, the ceaseless wanting rather than the actual holding. Selling dreams as reality, the consumer imaging of nature as abundance rather than dearth, works just so long just so long as we remain separated from nature, either as viewers or tourists to earth centres and pricey nature hospices like the St Albans butterfly house, made all the more agonizing because not one voice has been raised in protest against it, in fact very much the opposite. Only if we resist the controlling images of nature will we begin to get anywhere.

A language inevitably accompanies the financialization of nature that comes straight from theatre, film, gallery or music reviews. Briefly viewing the BBC's “Autumnwatch” before I could stand it no longer and had to switch off, I was forcibly struck by hack literary expressions like “natural theatre”, “incredible drama” and then show biz head liners like “Battle of the Titans”, “King of the Green” etc. to describe the red deer rut. At one point a nature presenter (Chris - Crisp Packet - Packham) accused another (Simon King) of “trying to out-orchestrate” him. Continually assaulted with jargon like “nature's harvest”, “autumn's incredible riches”, autumn was being constrained to live up to its stereotype, as though Keats' “Ode to Autumn” had been especially composed for the show. Rather than seeking to express the alarming reality of today’s out of kilter autumn in which birds are nesting and fields of poppies blooming for the second time, language was here deployed as a tool to style a conventional autumn, the one sanctified by tradition, the cosy autumn of fireside chats and church harvest festivals.

Of course, these presenters know a lot about nature and their facts and experiences are often very interesting but there again so are ours and all others immersed in nature that have no profile or position in society. For the last two centuries at least, there’s been tension between the specialists (often writers) and the field naturalists (quaintly referred to as "professionals and amateurs") though neither could get by without the other; a living testimony if you like to that vibrant democracy nature forces on us – intimated perhaps again in Keats’ “grand democracy of forest trees” – a concept ever beckoning towards greater enrichment. Have we now reached the moment when there may be a greater coming together involving the questioning of the very existence of money, the state, the suburbanisation of life and a omniscient trivial consumption bringing about the end of all the eco-systems which so much life depends on? In short, a coming together to combat the era of suicide capitalism.

The creation of an artificial language that shapes rather than reflects reality, is greatly aided by the fact that nature is increasingly experienced as a media representation, one we are guided through by professional presenters and ‘unworldly’ falsifiers like David Attenborough as if they alone know the path to nature's holy grail, a nature unspoiled by the devastation wrought by capitalism. Sir David has now acquired the status of a national treasure. Revered to the point of worship even by the likes of Johnny Rotten, to be even mildly critical of this nature royal is to be guilty of the crime of lese-majesté. As the nature illusionist, he has rightly incurred the censure of George Monbiot but who then typically retracts and praises the man - however in a way that totally damns Sir David, once the connotation of his remark are properly understood and whose true meaning obviously escapes Monbiot. Godlike in that St David can do no wrong “in the eyes of all who worship him” he is godlike in another sense in that “he has created a world which did not exist before”.

A comment like this could have rolled off the pen of a Schelling or even the far harder-headed Hegel. Dialectical idealism aside, also present in this categorical statement is the romantic dream of ultimate artistry, the desire to create life and replace “god”. Translated into today’s environment it amounts to saying that without Sir David nature does not exist and, what's more, can only do so in the presence of celebrity, for this is now its conditio sine qua non. Forget cameramen and women, production teams, production editors, operations managers and what not, (actually all irrelevant save the former), this is more than just the appropriation of other peoples efforts typical of captains of industry or those erstwhile “masters of the universe”, the financiers. No longer just a knight of the realm, Sir David has now become a demiurge that creates the universe we are in! Every bubble is more an outrage against common sense, more of an anti-gravity event than the last, so now is the time to float the possibility of a nature bubble, a Planet Earth become an ark of re-engineered nature.

In order to retain their credibility, nature celebrities like Attenborough have begun to pepper their broadcasts with calls for action as though they were saying something shockingly radical, the incantatory effect of this word sweeping all before it like magic. But really it is a call for more talks at the political level, for talks about talks until the incendiary word has been robbed of all meaning by talktalk. Action as envisaged by Sir David is inaction, a motionless form of motion, an impotent declamation on the stage of world politics such as the December 2009 Copenhagen Conference on climate change will undoubtedly turn out to be and which more perceptive, though hardly radical, commentators already acknowledge to be the case (see, for instance Guardian 29/9/09 “The last chance to save the world: long, contradictory and impenetrable”) The last thing Sir David wants is for people to take matters into their own hands and act for themselves. This is the only way to save nature and is also rapidly bound to reconnect with a past which has been smothered in forgetfulness and drowned in calumny when people did take to the streets and could make a difference.

In the interim, as never before, celebrity became a displaced praxis, an alienated form of empowerment based on the renunciation of self and a symptom of increased dispossession such that nothing is achievable without the presence of celebrity. So omnipresent is the infatuation with celebrity that not so long ago Butterfly Conservation organised butterfly walks along the south coast of England with each step of the way guided by a different celebrity! By virtue of being a celebrity they knew everything about butterflies and gave life to them. So much for the little things that run the earth. Without a parasitic superstructure it seems they can’t! Today there is nothing a celebrity can’t fix from curing world poverty, negotiating with the Taliban, sorting out the Middle East to finding a cure for cancer. Their collective, gargantuan, though self-serving aims, reminds one of the hopes that formerly were invested, for much sounder reasons, in the workers and non-workers’ movement. And ultimately it all boils down to money, the need to justify it, even appearing to give it away (“we owe it to humanity”) in order to double up on income later, once the media publicity has done its work by keeping a celebrities name in circulation. And that is why Sir David Rottenborough has to predate the word “action” and render it extinct through over kill. His unspoilt, not of this world, vision of nature he seeks to project is ultimately directed to preserving the status quo, to conserving the money economy and a dreamlike nature rather than a down and dirty nature for an anonymous majority that has temporarily lost sight of itself, the worship of celebrity a major part of this self-denying ordinance. And only in so far as the eco-constituency is prepared to transgress, and not do as it's told, will it begin to understand this and act upon it.

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Not only is the eco movement in desperate need of a relevant critique of capitalism, it is also totally wanting in a critique of the state. Because of this, actions that have the potential to cut loose from the state and capitalism can fast get bogged down in the quick sands of the state that will ensure they come to nothing, though admittedly it is far from easy to keep the two apart as the state will always shadow a threatening social movement and seek to do everything it can to integrate it if it cannot destroy it directly. No one in their right minds can expect Sir David to initiate a discussion of the role of the state because, like all big name ecos', he is incapable of even beginning to see that the state is a huge problem and that a nature liberated from capitalism is also a nature liberated from the state. He couldn’t even contribute intelligently to a discussion on how the conservationist state arises out of voluntary initiatives beginning more or less in the 1920s which are then promoted by radio and national newspapers in particular, the conservation of nature eventually forming part of a broader national plan of strict town and country planning laws, welfare agencies and the nationalisation of basic industries, all designed to preserve capitalism and make it function 'properly' by correcting, once and for all, free market anarchy. Though Sir David is aware that if we get out of kilter with the natural world “the associated emotional, spiritual and physical loss is the road to madness” he does not see that the nature tradition in this country is infused with a hidden radicalism of great subterranean power and that the extraordinary pre-eminence of natural history in these islands kicks off when its founding father, John Ray, refuses around 1660 to swear an oath of allegiance to the state in matters of conscience. Thus from the very start, modern natural history in England is stamped with liberty and a resistance to state tyranny, though as time passes it tends to increasingly become an underground current. Though a very broad one, it is reluctant to show its teeth and is inclined, like all underground movements, to whisper rather than bark, fearful of making its presence known and only roaring out of earshot.

The Attenborough files, with nature a distinct second, are now to be made available on line in the BBC web archive. It has been hailed as “a massive online experiment” with fresh clips, between two and eight minutes long, uploaded everyday. The streaming of film on the internet is increasing by leaps and bounds so why call it “a massive on line experiment”? How will success be measured? By the number of hits a hit counter registers? Or will success be measured to the degree the consumption of digitised images replaces actual nature? If digitised viewing becomes an end in itself then there is no need to conserve nature, for the proxy more than improves on the tedium of the original that fails to bite when we want it to or hides beneath a leaf or won't come out of its cave. Rather than the key to appreciating the diversity of life, this aesthetic Darwinism selects only the best shots. And why stop here? Why not eventually offer the opportunity to remix nature as we think fit and make up our own cryptozoology as we go? Interactive media is still in its early stages but dreams of becoming digital biology. So what better way to compensate for the disappearance of nature than by inventing our own? This we can ‘print’ out in a backyard biofactory and then set free to maraud like a vengeful chimera straight out of the pages of Lautreamont's “Songs of Maldoror? Though still only a distant possibility there is many a true word spoken in jest. Attenborough is on record as saying “urbanization (means) people are increasingly out of touch with the natural world” but that the great remedy is TV that has “an obligation to keep people informed of what is going on”! Search far and wide and it is difficult to find anything that remotely can compare with this Delphic banality and that has to be a candidate for the most stupid utterance ever.

From fairly modest beginnings, the BBC’s Natural History Film Unit has become enormously influential over the past 25 years, commanding a worldwide audience - and franchise. The standard format is tailored to the demands of television and never lasts longer than an hour and typically makes maximum use of a more or less lone presenter, David Atttenborough becoming the first nature celebrity to achieve international renown. Though the world hegemony of the made–for-TV Natural History Unit is not at risk, it is now facing a challenge from the “big screen”. Disney is back again, this time selling more of a space/time experience than the earlier fare of appealing bed time stories that were the despair of serious naturalists and the butt of satirists. The new company is called “DisneyNature” and was formed after the screening – a few years back - of Attenborough’s “Planet Earth” in the States, Disney responding to the series success by setting up its specialist nature division. The company’s first release in the US was simply called “Earth” – a full length version of “Planet Earth”, meaning it was a once-and-for-all viewing experience with no subsequent episodes to be screened over the following weeks. Over the next five years “DisneyNature” intends releasing a film a year, the first , “Crimson Wing” a “lyrical study of flamingos living on Lake Natron in Tanzania”, the second , the sub aquatic “Adventure Ocean” (why not promote it as “experience total immersion”?) and the third, “Naked Beauty” about the job pollinators do but which wont mention that in 2007 there was a 31% loss of bee colonies in California and so will intentionally fall far short of the Naked Truth.

The other factor behind the founding of the company was the runaway success of the French film “March of the Penguins” which when released in the States in 2005 grossed a staggering $77m. As the British director of “Crimson Wing”, Matthew Eberhard said, the French film “made things possible because other people saw they could make money out of it”. Though the emphasis of “DisneyNature” is upon an immersive experience – Eberhard said of “Crimson Wing” “we wanted it to be a project that people can’t experience on television (by helping) give one the feeling that they could be there” - he also added that “we’re trying to tell more of a story line than a standard wildlife film”. Are we back to the old Disney ways or will the narratives strive to be more faithful to nature and seek to reflect its truth? Some hope of that, matey! Eberhard has confessed to finding himself “getting quite bored with television wildlife programmes” a view we would readily agree but which he then immediately negates by declaring they lack artistry “big screen productions giving one a little more artistic leeway” i.e. code for artistic license and all the crap that goes with it. Frankly to find Attenbrough’s approach preachy, and proselytising because it “tells people what to do” is to be deaf, dumb and blind to the low key box of artistic tricks from out of which the series is constructed and the equally insidious “do nothing” message that goes with it. Other than chucking the TV out and going back to dial-up, we cannot, all that easily, disconnect ourselves from this increasingly universal form of smothering, academic, nature entertainment that is now so predictable, repetitious and formulaic that we take about as much notice of it as the air we breathe it is so omnipresent. In fact it is only a superior form of Disney, a staging post for Hollywood, a bloc buster in abeyance. The cunning of artifice resides in its capacity to slam the door shut on the absolute need to make that imaginative leap that leaves the editing of nature behind and goes to its actual defence on the field of the battle for nature. The spectacle of the fullness of nature is part of this sinister stratagem: why save when nature’s credit is unlimited?

In tandem with the financialization of nature, the BBC’s Natural History Unit has become increasingly capitalised. The days are long gone when a naturalist husband and wife team would live out their days in a tiny caravan parked on Spurn Point in the Humber estuary sparingly using the film they could ill afford to buy, so pitiful was their income from the BBC. We also yearn for the vérité of George Cansdale and “Animal Magic” when animals bit keepers and went berserk in the studio. On the spot where once stood an outhouse to nowhere there is now a career ladder. And nowhere has this been made more explicit than in the Unit’s dealings with everyone’s favourite animal of the moment, the Meerkat.

Twenty years ago Attenborough produced “Meerkats United” which subsequently was voted the most popular nature documentary of all time. It was made by James Honeybourne who had just joined the BBC’s Natural History Film Unit. He has since gone on to ‘better’ things and is now the director and “brains” behind “Meerkats-the Movie” which is backed by the Weinstein Bros and narrated by the deceased Paul Newman. In the New Disney the presenter has become a voice, though not just any old voice for only an instantly recognisable one will do. The voice we hear on the American version of “March of the Penguins” is that of Morgan Freeman and Whoopi Goldberg narrates on “Meerkat Manor”, the film that will go head to head with “Meerkat - the Movie”.

The original “Meerkat Manor”, (narrated by Bill Nighy of the abysmal “Love Actually”), was an animal soap and the first of its kind and became a hit both sides of the Atlantic. Produced by Oxford Scientific Films with support from the BBC, TV ratings showed it had as many viewers as “Eastenders” and “Coronation Street”. It was originally the brainchild of Tim Clutton-Brock, an animal behaviourist and head of evolutionary biology in the University of Cambridge, who had been carrying out an extensive study into the lives of Meerkats for more than ten years. Using a LAN system of miniature cameras linked to computers to aid the team’s investigation, at some point or other the penny dropped the footage could be turned into a new kind of serial movie and franchises used to fund further research. “Nature” selected for, processed and digitally remastered into a “somewhat art” is here used as a form of pop art futures trading and economic prop to underwrite science. (Note how the funding of science has become increasingly dependent on the amount of exposure it receives in the media and whether research can be digitally imaged. The Independent of the 6th October 2009 carried, on its front page, a striking photo of a human embryo to focus attention on the fact that all research on the creation of animal-human “hybrid” embryos had been refused funding).

In the feature length movie of “Meerkat Manor”, reconstructions and special effects have been employed - and the drama upped. As the Independent (15th October 2009) put it “Honeybourne’s film draws one animal’s life in to a tear jerking coming of age drama”. The anthropomorphic views of Konrad Lorenz have been aired once more to explain our attraction to Meerkats, Lorenz arguing that humans react positively to animals that resemble babies because we are hard wired to do so. However, in later life, Lorenz became a victim of what he had initially struggled so hard against and his malignant brand of sociobiology led to a facile projection of human responses onto the animal kingdom, and vice versa, Lorenz crudely justifying fascism as “animal” in origin because, through the study of animals, we “discover facts which strengthen the basis for the care of our holiest, racial, volkish and human heredity”! How very cudddlesome! In his book “The Year of the Greylag Goose” (1979) Lorenz spoke of one bird’s “scorned mistress”, another’s “unfaithful mate” and a goose’s “dumbstruck grief” at the loss of his beloved. Reviewing the book in “Natural History” magazine, a zoologist wondered, “How did this soap opera get into a book on geese?”(For further comments see “The Encyclopaedia of Evolution” by Richard Milner). Other than the maintenance of the status quo the sociobiological art we are discussing has no political agenda beyond that of keeping us fixated on the media, dumbed down, with the freedom to choose and enjoy more channels than ever before and that has now become the essence /definition of the good life.

Having mentioned one of the “big three” ethologists or behavioural naturalists (Lorenz, Von Frisch and Tinbergen), I am reminded of another exhaustive study of animal behaviour. Under the guidance of Niko Tinbergen, beginning in 1952, Kittiwakes on the Farne Islands were put under the spotlight for several years by another husband and wife team, Esther and Michael Cullen. Then the phrase “under the spotlight” was merely a rhetorical flourish, whereas nowadays it would mean the Kittiwakes had been singled out for the Meerkat treatment. Rinsed by media exposure, their identity, as Kittiwakes, would be subtly erased, softening them up so they could be remade by the marketing men. We would, for instance, give the birds names, like they were a troupe of actors, to prepare them for their debut on the world stage. In “Meerkat Manor” there were several clans, or mobs - the Whiskers, the Lazuli, the Commandos, the Starskys, the Zappas, staffed with soldiers like Frank (geddit?), Hannibal, Zaphod, Mitch, Houdini, Punk, Mozart, Carlos, Nikita, Wilson, Shane etc. So from this to Count Orlov of “compare the market/meerkat.com” is only a short step for mediaman – but one giant step for Meerkats. Though the ad that has been heaped with industry awards and remixed in virals that has Count Orlov watching porn, the Meerkats grooming essentially begins with Attenborough - and ends with regular updates on Count Orlov`s twitter feed and flick album. It’s that simples.

Back on the Farnes off the coast of Northumberland, Michael Cullen sought to capture the Kittiwakes display on film whilst Esther carried out her tireless observations from a windbreak erected perilously close to the cliff edge. Today there would be a network of leads, digital observation replacing actual observation. The hair raising risks that once were part of fieldwork and gave it that special, electrifying umph has been largely superseded by computer fed armchair observation, which, though it can be just as canny, do not force upon a person that life-enhancing spirit of adventure and carelessness of personal safety that animated the old naturalists.

I have seen snatches of the film shot by Michael Cullen, and which though absorbing, has not struck me to anything like the same extent as the regular appearance on Tyne Tees Television of Kittiwakes nesting on the Tyne Bridge. Would prolonged observation reveal subtle differences in behaviour when compared with the behaviour of Kittiwakes on the cliffs of the Farnes? The regularity of a machined environment does affect animal behaviour and it takes some adjusting too, like the garden bird Julian Huxley observed that persisted in trying to build a nest on each rung of a ladder despite the fact the nest fell to the ground every time. In nature there are no such regularities, the bird tricked into thinking the ladder was a tree, and the rungs, branches. Similarly I feel particularly miffed that I have not been able to follow up my observations on the Grayling in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards in West Yorkshire and examine further the butterfly’s relationship to rusting railway lines and points levers, the peeling cream paint of the latter giving them a flaking, blotched appearance not unlike that of the bark of a silver birch which Graylings traditionally like to rest on- and rather warmer, moreover, because of the heat retentive properties of metal. But no, dumb fuck authority decided the yard looked better with the old, buckling, railway lines and rotting sleepers pulled up and carted off. I did notice in 2009 that their has been a reversion to type and that the Grayling is returning once more to hug the birches that fringe what used to be the colony’s centre. A marvellous opportunity has been irretrievably lost without one conservation body giving a damn.

The urban Kittiwakes are the only thing that would persuade me to visit Newcastle’s quayside. However, once there, I would wander down to take a look at the Eye Bridge and then sadly reflect does anyone know the real origin of this metaphorical, body-part, construction which goes back to 1968/69 and Raf Fulcher`s brilliant reconstruction of Tatlin’s Ornithopter in dingy basement premises in Newcastle. We did not know it then but this talisman was the herald of a fundamental change about to take place in Newcastle and that, far fetched as it does sound, eventually would have a colossal impact on the regions industrial base, easily as big, and certainly more consequential, than Parsons Turbinia on show in Exhibition Park. This construction was just a part, and a recuperative part at that, of a tide of advanced revolutionary thinking then sweeping Newcastle that sought to transform everyday life in its entirety. Unable to remotely achieve its goal, this profound, encepahlous movement that was almost immediately brutally stamped on, would eventually reap the ironic harvest of aestheticisation the city is now noted for. Everywhere we go in present day Newcastle we see the inverted image of what we were about all those years ago. For the moment its more avant-garde, conceptual conservatism has been overlain by an even greater orthodoxy, that of traditional theatre and the musical epitomized by the runaway success of Lee Hall’s “Billy Elephant” and “The Pitman Painters” in the West End and on Broadway. When Melvyn Bragg, that consummate philistine of encyclopaedic scope, interviewed Hall on TV there was no mention of the most knowing painting ever produced by the Ashington miners, which was of a public urinal in Wallsend. Containing a hidden reference to Duchamp’s Urinal, potentially it could have opened a can of worms and pointed the archaic debate more in our direction. (Again in this respect take a look at “A Malicious Dunciad in Newcastle” elsewhere on this web).

And so once more to the brownfield Kittiwakes of the Tyne Bridge. Urban yes, but they are not yet urbane. And to become that they require the services of an artist. But it doesn’t have to be that of a film crew, editor and producer taking instructions from an increasingly art conscious animal behaviourist. It can be like what happened in Folkestone on the south coast just as the noughties economic crash was getting under way. The Folkestone Triennial, curated by Andrea Schlieker, is a three yearly “time and space” exhibition, the first taking place in the summer of 2008. All the usual names were to be found with their noses in the trough - Emin, Deller, Wallinger…..and Marc Dion an LA artist who had constructed(or rather had made- which actually is an important qualification, for today’s conceptual artists typically cannot bang a nail in) a Mobile Gull Appreciation Unit in the shape of a giant seagull. This staffed unit was a clearing house for information about the “evolution, ethology, natural history environmental status and folklore of these remarkable birds”, Dion announcing in a masterly statement of the obvious that “Gulls are the most conspicuous non-human denizens of Folkestone”. Conceptual artists valorise just by looking and eco artist are no exception, the observation of nature now coming with a price tag attached.

Andrea Schlieker had been called in by the Town Council to head an arts led re/degeneration of Folkestone though in fact all the Council did was rubber stamp the Creative Foundation set up by Roger De Haan, a resident of Folkestone and chair of its most successful business, Saga (or Gaga) that deals in tourism for the elderly. A multi millionaire, De Haan owns masses of run down property in central Folkestone and through the Triennial clearly hopes to set the gentrification ball rolling. An Observer newspaper reporter described Folkestone “as once the most glorious holiday destination in all England”, Edward VIII his mistress and an entourage of aristocrats staying in the Metropole and Grand hotels high on the leas overlooking the Channel. Now that the port has been run down in the wake of the opening of the Channel Tunnel and the former hotels converted into apartments for the retired, the town has become “a ghostly place” in search of a new identity. However at the head of Schlieker’s roll call of notables is none other than Marcel Duchamp, who reputedly crossed the Channel to play a game of chess in the town. It is he who has stamped his seal of authority on the Triennial’s “tales of space and time” and there is enough that is ambiguous in Duchamp that leads one to suspect he might nimbly have side stepped the issue of for or against but nonetheless gone along with this property led stab at regeneration - though covering his tracks with an enigmatic silence.

Schlieker is unquestionably streets ahead of Lee Hall “culturally” (though any meaningful dialogue with her is just as much out of the question) and checking out her curriculum vitae we see that, in addition to being a Turner prize judge, she jointly edited an exhibition back in 1992 in the (S)Turpentine Gallery with East London born Henry Bond whose “work is discussed in relationship to the derive as theorized by Guy Debord” (no apologies for not reproducing the blurb). One of Bond’s published Photo Books is called “La Vie Quotidienne”. Now that title rings a bell, even in English!

Schlieker has chosen the sites of the Triennial’s work and they stretch from the Martello Tower “up near the Warren”. Mention that name to any lepidopterist and it will start a ghost for it once teemed with butterflies and moths, though not any more. There are records of Berger’s Clouded Yellow and it formerly hosted a variable colony of Scarlet Tigers, a moth I have yearned to see since childhood, having only ever seen a squashed specimen on a road near the village of Stanton St John in Oxfordshire. In E.B. Fords “Moths” (1955), the Warren is one of just four plates illustrating habitat and I am reminded that, as a youth of twelve or thirteen, I would stare at the black and white photo in my bedroom in temperate Co Durham and dearly wish I could be instantly transported to this alluring, tropical, undercliff. When an artist like Dion, who describes his work as “incorporating aspects of archaeology and ecology”, moves in on a place it invariably means that place is fucked ecologically and historically in terms of grasping its real, rather than local history, and that we had better look elsewhere for a nature that still just about manages to run free and a history that escapes ideology. The contrast is at its most stark between the Yorkshire Sculpture Park (which the Triennial cites as an example of ecologically minded, open space public art) and the nearby Woolley Colliery spoil heap. The latter is in every respect superior, from the Pit Fountains, to the Dingy Skippers, Little Ringed Plovers and rather rare Marsh St John’s Wort, to the submerged iron grids with their coral-like bloom of rust, lapped by the gentle waves that ripple across the pit ponds. The fall in numbers of species inversely parallels the growth in the number of eco artists. (For further elaboration read the first paragraphs of MABEY BABY and/or look at the video of the Dingy Skipper at Woolley colliery elsewhere on this web).

In 2009 the Triennial appears to have bombed, a victim of the crises. I couldn’t help but contrast the reality of a council estate barbecue I attended this summer in Folkestone and the PR put out by a West London agency promoting the Triennial. The art fest was never mentioned but the bats were, the residents of the estate taking a pride in their presence. We had been invited by Andria, a wholesome lass, and the difference between her and Tracy Emin is that between an absurdly rewarded nothing artist who provocatively plays on her sexuality (the only thing she has going for her), whilst pretending otherwise, and a worked to death, white collar secretary, in a road building firm who posts politically incorrect, off message texts of extreme obscenity. Emin was contracted by the Triennial to create an installation, which she duly did and that she entitled “Baby Things”, to call attention to the town`s high rate of teen pregnancy. Andria’s texts are full of cunts, cocks, saggy breasts and limp dicks that give the impression she’s anybody’s. Nothing could be more mistaken, but she is up front in a way Emin can never now be, Emin’s role, if she could ever get though to a person like Andria, to make her ashamed in front of herself, to confuse and disorientate her, give her two faces instead of one and destroy her working class reality. For the Triennial is about buggering-up the perceptions of the ordinary people of Folkestone, to make them other than what they are, to substitute alterity for alienation and to get them to act as the bottom-up drivers of new phase of capitalist reconstruction from which the majority will be excluded, concept art and the valorisation of nature playing an increasingly central role in the makeover and rebranding of traditional townscapes and their hinterlands.

Meandering dirt roads lead eventfully today to the superhighway and so we are back to where we started out: futurology and techno-romanticism. Though the allegedly larger than life and more real than for real, “DisneyNature” films have yet to hit the big screen, an “innovative” example of another type of bankrupt genre has: “Avatar”. This too strives to manufacture a visceral immersive film experience and to turn cinema into “the ultimate immersive experience” as the director James Cameron puts it. Director also of “Terminator 2” and “Titanic”, Cameron sought to create in “Avatar” an unprecedented “illusion of depth” formed from a novel “fusion digital 3D camera system” and the use of motion capture suits, studded with sensors that feed back to a bank of computers. 70% of it is CGI (computer generated imaging), the actors now genuinely byte actors, half digital half human chimaeras on a performance capture stage six times bigger than anything used in Hollywood before. With each day that passes, the film studio becomes more like a wished-for future biolab or protean operating theatre that puts its imaginary nurslings through their first steps.

Though the revived 3D format still requires audiences to wear polarised glasses, Hollywood execs are now talking of moth balling their conventional 2D illusions. And TV has responded with the first 3D sets promised shortly with laser TV somewhat further down the line, and that has the potential to be yet more immersive and like interactive theatre. Billed as the ultimate sitting room entertainment, it is merely the initial stage of a yet more distant possibility that seeks too make entertainment self and advertising also, and that we end as digitised man having become our own software and image producing factory. How will nature film makers respond to these challenges, for they are already half way down the road, digital renditions of microscopic processes now the norm? But this too is merely a beginning. And will Attenborough eventually be seen as a transitional impresario, part new, part old, a mere presenter, finally, but not a “creator”, a hesitant anticipation of the new digital magi to come, for he is, though unawares, most assuredly already pushing hard in that direction?

Attenborough of course would not see/recognise himself in this mirror held up to the future and would find it preposterous. Yet all his life he has gone in fear of saying anything leading and so we must now abruptly shift away from the gruesome birth pangs of techno-romanticism and go hard up against present day reality and scrutinize what Attenborough had to say on the July 2009 Vestas wind farm factory occupation on the Isle of Wight. This will take up no time at all because he had absolutely nothing to say about it-which is, after all, only being true to his Royal Sirness.

Stuart Wise: October/November 2009

The John Clare Collective was more a praxis of hope for the future around wilding adventures / adventurers than having an actual practical existence yet spanned a period of around 18 years just after the Millennium and occurred in the arena around Ruskin's "industrial gorge" in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Our often daily eco interventions in this strange and delightful "landscape of contempt" quickly drew a lot of attention -mostly unwanted from general dumbfuk officialdom not least the "Nature Bureaucracy" who wanted to put an end to our activities along with our graffiti, copious stickers, etc deploying police and even hired thugs.

On the other hand we attracted the attention of a motley crew of misfit locals of both sexes - young and old - white, brown and black - who wished to join in our adventures, people who didn't live by "the rules". The common denominator was they hardly had 'proper' jobs but were brimming with indignation and imagination. In no time we were referring to them as a "collective of John Clare's". Indeed some of our stickers on nearby walls, billboards, etc had already quoted words from John Clare......

We did indeed begin to 'work' together with a number of people who could be termed 'mad' in the best sense of such a characterisation and so like the figure of John Clare in the early years of the 19th century in and around East Anglia at the time of the riots and fire-raising around the anti-enclosure Captain Swing peasant movement. Clare, of course spent time in loony bins, was obsessed with the failure of love, unable to write the correct King's English but spieled-out some amazing stuff and was also remarkably knowledgeable about nature learnt on the hoof and not through books. as he moved from one low profile job to another. This very pared-down description of John Clare probably needs to be placed at the beginning of the three webs. Remember too, that Jimmy Hendrick's reggae refrain "And The Wind Cried Mary" was a line lifted from John Clare.......

As for the people who joined in with us in this amazing gorge were all often amazing misfits, some even living in tents alongside the turbulent Bradford Beck, others from the council housing close-by plus a splendid contingent of English Pakistani male youth ever threatening the council officialdom who tried to stop our re-wilding experiment which considering all the obstacles we had to deal with was remarkably successful. That is until the developers plan really did hit and destruction followed supported by the official 'green' rackets. My twin bro' Stuart was broken by it and he became suicidal and which became a factor in his death on the 28th of October 2021. I only found out a few days ago just how bad this destruction had hit him in a personal diary he kept by his bedside....I now wish I hadn't picked it up in the pile of notebooks I keep which I know I must read more precisely.....

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Nameless Wilding

(An activity where every wild child of whatever age is welcome)

"The outside butterflies are only trying to rejoin the inside butterflies: don't replace, in yourself, a single pane of the street lamp if it should happen to get broken."

(Line from a Surrealist Manifesto)

Fredrich Nietzsche or a Grasshopper on an old pneumatic tyre on the Lanolin site adjacent to the Bradford Beck, Shipley, West Yorks and surely the most insect-rich site in Bradford?

What follows is a brief overview of interventions in landscapes of industrial dereliction that can have revolutionary possibilities providing we more or less clearly embark on a subversive path, a path which any of you out there can immediately take up. For us it's a path we can clandestinely keep permanently altering at the same time remaining respectful of what is there, ever ready to acknowledge we are hardly going to be allowed to continue doing what we would like. We will be stopped at some point or another by some officious organisation or authority figure because we are taking matters into our own hands added to which we are ignoring officially recognised eco organisations which we regard as nigh on useless. Through bitter experience we are now wary of delegating tasks we clearly know we must do ourselves; an ad infinitum of wilding that anybody can engage in if so determined, one which ignores the idiotic niceties of law regarding who owns what. In short, something like an imitation of nature's own wayward behaviour in this regard. What we have outlined in the following pages is an emerging project gatecrashing through original aims. It's a project which developed on the hoof spontaneously, only later becoming aware it had a history involving John Ruskin, stones, geology and especially the old heyday of the Bradford Canal which over-lapped with the stupidities of a proposed official re-vamp courtesy of Will Alsop's neo-Archigram architectural project, itself part and parcel of a free-market oriented, equally stupid mad cap scheme called the Aire Valley Regeneration Plan.

In fact unbeknown to ourselves for years we had been treading the route of the former Bradford Canal in Shipley instantly realizing where it had not been tarmaced were potential dream sites for the Common Blue and other butterflies. It was only when consulting maps in the library that we became conscious the fairy steps we had taken from the Leeds Road to the Valley Road Bridge near enough to the city centre followed the route of the former canal. Reading up on the canal, we quickly became fully aware that the recently proposed 3rd opening was going to be the centre piece of a resurgent Bradford, this ill conceived and matchless folly an example of civic hubris that is truly breathtaking in its consequences. And yet such is the scale of this disaster, it is becoming a defining image of the future, a hollowed-out city centre that can only be reclaimed by nature. What happens to Bradford once the impossible illusion of retail regeneration is finally laid to rest is of relevance to every other major city in the developed or 'developing' world.

Are their parallels? Obviously, the example of Detroit, Michigan immediately comes to mind especially the city's natural 'greening' recolonisation by nature augmented by a large amount of 'gardening' which has taken place in and among its former huge factory belt but there differences end. Bradford so far has not been plagued by a vicious youth gang culture and, if anything its fuckhead episode in the early noughties was brief indeed unable to sustain the illusions inherent in a territorial wildcard street capitalisation based on the sale of hard drugs bolstered by gangsta rap; a culture we rapidly came into heavy conflict with especially the homophobia. We weren't the only ones as others, particularly working class women of all races – whilst not forgetting the contribution of Sikh males – determinedly took spontaneously organised collective action to stop this feral brutality. Nowadays most of the former adherents of this deadly culture have been forced into poorly paid casual work and / or – often at one and the same time - becoming relatively enlightened alternatives some of whom we are matey with. On the other hand it must not be forgotten that a pared down inter-gang violence throughout South and West Yorkshire over the spoils of drugs money is as nasty as ever.

As for Detroit it is now an urban prairie beset with calamitous breakdown amidst burgeoning oases of subsistence allotment agriculture, which, in itself seems to be well managed and often locally collectivised. Although this often-excellent experiment is about basic survival it also can be a food for free project and has been described as a "neighbourhood level, leftist utopianism" finding its place within the umbrella of the Occupy movement in autumn 2011. Furthermore, due to a catastrophic collapse in property prices, city-living in central Detroit is cheaper than a lot of places in America attracting a marginalized population of artistically inclined folk who aesthetically valorise this fascinating collapse picking out visual memorabilia which end up in coffee table books or art exhibitions for the passive intellectual consumer. It could be characterised as a form of neo-psychogeographical decay chic which one local Afro-American old timer bitterly described as "Detroit's abstract art project." Indeed the city administration of Detroit not so long ago appointed a Minister of Tourism who organises official sight seeing trips covering both urban farmers / community gardeners and the 'ruin' installation art though mostly catering for the latter day media-hyped neo-bohemian paradise at the heart of it. Once a few decades ago this artistic cum alternative colonisation was a prelude to wholesale regeneration accompanied by a boom in property prices. Before the great banking crash of 2008, Detroit had in fact got in on this very act and tried to reinvent Motown as the new capital of artistic innovation dabbling in cultural bubble economics. This experiment came to nought and nowadays by enlarge that's the last prospect on offer so where is this latest cultural colonisation now going? At best surfaces have been prettied up making up a vast DIY canvas but to what point as it seems there are no slogans indicating anything like a coherent exit from the horror of deepening capitalist exploitation. It's not only glamorised for those in the know like in the films of ex-punk Julian Temple but by hundreds of on location photographers who hone in on 8 lane byways empty of cars, houses that look like quirky Buster Keaton cum Salvador Dali stage sets etc (e.g. the giant melted clock face on top of the 18 story Beaux Arts-like Michigan Central rail station which has been closed for over twenty years.) And that's about it as far as any in depth analysis goes. On the surface this valorisation may seem probing, creative stuff but we also know these spaces have become jam-packed with an often drug-fuelled psychotic menace and the last thing we want to do is encourage a dog eats dog wilding praxis far removed from the overthrow of the social relations of capitalist reproduction. More practically decomposition like this does not necessarily imply the chaotic beginnings of a future revolutionary peoples' council throughout Detroit arising phoenix-like from the ashes of hipster ruins, as equally this collapse could imply the end of everything that makes life worth living. We must always keep in mind Rimbaud's prophetic exhortation: "Decomposition must be swept aside but the clock has not yet struck the hour of pure pain"... and hopefully never will.

But could this scenario throughout the coming years be applied to Bradford? Well, most certainly it could as after all there is now a large, alternative population embed throughout the city, attracted from all over the UK by the cheap living and the largely welcoming, often libertarian, naive anti-capitalist, un-racist responses of many of its inner-city inhabitants well sympathetic to any kind of loosened-up life-style. And as for the artistic, spatial afterglow well maybe that phase is still in its infancy though more about that later.......

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The former Bradford Canal is lodged in the city's unconscious. Like a fatal trauma, the memory of it won't go away and every so often unbalances the entire city. It is the most infamous canal in all history, this industrial Styx periodically bursting into flames, like it was flowing straight from hell. Its waters were black, the headwaters that lapped the cathedral reminding John Ruskin of the contents of a spilled ink horn. Opened in 1774, the £20,000 required for its construction had been put up by local coal owners. It was soon transporting not only coal but also quarried stone and bringing in iron ore, which was then carted along rails by horses to Low Moor iron works.

It was to this boom city that Ruskin was literally drawn. It was on this city; Ruskin focused his welfare plans and energies. Venice was the theory, Bradford the practice. Enough of The Stones of Venice. Whereas Venice was preserved in aspic, here was a city in the making, a malleable city. Why chose Bradford and not Manchester as Disraeli did for the setting of his 'Chartist' novel, Sybil – or The Two Nations, for he also had a message to deliver? Founded on stone and surrounded by rock escarpments, it was Bradford's geological location that also fascinated Ruskin. Sitting on a bog on an alluvial plain, Manchester had comparatively little to offer to the geologist and naturalist. Fresh from Venice, he instead notes the quality of the stone which he considers more beautiful to that quarried around Halifax. He notes the lime slack from the furnaces covering Manningham Lane, then the world's richest thoroughfare, when it should have been paved with stone. He writes of sooty chickens and other farm animals covered in industrial grime, the moors never that far away. He compares the veins of hematite in the iron ore heaped in the canal barges to that of haemoglobin. (For further insights read Comments on Indian & York stone. Slave labour, aesthetic life style, quarrying and butterflies on the Dialectical Butterflies web1 ).

And yet where are the textile workers and woollen industry in Ruskin's vivid descriptions of Bradford? They are hardly mentioned and only silence reigns regarding such fine examples as the armed 'physical force' Chartism centred in the Horton districts which pre-figured Ruskin by a mere few years. It's as though Ruskin didn't want to acknowledge them personally most likely unnerved by their insurrectionary demeanour and self-reliance as those at the sharp end were there to be helped not encouraged in wilfulness. True to type in 1871 Ruskin refused to support the Paris Commune though in defeat he recommended generous assistance to persecuted communards because those who worked with their hand, shabby and poverty stricken were meant to more or less passively follow Ruskin's supremely knowledgeable, benevolent but autocratic leadership. No wonder George Bernard Shaw aptly described him as "a High Tory Bolshevik".... And yet and yet Ruskin was immensely proud that skilled tradesmen from Bingley's Mechanic's Institute right next to Bradford, prominent among which were stonemasons, thrilled to his words. Delighted though he was that these people read his writings, he then couldn't respond bending his haughty manner to engage in collective, spontaneous dialogue. For certain if he had, his knowledge of stones – and perhaps nature (and workers) in general – might have taken a dialectical, profound leap. A contemporary of Ruskin and with equal knowledge of northern England, Fred Engels could talk to workers in a more egalitarian and enquiring way whilst lacking that eco disposition that was clearly in embryonic form within Ruskin writings. (In parentheses, it seems too that Marx visited Bradford in the company of Engels and the then almost permanent riot area of Silsbridge Lane is actually mentioned in Capital. Alas a post-modernist Bradford council ridding itself of eyesores knocked the Lane down a few years ago. A sad, sad day.)

Thus Ruskin would have been well aware that stony ground cannot soak up rain and a thunderstorm could spell disaster for Bradford. Seduced too much by the promise of industry preparing the ground for a classless, utopian society, Engels could not have foreseen this in his Condition of the Working Class in England, 1844. And when the floods came many people would die in that other stretch of running water, the equally infamous Bradford Beck's raging waters, made worse because of the force of the water. Constricted by the stone foundations of factories and houses built along the beck's course, the might of the storm surge was vastly increased. As Ruskin journeys into Bradford from Bolton Abbey in traditionally rich and scenic Wharfedale, a suitably religious starting point, an epic scene unfolds before his eyes. This is Genesis and Dante's Inferno combined, though both are given an allegorical rather than literal treatment. It is the extractive industries that have unleashed this hell, the rich industrialists blinded by their addiction to money, their eyes put out by the gods of the underworld who own the precious materials the earth contains and who are not to be mocked.

Examining the course of the River Aire Ruskin sees it must have broken through a glacial moraine, his knowledge of the still infant subject of geology that good. Above all it is a city in which welfare principles can be realized, a place in which stone and all that it implies can become consequent once more, craft and nature raised to a new unity. And as for iron ore, it is its unwrought aesthetic quality that must be shown to matter. At times Ruskin can sweep aside craft skills in favour of the raw beauty of nature that has no need of further adornment. Once a builder learns this they can then begin to truly build, that being the most profound lesson to be gained from his highly influential "nature of Gothic". Rather than a return to the select craft traditions that created the Gothic cathedrals, it heralds more an artless form of free assembly, open to everyone. But then Ruskin was devastated finding the neo-gothic Wool Exchange that now houses Waterstone's, pubs and coffee shops, a nonsense. Unlike Hegel who equally appreciated the glories of original Gothic, Ruskin believed that the period could again be conjured up almost out of thin air if there was sufficient determination to do so having no grasp of the totality of real historical movement and the rise and fall of artistic form, a motion that Hegel grasped so beautifully. Essentially Ruskin was fated to dupe himself; a duping that helped cost him his sanity.

In fact the motives behind the construction of the Bradford Canal were strictly utilitarian and solely geared to profit. Just short of 100 years later, it was for Ruskin a three-mile journey that led straight to the inner most regions of hell, utility having become demonic. And yet Ruskin rather than describing Bradford as an inferno of smoke on the contrary surprisingly refers to it as a "paradise of smoke". There is something almost Symbolist in his dissolving of contours, like smog was a visionary wormhole onto the future, allowing us to reconstruct the world according to our inmost desires, the wreathing smoke creating our personal castles in the air, an insubstantial blue print of what might be. The French anti-poet Mallarme sometime later would say much the same about the London fogs, as if smoke was the perfect material equivalent of the dialectic of being and nothing. These pea soupers were a step on from Mallarme's blank page of pure space that proclaimed the end of poetry and that also signified an unprecedented leap into the unknown, the reformism of fog promising a much more fundamental revolution.

In the last half of the 19th century the uproar grew so loud that there was no alternative but to close this chemical cocktail of a canal only for it to be reopened in 1872 once pumping stations had been installed, the Bowling Beck descending from another side of Bradford's seven hills unable to replenish the canal's foul waters, as was originally hoped. Though it would carry more traffic than ever in the first two decades of the 20th century, the canal would finally close in 1926. Though filled in, it slumbered on like a crime awaiting redemption a particularly notorious example of the paleo-industrial past, a past that held out the possibility of 'recovery' by being born again as sanitized history and becoming a post modern, open air museum aesthetic of retail, commercial and residential property values. In the form of the Aire Valley Regeneration Plan, the 3rd opening of the Bradford Canal would mark its historical expiation. Only this time the canal's renewed lease of life was not immediately utilitarian but aesthetico/natural (leisure boats in a sylvan setting rather than industrial barges would ply its length), the locks to be replaced by sculpted water features, which nevertheless still had to somehow function as locks! The plan needed to be rubber stamped and there is no better way of doing this than through so-called "public consultation" which means only trifling details are open to question, not a plan's fundamentals.

Smoke and mirrors, bubble economics drove this affirmative 'blue sky' thinking, (one that bears an uncanny, upside-down resemblance to the smoke apparitions of Ruskin and Mallarme), the madness of easy credit giving away to the equal and opposite madness of austerity, austerians believing, with almost religious fervour, that after a long period of penance they will one day have their bubble back and Bradford's Westfield's will eventually resume building their monstrosity of a shopping mall where the far more exciting 'big hole' remains on show. The money was never there in the first place ("front-loaded") and each stage was monetarily dependent on the successful completion of the previous one. This faith school of economic thought preached that boom and bust was at an end and that everything was now possible, the will to dream dreams ("brain storming") receiving official blessing.

However there is literally no question that our 'vision' of a constantly reinvigorated conservation corridor is so much more grounded than the original Aire Valley Scheme and that if it was seriously taken up by a 'citizens army' could become a beacon of hope, signposting the way to a genuine greening of cities and a future landscape where the law of value, wage labour, commodity production and the state will be abolished through social revolution. The ecological part of the original scheme was mere greenwash, a finance based commodification of nature underpinning deluxe retailing and a booming property sector, the headwaters of the reopened canal, the corridor's prime location. Instead, in its place, we have a new entrance to hell and how much Ruskin may well have squirmed to learn that, in part, the nature he saw all around him in Bradford and struggling to make its presence felt, even violently in the case of the beck, had been taken up and turned against this anti industrial rentier who never got his hands dirty, the importance of the rentier sector increasing with the pace of deindustrialization. When he visited Bradford, Brown and Muffs, the city's earlier premier apartment store was nearing completion, opening in 1870. The new retailing opportunities of the 3rd millennium were meant to put the city's retailing past to shame. Instead Poundland, BetFred and Bingo threaten to overwhelm it. Even though that inspiring graffiti "Best Among Ruins" above the 'big hole' has been effaced there is a growing chorus of voices clamouring to be heard announcing the death of the city, article after article in the local T & A newspaper proclaiming the end of 'the high street' in one form or another (the irresistible growth of internet shopping, for example). The irony of the Aire Valley Regeneration Scheme is to fast-forward Bradford's demise. A city centre constructed around niche shopping and entertainment will forever remain a fantasy. But it will take time for the realization to sink in. But sink in it most assuredly will.

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For some time rather naively, and on the nod as it were, then unaware of what was really at stake, well over 12 years ago we had suggested planting birds foot trefoil along the canal's reaches to bring the Common Blue butterfly back into the city centre. The original colony had been destroyed by the construction of the Forster Square Retail Park in the mid 1990s, even though amongst the chattering classes of the state and the business community, maintaining biodiversity was then becoming all the rage. (See the Blue Female of the Common Blue In West Yorks) It was though an idea that was also morphing into almost something else entirely, a counter-power to so-called regeneration through wilding a failed city through the supercession of old time smoke stack industry plus the more contemporary retailing city - suggesting a new relationship with nature but one also based on forgotten vernacular ways minus traditional, closed down mind-sets. So no Methodism or any other kind of religion here! But then we upped the ante and some of the more recent background can be gleaned from reading 2012: Creating the Common Blue on The Commons of Industrial and Urban Dereliction on both the Dialectical Butterflies and Revolt Against Plenty webs, a post obviously clearly affected by the on-going Occupy movement then sweeping through the world throughout 1911 as emphasis was placed on the people who clandestinely rummage through these places, some secretly living there especially immigrants. By then, allying ourselves with unknown allies and protagonists we wanted to liberate areas that within these last 12 years had become heavily fenced-in as warehousing development etc. gave way to zombie land banking covered with buddleia and melilot.

We quickly became aware we were confronting diverse forces brought into play in this open but also hide and seek permanent contestation. These forces were all intermingling and there were no clear boundaries between immigrants, fly tippers, the local installation crew, the dog walkers, the misfits, the suicidal wanderers, the security outfits, the community police, the sub contracted clean-up gangs, the council suits and ubiquitous Health & Safety. And hovering around in the background of all this – and supposedly on our side - the reactionary but manipulative role of the official eco bodies, our contestation inspired also by the amazing example of William Bunting and his Beavers on the Humber Levels around Thorne Colliery in the 1970s, which even though dissimilar in scope, tactics and even theory was galvanic. His contestation was Spanish anarchist in lineage ours more Situationist / Encyclopedia de Nuisances inclined, even though the example of Bunting remains on our minds as we are also still trying to put together the first authentic account of the Beavers. Moreover the two projects were tending to interweave...

In his teens William Bunting was an inspired non-mercenary libertarian gunrunner for the anarchist militias during the Spanish Revolution of 1936-8. The guy couldn't forget this experience, which burnt into his soul, and a few decades later in the early 1970s his eco escapades became something of a reincarnation of his youth perhaps imagining himself as a latter day eco-Durrutti with hunting gun, rifle and sabre strapped to his waist belt forcing predatory ranchers and multinational fertilizer businesses alike to lay off colonising these Wastes. In order to prevent further environmental depredation and enclosure Bunting would occasionally deploy dynamite purloined from the local collieries expropriated by rebellious wildcat miners who were among his most ardent followers. Blowing up illegally filled-in dikes he pushed the multinationals and ranchers back into their stinking holes leaving behind many curt but poetic visiting cards reminiscent of the style of English football hooligans. These escapades would periodically land Bunting in jail for short stretches but the guy simply wouldn't give up until illness and old age finally took their toll. Having died sometime ago his often burly, fervent supporters still stalk these Wastes like ever-present Ancient Mariners with tales as riveting as the fabled rime Coleridge originally put together. Notably, one guy whom we are friendly with recalls that Bunting deployed a "fuck" and a "cunt" in just about every sentence, so obviously PC language had made no inroads here! If this true-life story had been put together 15 ago it's the type of document that Editions Encyclopedie de Nuisances would possibly have gladly published.

So in that sense there's an overlap with our efforts but then like a bolt from the blue a model from the past also suggested itself in the form of the situationist proposed exhibit of 1959 in Amsterdam's Stedlelijk art gallery one which never could be realised in such a fake arena. This possibly intended failure resulted in something much better - a pointed critique of recuperation directed against cutorial space – having clearly demonstrated how impossible it was to squeeze a real urban labyrinth within an art gallery's walls. It simply couldn't be done and the protagonists finally declared that any future labyrinth would have to be constructed on waste ground "in direct function with urban realities." By default too, it also demonstrated that you need to do something NOW with your hands, something creative that moves out over as against prevailing passivity, to make something which hasn't anything to do with mass consumer artistic leftovers and art galleries, Turner Prize installations or the latest gimmick from Antony Gormley. To which we need to add, that also counters the physical reduction of our hands and fingers from being nothing more than instruments pressing endless remotes. Recognition too that it's impossible to build anything that's authentic in this simulacrum of real society meaning we can do nothing more than make tentative first steps beyond trying to increase bio-diversity, things like lean too's, children's dens, hides, perhaps everything hidden in undergrowth and post industrial dense carr woodland. Anything beyond that will become nothing more than ubiquitous faux conservation, the icing on the cake of a totally alienated urbanism. This dilemma of course, the eco-campers well know though none know well, not having sufficiently theorised the ramifications of this conundrum.

Almost inevitably what has become a 300-acre or more project dispersed across Bradford (though major tentacles reach as far as Woolley and Dinnington colliery spoil heaps) implies a fundamental critique of architecture and building in its entirety. We must condemn all urbanism in the sense of the old German SDS formulation from the late 1960s: "Stop all buildings. All buildings are beautiful" a position a post Icteric milieu in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne also proclaimed. Essentially we initially and rightly interpreted this declaration as an attack on growing urban aestheticisation and concomitant life style, a poignant subversive response that was quickly cut short as reaction and an even greater aestheticism reached crescendo decades later. This long and horrible moment also implied its dialectical opposite, the end of the domination of the visual, implying in the crudest sense of the term, a vast trouncing of aesthetics maybe about to erupt. What we really demand first and foremost is the total transformation of the human subject through a revolutionary uprising that will immeasurably enrich all human potential, a raging flood, a momentum sloughing off the reign of aesthetics inseparable from the present reign of fictive capital. It is no longer a matter of building. Rather a time is fast approaching when the capitalist mode of production in its entirety – and not just fictitious capital - will no longer be able to successfully valorise itself as it comes up starkly against its internal limitations presenting us with the final choice between barbarism and total social revolution. A vast debt overhang is merely the obvious fact pointing towards this terminal crisis.

In the context of reading about the history of industrial Bradford after all the aesthetic peregrinations of Ruskin's hopes for a revived, all-embracing Gothic culture we stumbled across the "rubble houses" where the delvers lived which it seems surrounded the giant stone quarries of Wapping and elsewhere on the fringes of the city centre. Preferring the traditional pleasantries of old Yorkshire vernacular stone dwellings Ruskin makes no mention and even today the Bradford Antiquarian Society remains silent possessing no drawings of these tantalising "rubble houses" – most likely because they defy definition as possible human dwellings. Yet this is what tantalises not because we desire some repeat as, after all, hygiene here was non-existent but because they suggest something beyond the aesthetic gaze.....

Moreover we can no longer build for ourselves because subversive counter-architectural history has also been colonised and the child-like beauty of objects like Cheval's Fairy Palace or Simon Rodia's Watts Towers have been turned into rampant commodified niche specialisms promoted by aesthetic entrepreneurs, Nay more, en route to centre stage as increasingly these efforts are part of the backdrop of TV programmes like architect [what else?] George Clarke's Amazing Spaces or left wing installation artists like Grayson Perry. The latter's so called Gingerbread House created in tandem with a hip architects collective set in an area of "outstanding natural beauty" near Harwich in Essex will be rented out for cultural holiday jaunts making banal nonsense of the postman's Cheval's transcendental efforts – as Cheval said "let the dream begin" – a dream outside any architectural realm having no commercial value whatsoever for the maker. Yet there are many other examples everywhere and all have some quality. Over the last twenty years or so, an amazing grotto part of which is studded with four and a half million seashells was discovered beneath Margate's limestone cliffs. No one has a clue what it once stood for or when it was made possibly centuries ago. Inevitably it has been fronted by a grotto café and has become a means of making dosh attracting culture tourists bored with the typical seaside excursion itinerary. In this age of ultimate commercial banalisation we can expect no other. However, our approach couldn't be more different; anti aesthetic, anti property, anti commercial, anti the law of value, anti commodification though pro the riches inherent in collective / individual liberated human potential. It's guerrilla in the broadest sense of the term having nothing to do with ownership, money or grants from benevolent bodies.

Neither can it be said we have anything in common with those egotistical figures ensconced within the art world that have the arrogance to remake vast areas of industrial dereliction as a form of cute, aesthetic display. The example of former architectural critic turned pharonic installation merchant name of Charles Jencks comes to mind especially his recent Ashington Colliery site in Northumberland doubling from the air as a giant nude woman lying on a couch or bed. Done in collaboration with the usual slew of aestheticised brutalised landscape designers boosted by colossal grants and subsidies it will in practise be no different from the ghastly colliery makeovers we panned a number of years ago which showed nothing but contempt for local bio-diversity resulting especially in a holocaust of the threatened Dingy Skipper butterfly. You can bet your life the Dingy Skipper would have flourished at Ashington and it won't be their now gassed-out with a covering of spectacular fluorescent rye grass or, something similar. Nor can we have any truck with Ian Hamilton Findlay's outdoors concrete poetry display at Stonypath in the wilds of the Pentland Hills in the Southern Uplands of Scotland which is nothing more than a sculptural project sub-contracted out to various trades' people as gallery product in plein aire situations. Though set within nature its eco content is virtually nil and cannot be regarded as a beacon pointing to valid future eco-experimentation.

Above: Computer mock-up of Grayson Perry's proposed house designed in collaboration with neo-philosopher, Alain de Botton. Described by Perry as "a house-shrine" full of artefacts, the hotel (for that is what it is) will be "encrusted with sculptures, ceramics and tapestries" put together around a fictional woman named Julie whose life history gradually unfolds as the tourist tenant coughs up the B & B fulfilling the banal requirements of the usual "holiday experience of a lifetime". One local objecting to the development aptly said it was "pseudo-subversive neo-kitsch." Yes, critique really seems to be improving! Below: The by now well known chic-style hobbit houses springing up all over often (like these) gracing National Trust land for how else could they get permission to build? Undoubtedly better than Perry's celebrity-like ostentation, more humdrum and genuine and often lived in by poor people though one may well ask, how subversive is the perspective of those who live in them? Have not the inhabitants chosen this existence because Tolkien / Harry Potter oriented and could you have a well-oiled crazy night in the pub with them plumbing the depths of the totality of alienations?

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Yet it's this trajectory that unnerves us. Despite the periodic, sometimes unbridled attacks by various goons on minimum wages employed by various institutions we have experienced whilst engaging in eco interventions, we recognise that recuperation will easily be our main enemy. We have done all we can by ourselves alone but the project will most likely be taken out of our hands as the eco-versity has begun to take a keen interest and professional passive eco on-lookers increasingly smile with delight. From now on we will also have to confront the many-sided facets of recuperation. It is not a simple task. There's now a huge slew of post artistic 'art' which has survived the welcome death of post modernist vacuities touted by Baudrillard, Derrida, Lyotard, Deleuze etc. Foremost in this process (see The London Olympics and Mass Market Neo-Psychogeography ) is the valorisation of industrial dereliction as passive aesthetic achievement (i.e. untouched by artistic hands but signified as such by Duchampian appropriation). You roughly know who these culprits are as we've regularly mentioned them and the common denominator underlying them all is passivity. They aren't going to cut up untidy. Thus the Wilson Twins from Newcastle dwell on the evil contamination surrounding Chernobyl's nuclear reactor meltdown and the lesser evil implicit in the ex-MOD vistas surrounding Orford Ness in Suffolk. Obviously, like us, the Wilson Twins are fascinated by the strange topography of these tormented places no doubt delighting in the disused morphing strange shapes that are to be found on these post industrial, post military landscapes. But would they try and do anything subversive on these fascinating terrains? You bet they wouldn't as their main interest revolves around cosying up to the cultural establishment and the only intervention to be countenanced is one based on aesthetic ornamentation; installing amplified, ambient sound throughout abandoned military buildings or mounting film exhibits via rooms-within-rooms in art galleries. It amounts to sweet FA. This is not revolutionary critique but further examples of anodyne culturisms. Finally in passing we post a warning: if any neo-artist out for media glory in future tries to valorise the Bradford experiment we will personally wreck their exhibits. That's a promise.

As opposed to this passive neo-artistic milieu, our contemporary engaged ecologists somewhat actively deployed in habitat creation or management, in practise mismanage, as they are insensitive to the wonders of post-industrial landscape ignoring frequently its often-bizarre rapid natural recapture. They wish to clear away all these 'eyesores' like burnt out cars dumped in a river, haphazard strewn heaps of abandoned tyres, bricks, concrete and rotting ply board etc. With a retarded blinkered vision that has yet to encounter the neo-psychogeographers industrial Duchampian appropriations, these ecos' fail to see that post industrial habitat often facilitates a renewed bio-diversity and the burnt out car within ten year's becomes an odd river island quickly stacked up with silt which various plants, insects and birds enthusiastically take to (see photos below). These ecos' taste for real landscape is therefore invariably abominable, traditionally scenic oriented and totally at odds with our interventions which are based on respect for givens we've inherited from the smoke stack era of the industrial revolution.

Above: A stolen car, set on fire and driven topsy-turvy over the steep hillside of the Bradford Beck in Shipley in the early noughties has now become a wild life haven through which is growing jack-by-the- hedge. Orange Tips often alight here in spring.

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In our 'mad' eco project in Shipley there are forces all unknown to each other yet each creatively (more or less) reacting to the others. We have essentially set these forces in motion.

1. The fly-tipper.
2. Those who would put to further use what the fly-tipper had left.
3. The vandals and the shifting boundaries between them and the art 'vandals', their youthful naiveté mounting informal installations.
4. The council officials who are perplexed by what's going on and don't know how to put a stop to it, their efforts to enforce the law becoming a kind of installation – in the absence of barbed wire, chucked cabling will have to do, moreover they have no money allocated to do anything else than improvise with the things dumped around them. In a way they are persecuted stupid suits with few resources. But who is going to take notice of them or their feeble counter insurgency? Only the really conditioned middle classes who don't go here in any case. As for the rest, rather it is treated as a further invitation to participate, to add to the wonderment of this enchanted carr woodland that bears a strange resemblance to a Claude Lorraine.

Sometimes sitting among this gloriously changing rubbish dump you can get the sensation of arm-lengths possession and is this good or bad? That our clandestine activities were (are) bearing fruit and that we actually were (are) changing (making) a landscape (not painting it as a Claude or a Corot would have done and in any case, historically the times are too late for that). One day in the summer of 2012, this impression was enhanced by two girls playing beside the filthy, often turpentine coloured beck – accompanied by the sounds of their laughter. When we crossed the wooden bridge we saw they had pulled down a couple of concrete slabs which had once formed the approach to a previous bridge probably washed away in the ferocious torrents that suddenly seem to appear from nowhere as a cloud bursts over some Pennine promontory nearby. But these gals were also taking hold of this abandoned, morphing cityscape of huge potential.

We begin to claim these dumps for others and the contours began to emerge. Where Claude painted we landscape, not the evocative somewhat mysterious painted dream but its potential realisation. For this covered in industrial canal which John Ruskin unintentionally lyricised is like a grand avenue framing industrial dereliction and rubbish, a dream in perspective especially when the sun is setting and the rays turn golden gilding the tree tops. We began connecting up the different parts – the three parts – of the site. The aim is to create an industrial meadowland.

Above: shadows, invocations, displacements of a post-industrial Corot and Claude?

We opened up the area with saws, snips and shears now others are making their own contribution. The environment has been dynamised because of our innovation. We are the hidden facilitators. People are using the site more. The point is to encourage their involvement – to elicit it – without them realising. So they think it comes from them. It is the opposite of being ordered, told, commanded – the opposite of rules, of byelaws, of the constrictions of nature reserves. It is essentially lawless, a dream landscape in which each is king and queen. Absolute.

No one really knows who is doing this big change and we have a lot to be paranoid about which is why we are the ghosts of encounter. We don't want to be known, to be interviewed by the press, to be on TV. We want to continue as before, a secret, shaping force, devil gardeners that flit in and out of existence that cannot be pinned down, a dramatic, elemental force that cannot be stopped because nobody knows who we are. Once we lose our anonymity we lose our power to mould landscape and bring out the best in our unknown compatriots encouraging them to do the same. It is like we are the anonymous 'disappeared' gardeners, an invisible force of nature.

We are essentially explorers, discoverers. Never has industrial dereliction been so attractive: the problem is it is also the fertile ground of a bad literary romanticism. The problem is deep topographers have the drop on conservationists. Deep topographers know little or nothing about nature and conservationists have no idea just how much they are in thrall to a banal countryside aesthetic. Indeed a meeting up of topographers and conservationists could be of some value in helping change entrenched attitudes. Both though have a long way to go before arriving at revolutionary perspectives.

This is a collage of nature but yet serves nature better than if left to itself. 'Wilding' is better than nature, like the need to clear the basin floor of nettles and some thistles in order to create a trefoil meadow. All this takes time and patience, it is anything but instantaneous and yet it constantly surprises.

Even sometime ago in the summer of 2011 we quickly noticed paint had been poured over a corner of the concrete blocks blocking these informal, industrial roads near where the Bradford Canal went onto the Leeds Road; an obvious bit of Windhill Estate (situated above the site) installation by an utter naïve who left his signature in the paint. So this is where the art school went? We took a photo with a spindly birds foot trefoil plant sunk into the concrete top. Will it ever flower? And will the roots ever bind to the concrete? Further down the tarmaced road covering the former Bradford Canal someone had dumped a load of leylandia. The sawn logs had been piled up almost deliberately as if this was a gesture of eco fly tipping. A hidden vanguard, we had set something in motion. This is now becoming a peoples' transformation of landscape with others sensing this is an attempt to lay hold of waste ground and to collectively develop it according to individual inclination.

In the late summer of 2012, as we walked the length of the left hand side of the strip of land by the railway that is Valley Rd we noticed a spectral tree trunk in the distance. Was it an effect of light? As we got near it, we realised someone had sprayed it with silver paint. Artists have followed our intervention as in Shipley though also paralleled by authority for there were deep tyre tracks running the length of this part of the site. Had we also attracted the attention of Network Rail just as we had the council on the garage site? In this three cornered dance not one 'performer' is entirely sure of the motives of the other two, or there reasons for being there. The 'artist' who had spray painted the still living stump silver would not have noticed the wild strawberry plants surrounding it – and therefore sussed that the reason we lopped the goat willow – in order to expose the small strawberry plants to sunlight. We then noticed on Valley Road someone had sprayed up in silver paint "Wake Up Sheeple" about a quarter of a mile away a stump of goat willow had been sprayed with the same paint. Are we being shadowed? These are artistic leftovers drifting into genuine contestation.

And then something very strange happened at Woolley Colliery which we noticed in October 2012, in our path lay a strange installation on the way back from the spoil heap to Darton Stn. Someone had sprayed fly-agaric mushrooms plus the bowl of a birch tree with silver paint just like someone had done with the stump of a goat willow on the Valley Rd site in Bradford. Basically both 'interventions' were indistinguishable in style. Is it the same person? Again, are we being shadowed? Or rather than 'Pitman Painters' were these examples evidence of an epidemic of 'Post Pitmen Conceptualists'? Or was installation ceasing to be a conscious 'artistic' act and becoming a more random activity? A sort of posting of meaningless signs; signs posting a gathering madness, which will never end up on a gallery wall even as a photograph. And yet we were both sure this 'still life' had been photographed. Is it the fashion for edgelands that attracts? Or is this the direction tags and pieces are now taking, something which is local and not done by art students from Sheffield and Leeds? Something with greater promise?

But where did installation and drift begin an end? Things are becoming interestingly confused, open-ended and possibly at times offering great potential, even elsewhere. The storms of 2012 produced artless events like as though climate change was willy-nilly also taking the trend up and via the elemental fury involved in climate change the Bradford Beck destroyed the containing wall holding in the raging waters bursting through near where it flows into the River Aire. The garage site was instantly flooded and the wood or rather the spinney on the approach to the garage site from the bridge was standing in water like a temperate mangrove swamp, or a miniature Florida everglade, a morphing environmental frighteningly innovative feature of climate change. Once the waters had subsided each trunk was like an installation sculpture. A matrix of twigs and branches of right angles to the perpendicular trunk had collected around the base. Stuck to this matrix like it was a notice board were bits of plastic, lino, PVC, empty goody bags, their saturated industrial colours gleaming like jewels in the gloom – crisp packets, chocolate wrappers, glossy cartoons reading "sesame sticks". Yes, it did look like a theatrical backdrop or an exhibit of rubbish for fools – yet inevitably more sobering, horrible, fascinating because it was so over-poweringly real – no price, unnoticed, no foot prints in the damp earth not even those of a fox – and we were the first to set foot in this post floodplain, the first inhabitants of an altered world.

Above: from temperate everglade swamp to rubbish installation

It also seemed like an "occupation", like this matrix of flotsam and jetsam had been an attempt to improvise walls of sticks, mud, bits of plastic, anything – a reinvention of the wall. Someone had attempted, not that long ago, to construct a yurt in the carr woodland, stringing abandoned electric cable from tree to tree, bending the saplings to serve as ribs over which others, deploying scrounged material, would be thrown. Now the sheer force of the water had done the same, saplings bent over in an arc, their tips touching the ground held down by this detritus of a different soil – torn off branches, rocks, bricks etc. that had been carried along by a mighty surge. Nature's fury had become the final constructor, the ultimate 'recuperation' of a failed revolution against which no redress is possible.

The same went for authority. The path through the wood which we had made one frenzied afternoon leading to the garage was within a couple of weeks or so, quickly 'roped' or rather sellotaped off. At first we thought it might be the council or the garage owner doing it but on reflection was it a form of 'arty' installation that has its origins in Terry Atkinson (that faux enfant terrible lecturer from Leeds Art School who tepidly dipped into aspects of situationist praxis) coming to Bradford?

Above: sellotaped passage and an adjacent spare outline of a yurt

Post the big flood of 2012 and we cut across through the carr woodland of the Lanolin site alongside the Bradford Beck as not only was this amazing topography but what a place to observe the teeming song bird occupation. It wasn't approved of and some shadowy power quickly tried to hinder our endeavours. But where before branches and thinnish tree trunks we had cut down had been dragged from the undergrowth and placed across the impromptu path, now car fenders were used as obstacles as we looked down into the raging waters! The stakes were being upped. The obstacles had been mechanised and obviously brought in. We initially thought it was an installation as so bizarre; a secret security happening not meant to be looked at, almost an artistic negation. The council dump must have been ransacked for suitable material and what more suitable than car fenders!!! They seemed to sum up the madness of the age, a madness beyond redemption exceeding that of all other ages. This unconscious metaphor seemed to be saying do what you will; the car will triumph over the wilding of cities.

Moreover we began to turn installation against authority especially when doing things in sensitive areas where we really could get into deep trouble. For instance we dug up for seeding purposes both sides of a culvert containing signalling cable which Network Rail is hot on because of theft. It was very visible work and certainly the most visible alterations we have ever carried out around Shipley station. We provoked things further by piling up stones and slabs into a bogus installation deliberately to attract attention. If it goes unnoticed it will tell us much, namely that there has been a considerable decrease in surveillance due to lay-offs. Or perhaps if noticed, station staff will be afraid to do anything about it because it looks artistic but also eco and the station staff do not want to be accused of philistinism and, more importantly, wasting Network Rail's money by drawing attention to it, especially as the latter's finances are deeply in the red!

From a pile of stones (which will provide essential basking habitat for insects) it became 'installation' when one of us stuck a shattered piece of rusting drain pipe in it and then adding to it by piling a regular grid of oblong block of concrete on the pile. Meanwhile finding an abandoned bike saddle which Duchampian-like was then deliberately stuck in the ground (never thankfully to get into an art gallery) and the rest of the bike looked as though it was buried beneath the soil, though also looking like a huge manufactured autumnal fungus. Around the same time we found an old platform 4 sign that had been chucked away over the platform wall which he then put behind a length of old cabling strung out over the wall's stonework. Officials if they inspect it will notice this and possibly may feel out of their depth, non-plussed as if the rug had been pulled out from under their feet.

Above: Two months later and this proved not to be the case. A gang of paid-up delinquents (and not the real MaCoy) employed by Network Rail obviously 'knowing' we were nothing but cable crooks destroyed part of this mockery of installation and mercilessly threw away the Duchampian saddle, thus clearly revealing themselves to be the real Bicycle Thieves...

This is a war game with a purpose and we are playing with their cop minds, learning how to subvert their dead cells from within rather than ceaseless direct confrontation, which they would most likely win, by finally deploying restraining orders and stopping us from ever entering again the precincts of Shipley Stn. But sooner or later their patience will probably snap and enough will be enough. When this happens not an eco voice will be raised in our support to a man – or rather woman – (seeing that most of the natural history / eco organisations are dominated by women) and the doors of Bradford's pathetic eco groups will be shut on us.

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Perhaps too it can be said we're making a scientific breakthrough through a hands on investigation, like rough 'n' ready builders in reverse, wrecking foundations to find out what's beneath. No academic could have done this; it took the frenzied madness of ancient horny ten-handed sons of toil to take things to such extremes. What we discovered is the strangest, most contradictory of landscapes and through constant digging we discovered a neo-soil made up of a mix of limestone, coal shale, and plentiful bits of iron and buried among acres of freshly created, soiled over layers upon layers of cloth, and the whole stew mixed together creating a faux downland resplendent with 'new' wildlife. Nature has not created this – or ever could. It is "un-natural" habitat, something new and inspiring and without precedent, nature conservation with an edge. Moreover, the cloth soils of Bradford's industrially derelict sites – bits of carpet, webbing, stuffing etc. are intertwined with plant roots among compost heaps of soil, vegetation, cloth, and decaying slivers of wood. We were tearing up cloth soils – sheets of carded sheep's wool which act like weed mats – beneath them a tangled mass of roots, particularly nettle roots and above them a layer of soil made from leaf mould on which grass grows. Tearing it up is also like rolling back a carpet mat, though requiring considerably more effort. We also found ourselves pulling up bits of rotting fabric and even disturbed nests of wood lice that had found shelter between layers of something like Bakelite plastic. This is nature but also post nature and prior to the industrial revolution nothing like it would ever have been found; it is truly a post-industrial nature and we neo-Neolithic agriculturalists in reverse mode reaching out to the Palaeolithic past.

Above: A bee orchard and male Common Blue on an abandoned hub cap on the Valley Rd site near central Bradford Below: Purple Loosestrife on the 'garage' site and a Large Skipper on Bettany in The Big Field plus a pronounced ab mariscolare of a female Common Blue on the back of the Ilkley platform

However, over and above opposed tendencies and now towering over them is the reality of intensified climate change beginning to turn ferocious due to the rapidly melting Arctic ice cap. Over the last five years we have seen the movement of the jet stream becoming more and more awry over the northern hemisphere, one which is becoming frightening. More especially these giant meanders known as Rossby Waves in high-altitude winds have now become a major influence on climate and they can become locked for lengthy periods producing extreme weather. Our wilding project in Bradford has been utterly thrown by the sheer contrasts produced by these Rossby moments, these wiggles in the jet stream and / or an energy saturated North Atlantic Oscillation ranging from unprecedented drought to temperate monsoon plus almost everything else in-between. It's very likely this process will deepen and it is the factor which is completely beyond our control and which we've had to deal with as best we can simultaneously allowing for incessant rain alongside lengthy droughts constantly keeping this dichotomy at the back of our mind when engaging in eco wilding.

This is the fury of the elements and we are powerless to combat it. In 2011 it was 'the fire', in 2012 'the water'; all biblical in apocalyptic description covering the fact that suicide capitalism is largely to blame for this crisis. We can fight the council, we can fight land banks, we can do something about official sponsored herbicide spraying maniacs but we cannot personally combat climate change, well not until the example of ours (and others) anti car, anti spectacular consumption life style is taken up by millions in the highly developed world instigating a mission creep we proudly urge people to adopt everywhere we go. In the meantime despairing thoughts can grip your throat: is it even possible to create habitat now? And with it, the vision of a wildlife paradise fades forever. This is the fall of nature and with it human kind. The creation of habitat – what? – is it nothing more than the expenditure of colossal effort on a vain endeavour? Our hope is too much like despair; the last desperate dice throw of humanity an odyssey of defeat but an odyssey nonetheless. Perhaps it is now too late to even wild cities? Perhaps it is just too late for anything? This is unnatural nature, nature grown strange, alien, pseudo-metaphysical, malevolent, a monstrosity like Moby Dick defying scientific nomenclature that will take us all down – though this time not one naturalist or 'human being' will survive to tell the tale.

Moreover, the growing ecological nightmare is deepened by a further factor: the increasing separation between childhood and nature the more the screened simulacrum of cyberspace dominates the totality of a reified life reduced to a continuum of visual images. Whatever benefits can be gained from social media as a useful tool once spontaneous protest breaks out, is far outweighed by its continual dulling and restrictive effect containing any eruption of lived experience increasingly enclosed in the anchored walls of what is dubiously still described as 'the home', where finally all the gadgetry facilitating 'second life' overwhelms a palpable everyday life experienced without a mask in the raw. The children who once inhabited these areas of wild, rusting edgelands are being forced to let nature disappear from their souls as desolation colonises their very essences. Thus those bands of edgeland misfits, immigrants and what have you are no longer augmented by the cries and exclamations of inventive children doing what they must. Arching over all of this is an obsession with children's safety (a fevered fascination with paedophilia having lost all sense of proportion) the bottom line of which serves the interests of a capitalism reaching the edge of an abyss beyond which complete madness lies having destroyed all genuine artless creativity. To make the cyberspace factor even worse we are also heading for a "turnkey totalitarian state" (Assange) via Facebook, Twitter etc. promoted not be ruthless primitive monsters like Stalin or Hitler but through the auspices of the most avant-garde of hip capitalists; a surveillance that will at one point prevent any subversive movement, eco or otherwise.

Ecologically and economically there is no future for any of us but this is felt most keenly by youth as they walk blindfold towards absolute disaster. Yet we must act for if we do nothing, it is even worse. Nature for youth (as for most others too) is now little more than pretty photographs or movie sequences lacking the essence of the real thing. The pretty photos on display here can only be viewed within such a sober assessment. As for the others - the panoramic shots of various sites where intervention has taken place – they must also remain little more than dull records, at best graphs and indicators lacking any real substance. After a quick glance maybe it's best to ignore them; the real response is to go do something similar yourself on your own doorsteps ignoring all petty restrictive legalities. For certain the intention here is not geared towards a re-vamped nature as spectacle, a bland and self-satisfied TV-like exhibit a la David Attenborough or Springwatch programme....

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Above: Winter days/ Summer days: Panoramic views of The Big Field adjacent to Shipley Stn followed by a view from the field of the 'garage' site The 'hole' in the grove of birch and buddleia etc. is the entrance to a dark woodland path we created alongside the Bradford Beck, the clearing itself looking like the opening to the post industrial Wild Wood; something enchanted, slightly menacing, certainly noticeable but not all that much; a discreet menace. Perhaps it will spark others to treat it as free territory that can be moulded and shaped so the fly-tipping is put to use and changed. The Big Field was once a goods yard, an array of railway sidings, which local kids used to lark about in. Many are the tales we have been told by passers-by recounting such incidences and a particularly rich story figures in the following two webs: Nameless Wilding Personal Diary 1 and Nameless Wilding Personal Diary 2 accompanying this more abstract preamble.

Above: The quarried rock outcrop above Shipley Stn on which a chapel once stood (pictured bottom left). Now existing as an abandoned graveyard occupied by a spectral cat and alternatives inhaling a quiet toke amidst secluded leafy ambiences we have seeded parts with birds foot trefoil (pictured bottom right) in the hopes of attracting the ab mariscolare (the Irish Blue).

Above: wilding haircut council land beneath the former chapel rock outcrop

Above: The Baildon Holmes site is the best Common Blue site on the banks of the River Aire with 50+ on the wing at the height of the emergence. It is going to be developed and Elland based building company Marshall CDP has revealed proposals for a big Wickes DIY store plus a KFC here. In order to counter this useless development it is going to be necessary to expose the greenwash of building company, Wickes and KFC, for they will soap themselves in greenwash. The point is how to make as much telling publicity as possible and force the hand of eco-minded people and in that make many, many more enemies. Oh, that it were otherwise. But ecology is, almost in its entirety, in bed with capitalism.

Above: The Tesco environs off the Otley Rd pictured from the banks of the River Aire and in-between the Stainforth Construction and Baildon Homes site.

Above: Winter and summer on the former Lanolin factory site

Above: The upper meadow we created in the midst of the Manningham buddleia forest......The first thing we did when we hit the Manningham Lane site was to cut a passage through the dense buddleia and so join up the upper and lower part of this latest Common Blue site. The cutting of these passages took us back to what we did on Indian Hill (our name for disguised earth covered factories tricking the Luftwaffe) in County Durham aged 13 to 14. Time becomes confused and we became old as well as young. We were / are the new Neolithics cutting down the post-industrial wild wood this time. The chief pioneer tree was however not the birch but the buddleia though nonetheless there was the occasional sallow and silver birch.

Above: Doing some unofficial birds foot trefoil seeding on the 'ballast' platform of Shipley Stn - night and day - right outside the transport police HQ while the coppers were too busy on their computers to look out of the window to watch the seeming vandal at play...

Above: The Stainforth Construction site on Fred Atkinson Way just off the Otley Road. After initial forays where we chopped down invasive shrub and the like - and done on Sundays when no one was working in the offices - we withdrew for a timely break to pursue efforts elsewhere. Sometime later we were surprised when we again visited the site that the company had been provoked on account of our clandestine presence to clean up its act and remove the stacked up building material it had deposited on the site, a piece of land they probably didn't own. There is now a skip there in which to deposit builders' rubbish. It seems to prove this part of the site doesn't belong to them and that they fear the council or our 'authority' thinking we are powerful figures in an unknown official organisation and not just a couple of bums. Thus each of us is responding to the other in a paranoid fashion and our clandestinity has given us an unexpected feeling of power. Anonymity has worked on fears. Only by remaining unknown can we exercise this power. We are playing games with authority by pretending to be other that what we are: a hidden force and all the more powerful because of it; an eco-Bakuninism.

Above: The mile long Valley Road site. This is like no other meadow we have ever been in; this extraordinary site possibly the most varied botanically in inner city Bradford. There is something excitingly unnatural about it. There is a clash of primary and secondary colours. The purple blue of bugle, the yellow of birds foot trefoil and of buttercup, the flaming orange red of orange hawksbit, the pink of the red clover, the red of wild strawberry (see above) and the dirty magnolia of white clover. It is a living palette, a creation of post-industrial neglect and quite breath taking in its contrasts and unexpectedness, something 'made' yet not made, something that has been left to grow naturally in a way that has never happened before. The site is the home of the largest number of bee orchids in Bradford but the biggest surprise was finding a substantial patch of wild strawberry which proves there must be a solution of calcium carbonate in the soil. After passing under the railway tracks the water may well up in this long narrow strip dissolving some of the limestone substratum. This habitat would never occur in 'nature' that has been worked on by farmers and pastoralists, for this essentially is a post industrial nature. Possibly train loads of coal were unloaded here for there is much coal in this industrial soil in which there is a combination of base rich and acid soil. There are still patches of tarmac in the field strip where lorries may have once parked. By the gate there are several 'grasses' including wheat which can only come from horse fodder.

And now for something really nasty.........

Valley Rd is also a deserted road with a link to Canal Rd. At the Valley Rd end there is a shady corner of wild nature next to a utilities sub station that East European immigrants made into a convenient drinking den upturning an old huge electrical cable wooden drum for a makeshift table. Empty bottles of booze were everywhere memories of many an outdoor party. This slip road had it seems recently been sealed off with concrete blocks though there was still a right of way for pedestrians. Opposite was a fenced off site owned by Rapley's and an obvious landbank teeming with a rich array of flora and fauna, though we reckoned some birds foot trefoil would be a good addition as our beautiful blue was flying here. No problem, it was easy to crawl under the padlocked gates but let's wait and see but first we needed to add to this corner. We were respectful of this outdoor pub and seeded around the various odds and ends with care. On the other side of the road opposite the den was the broken down wall and permanently unlocked gate marking the entrance to the long strip of Valley Road faux downland. Unsurprisingly, the place had become a dumping ground for builders' rubble and the usual amount of mattresses plus a suite of comfy chairs and a settee. These were welcome and while improving the quality of this unofficial beauty spot we would occasionally seat ourselves in this excellent outdoor living room munching our snap. (See Below)

Photo below: Moreover these chairs were themselves alive with nature housing a very prolific ant's nest packed with white eggs in the rubble soil beneath. We had deliberately decided to seed around this furniture with a carpet of birds foot trefoil as after all upholstered chairs need a carpet and while lounging here a blue female might play nearby even landing on a bottle of moonshine.

This exciting, improvised situation was too good to last and in no time Uriah Woodhead's, builder's merchant had purchased the ground around the utilities installation suggesting they were going to develop the place which was surely a joke considering the bleak economic outlook? But then came the day in late 2012 their real intent became clear. Alas we saw smoke rising from the piece of adjacent land purchased by the builder's merchants Uriah Woodhead. It was an ominous sign something like the smoke signals deployed by Native Americans prophesying war. We weren't wrong. The bastards.

However there is now no way we can seed the Rapley's land bank site because Uriah Woodhead has sealed all access to this public thoroughfare linking Valley Rd to Canal Rd. They were developing the site probably to create more warehousing for building materials in the hope of some future building boom. Obviously they didn't give a fuck about the terrific nature rich site they were destroying but it seems the building merchant's vindictiveness did not just stop here. It looks to us that they had crossed Valley Rd onto the old sidings site running parallel with the railway line and had maliciously destroyed the couch and easy chair that had been dumped there and used by the drinkers as an outdoor living room. Not content to turn the chair over, they had ripped-out the stuffing making them impossible to sit on. To us it was the equivalent of destroying the cottages of the poor from centuries ago so all that was left are fences and desolation.

Above: destroyed chairs

Above: Late 2012. Semi-abandoned pop-up tent squatter encampment on the banks of the Bradford Beck and sheltered from prying eyes by the wooded parts of the Lanolin site. Possibly moved on by the Environment Agency now so frightened by the almost permanent raging waters of the beck which could undermine the railway line running above the steep embankment???

But then a few miles away much worse was to happen

Above photos: On the top of Holly Bank Bluff overlooking Halifax from Queensbury some East European immigrants obviously skilled in building trades put together a wonderfully inventive tree house (pictured top left) with superb views of the high Pennines. Here they congregated, slept, ate food cooked on a campfire etc. and generally relaxed in the summer sun, the whole scene possessing an attractive ambience. It was too good to last and a few weeks on, while the immigrants were at work - most likely on a nearby building site - some braying, fascised, possibly English Defence League thugs came along and destroyed this beautiful creation. The photo bottom left shows all that was left. A little later and the same pigs – from a safe distance - turned their hollering on us as we scoured these hillsides looking for Green Hairstreak butterflies. Interestingly because carrying a big chopper they didn't dare approach us. It was a variation on the old story: fascised bullies always are cowards.

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And even farther a field....

Above: The former sluicing pans at Woolley Colliery. Over the last few years we have also engaged in some hefty environmental intervention on this amazing site. Once the largest Dingy Skipper site in Yorkshire it has been much depleted by the ghastly new housing estate of Woolley Grange (see the film on this tragedy in the video section of both RAP and Dialectical Butterflies). In 2012 we made further inroads here especially regarding three former pit ponds.

They are like a post industrial painted desert, the base of the third pan painted grey with ochre (in fact sand) interspersed with blotches of green (hop trefoil). It was like a living palette as if paint had been spilt across it like something from Abstract Expressionism or real life Rothko's. The shapes are not natural either and yet these spaces breathe with remarkable life. The contrast between this and the soulless, manicured landscaping of Woolley Grange could not be greater. And yet the residents will most likely think these beautiful manufactured landscape depressions are nothing but unfortunate eyesores. And to think I had watched the rare little ringed plover hop around the perimeter of the sluicing pans and behind it the necro walls of Woolley Grange housing the suburban living dead. There is nothing remotely social about this estate – no pavements or pathways, just road surface, hard standing, parked cars and no people plus no shops! There's no greater contrast between life and death, hope and despair anywhere in the county.

We have massively seeded these pans but the encroaching carr woodland will have to be monitored. If we begin to fell trees we cannot do so discreetly. Chances are the police will be called -------. The memory of these amazing pans lingered on hours after we had left, raising our spirits, the three rectangular squares imprinted on our memories. Unforgettable --- an inspiration --- a promise of what could be come again the most amazing Dingy Skipper site in the country, one ignored by naturalists and especially Butterfly Conservation because they have no feeling for the new beauty of industrial dereliction.

Above: a gentle sloping away from one of Dinnington Colliery spoil heaps

We have also become engaged on clearing parts of the former Dinnington colliery spoil heaps cutting back the invasive spread of goat willow through the grassland areas which has closed off many of the informal paths through these delightful places. This means a lot of heavy work and Rotherham Council have threatened to prosecute any individuals who take upon themselves the task of removing carr woodland. It's all part of our campaign of revenge against couldn't give a damn eco groups particularly Butterfly Conservation who were complicit in the destruction of the Dingy Skipper because they basically believe capitalism and the survival of the species are one and the same. Already the butterfly has been virtually eliminated at Dinnington due to invasive carr woodland, so we had to do something about it. Moreover there's recently been a sizable rough sleeper squatter camp on another part of the spoil heap and lots of empty bottles, cans, bags etc were lying around. Around the camp trees had been sawn down to provide firewood.

We first threw down the gauntlet in 2011 and by the next year bikers were using the paths we opened up. One guy on a quad bike stopped to talk. People are wondering who is doing the clearing and for why? We told him about the need to protect the Dingy Skipper and that his quad bike by churning up the earth was providing the bare ground essential to the butterfly's survival. Ten years ago he would have been hostile regarding the ground as his own private territory now he was more than interested. Indeed bikers and walkers paths diverge; walkers choosing the less muddy paths which in any case the bikers find difficult to ride along. Interestingly, local people appreciate the new freedom of movement we are providing. Unlike Shipley no one thinks to use it as a basis for installation. This is more utilitarian than 'creative' but nonetheless really liked by this ex-mining community. They love the fact we are ignoring the rules set out by Rotherham Council forbidding any such actions and prominently displayed on spoil heap entrance notice boards, but then ironically it appears that recently Rotherham Council have been trimming the sides of the new paths possible spurred on (not to be out-flanked) by our very physical and in their eyes - illegal - interventions

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What follows is a blow by blow diary of events, (which has for the moment been edited as simply too long) theoretical speculation and conflicts with authority as they happened.

See the following webs:

Nameless Wilding Stickers and Photos

Wilding Transformations & Great Expectations (Personal Diary 2)

Wilding Transformations & Great Expectations. (Personal Diary 1)

Nameless Wilding (A General Drift) [here]

• 1Libcom note: https://libcom.org/article/comments-indian-york-stone-slave-labour-aesthetic-life-style-quarrying-and-butterflies

What follows is an edited diary of events, theoretical speculation and conflicts with authority as they happened some of which is alluded to in Nameless Wilding.

Language as Form or rather Dance. Orpheus as its highest expression. This is what Symbolism aspired to: words and music as demiurge directed at the reconstruction of man and nature. Conceived as the ultimate artistic act like Eurydice it turns to stone because it cannot break with the past. Orpheus fails to fulfil his prophecy and does not have the courage to throw his lyre away.

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One day in February 2011 we noticed that a piece of sparse ground at Shipley Stn where the old signal cabin had once stood seemed an ideal spot for seeding so we decided it would be best just to throw a lot of trefoil chaff over the hard core, granite chipping ballast and see what would happen. Unfortunately trains were always rolling on through this junction, at least one every few minutes and the logistics were going to be difficult. A cunning plan was called for. We proposed to do the seeding on a Sunday when traffic throughput was considerably diminished. Also we were going to have to be wary about railway police headquarters which was only a short distance away but maybe there were a lot fewer staff on duty there on Sundays. We definitely didn't want to end up with a £1000 fine for trespass.

Above: walking the walk and talking the talk
Below: the same area six months later

So around 10 a.m. one bright but cold morning in early March 2011 one of us casually tripped down the platform skipping around the trespassers will be prosecuted notice attached to the wooden fence down the ramp and onto the ballast, scattering birds foot trefoil chaff all over the place. Although we'd checked on train times inevitably (sod's law) a train pulled into the station and the conductress alerted was calling security on her mobile. The culprit was ordered off the track immediately under pain of instant arrest. Meanwhile one of us shouted from the adjacent platform, "The man on the ballast is ill suffering from dementia. Don't shout at him because it makes him worse, sympathetic treatment is necessary." A tooing and froing went on a bit and finally the poor lost, demented soul was coaxed to Health & Safety. "No need for an ambulance" we assured these cop substitutes. True, beforehand we had worked this scenario out as best as possible in such circumstances and in practise it played out a treat. Moreover within a year we had a truly incredible display of 'eggs and bacon' as the plant was once vernacularly and beautifully called becoming almost instantly an absolutely stunning Common Blue haven. Now though we were living in fear of the Round Up, sub contracted defoliant killers outfit, again always in the so-called interests of the Health & Safety Exec, biding their time ready to destroy wild nature yet again.

Some glorious punch-ups. Two Sundays later we tried to do something similar on a partially abandoned ballast platform that fronted the big car park. This time the big numbs in high viz jackets with fluorescent Railway Enforcer logos emblazoned on their backs immediately rushed to the scene even though we were only looking at the ballast platform. An especially authoritarian dumbo wanted to know what we were doing. We answered, "looking at butterflies." This guy in all his wisdom aggressively said, "Butterflies don't fly here, they fly over there" as he pointed to the dead official butterfly meadow which had basically been destroyed by the development of the big park 'n' ride scheme which was never opposed by the subservient local ecos, scared to death of authority and the law. Well this guy, this enforcer, obviously was on a mission trying to teach butterflies lessons in Lockeian civics especially respect for private property so there was no point in arguing. Yes we wanted to bop this arrogant buffoon with a haymaker but instead we just looked vacantly at him and then stared fixedly at the very tall trees somewhat in the distance behind him. After about ten minutes the disconcerted guy couldn't handle this non verbal communication and finally flustered because of our refusal to react or respond went away no doubt looking for a more typical harassment scene somewhere else on Shipley Stn.

What we'd quickly learnt in all this everyday on-going confrontation was always to constantly change tactics as this throws these stereotypical goons more than anything else. In any case this 'enforcer' personnel always seem to be undergoing rapid turnovers, no doubt on the feeblest of employment contracts and a wage around the minimal legal level which means they are pushed around from pillar to post only able to get their rocks off intimidating frightened, submissive people. However, the specific backdrop to this sudden intensified harassment – as we found out later – was to do with a spate of car break-ins around the station.

Above: Shipley Stn. Chucking seeds over the wooden fence fronting the ballast platform and the wall up Station Road.

A couple of weeks later we decided in broad daylight and at a busy part of the day – late afternoon – to cut down some invasive buddleia with tree pruning loppers. They were running amok just outside the police HQ shading out some valiant struggling birds foot trefoil plants which we'd seeded some months previously. Big snips out beavering away and a train pulled into the adjacent platform. Realising we'd been clocked we scarpered double quick for the lift shafts at the other side of the park 'n' ride so we could survey the consequences from the railway bridge. Then we espied this obviously psyched up enforcer scurrying towards the footbridge steps looking somewhat hesitantly at us. Amused we decided to let him grab us. Bounding up the steps, face red, this crazed goon shouted at us, levelling at us the accusation that we were "trying to break into the police station with a pair of bolt croppers." Flabbergasted we laughed out loud one of us retorting, "Why on earth would we want to break into a cop shop when usually we want to break out of them?" By then even more furious at such a cheeky reply he blurted out we were nicked and the real cops would be here within the minute. Then backing off he said we had the option of immediately leaving railway premises never to enter this particular station ever again. Even more amused we replied, "We ain't moving. Bring it on. Can't wait" etc. etc.

By then a crowd of people had spontaneously assembled including a bunch of Asian and white school kids. Performance was obviously desired by the motley assembly so we complied in order not to disappoint our audience, or rather, new found friends. The enforcer notebook out, biro in hand, then demanded of one of us who was really mouthing off "What's your name?" This was followed by a quick transcendental reply, "Fuck off." By then our enforcer was shouting out loud "Look I've asked you your name" followed again by the reply, "I've told you I'm called 'fuck off'" A bit of a set too then followed after the stakes were upped and after further insults were traded capped – from our side - with, "We've eaten bigger people than you for breakfast, etc." The final result: the goon cleared off, tale between his legs on the verge of panic, completely humiliated. Moreover, by then everybody was clapping and jeering him with one older, upstanding citizen calling out to his fleeing back, "Good God man, they're old age pensioners and you've lost the fight." The school kids of course simply loved it and noticing a look of adoration in their eyes a bit of demagoguery was called for: "Hey kids, never in your life let anybody tell you what to do – just fight the man. Don't get intimidated, just hit back" etc, etc. Responding, one of them said, "You'd better beat it, the cops are bound to come now" followed by a bit of simplistic bravado in reply, "Not scared of cops" etc (..... how untrue but bravado had taken us!) Then the lads left, all agog, one of them saying, "I'm telling all my mates about you. You're great" as clenched fist salutes followed, half spontaneous red fist, half the gesture of Bradford football supporters.

A day later though this time in the dark we were back at the crime scene seeding the railway verges again hoping that nobody was clocking us.

June 11 2011: Security Menace No 2 has his eyes on us on Shipley Stn. He obviously did not approve of us looking through the fence on the Morecambe / Leeds platform. Still less did he like us sitting on the station benches eating our butties. The railway station is no longer a social space

13th June 2011: We are both proud of our achievement behind the Ilkley platform and stood for several minutes on the bridge surveying our handiwork. We both want to see a complete yellow carpet of trefoil extending for over 150 yards. I could never look at a work of art with the same pleasure. There is no recoil here, only a feeling of fulfilment and yet greater potential.

14th June 2011: I suggested we extend the area by cutting down the carr woodland. We cut a path through the carr woodland that opened out onto the beck bank side near the bridge into The Big Field. Armed with loppers and a saw we simply got carried away creating a labyrinth through the woodland, which gave out onto the site, where the Lanolin factory once stood, though without betraying too much and giving the game away. I like this conservation by stealth. Now I am dreaming of yet more transformations covering the entire site that runs alongside the beck, and all done with the utmost clandestinity so no one is aware of what is happening. The aim is to create the most beautiful 'unofficial garden' in Bradford that will become evermore bio-diverse; a haven in particular for butterflies and insects in general. My aim is to be able to live in it secretly like a mole or water vole. I have a feeling I can build some kind of den that will go undetected, that is a part of nature and hence can pass unnoticed. It is like I am reliving my childhood. And I find it inspiring; a great reliever of pain and an antidote to the passage of time that inevitably brings with it terrible loss.

Above: One of the newly cut passages

I find I am creating a thing of beauty and to sit and watch the meadow grass waving in the wind (and which the Common Blue also delights in) is a deeply moving experience. This project seems to be a summation of my life that is taking me over. I can think of little else.

June 24th 2011: I could scarcely recognise the official nature reserve of the Boars Well it has become so overgrown and jungly. This 'wild' feature goes practically to the heart of the city. You wonder what other city can boast such a feature? On the same day but on the bus going back I listened to a mix of white and Pakistani gals address each other as 'blood'. Bradford, despite everything is never less than interesting.

17th July 2011: We sat on the rocks above T'Mucky Beck (officially known as the Bradford Beck) after planting the trefoil sacks on the garage site with some pleasant banter from the passing churls from the down 'n' outs Carters Arms next to Shipley Station. Wildflower meadows are not for the likes of them except to pass out on with a mix of booze and spliffs. But a meadow all the better for that!

Above: Outside window in the spit and sawdust Carters Arms alongside the magnificent mortar-less budd wall (left) built into a quarried rock face. In August 2011 an idea took flight: Why not stuff the cracks in the cliff face outside the Carters Arms with trefoil taken from Gaisby or Windhill toward the back end? And that's just what we did as well seeding the grassy top. Alas, though one of Bradford's finest raucous pubs, the Carters was to close a year later.

18th July 2011: We ate our sandwiches around three in the afternoon sheltering under the railway arches from the rain. A guy with a greyhound passed us: he was going rabbiting. He was initially reluctant to admit this but once we approved he said his dog had brought him many "rabbits to put in the pot" – a time-honoured poachers way of putting it.

24th July 2011: Coming back on the 576 bus from Halifax to Bradford Interchange listened in on a casual conversation; one, a young black guy with a child, the other a young white guy. The latter yearned for pre-capitalist times of farming meaning simple living. The black kid said no one gives a fuck about the dead and dying in Africa. The white kid said he fancied leaving the planet and journey to outer space, only the capitalists would have got there before him........ It was quite possible to talk to these guys and they would listen.

30th July 2011: I sat in the waiting room on the Morecambe platform in despair, almost at the end of my tether and consumed by impotent rage. I had been blocked on all fronts. Furthermore I was prevented from planting the garage site because a gang of kids were sitting on the concrete blocks above the site. In fact they turned out to be a salvage firm and eventually a trailer pulled up. They were scavenging for scaffolding. I stopped and watched them and they in turn immediately thought I was going to report them some wore hi-viz jackets to legitimise the operation. If the cops had been notified they would have halted the operation. Metal theft is increasing in the Bradford / Leeds area and metal drain covers are now increasingly replaced with plastic imitations. In Healey Mills Marshalling Yards I noticed concrete drain covers had been removed presumably by people intent on cable theft.

6th August 2011: This is such a clandestine operation, transforming a landscape piecemeal, hoping it will not be noticed by the authorities yet obvious to the largely poor locals, for it is to be their convenient playground too. Thus, nothing too drastic and therefore like the process of nature itself opening up places through which 'others' of all species will inevitably but remorselessly follow. Neither we nor nobody else can lay claim to these spaces as they have their own organic momentum. This is no man /woman land as after all the no-people from all over the world use it; no-people because they have no money. But has anybody else, especially at our past-it age, done such imaginative conservation looking over their shoulders as we were today behind the Ilkley platform? We had been prevented from working on the garage site as the guy was desperately beavering away on his automobiles working heavy overtime just to survive, so on impulse – not to be defeated – we set to work on the back of the Ilkley platform. We were forever ducking down, crouching and hiding from the trains as they pulled into the station watching for drivers but especially conductors who always contact security. For we have to remain anonymous able to melt into the background, melt into passengers at will. And our task has hardly begun.

Above: The glorious bare bones Windhill Estate as seen from the back of the Ilkley platform on Shipley Stn. A great mix of potentially liberated human life – alternatives and 'immigrants'- reside here. Most approve of what we are doing as they've also adopted the land below and don't want to see it developed.

August 7th 2011: garage site. The pods soon began to pop and seeds would fly out from the grill and land on the worktop. Perhaps I should be using the microwave on a low setting. What a learning process this is?

Yet this was the day of the Tottenham riots. It did not diminish what I was doing, for this is also a protest against madness, surveillance and abuse.

8th August 2011: LONDON EXPLODES. Is the rest of the country particularly the north about to follow? As I passed the Forster Square Retail Park I thought to myself this is the only place in Bradford worth looting. The rest of the centre is virtually empty of retale outlets apart from pound and betting shops.

Waiting at a bus stop having picked a couple of Tesco bagfuls of trefoil seeds we were asked by a young guy if he was walking in the direction of the city centre. He was walking away from it! This is a city without a centre.

We did a little seeding on this day of riot (9th August 2011), a police helicopter gave us the once over although by now we are used to this aerial sleuthing. Who could possibly have alerted them? D than went off to the Manningham site finding three male Common Blues. I hardly think the butterfly was there in the spring. At night we returned to the garage site to put down seed purchased from Shoeburyness. Twenty pounds does not go a long way. I was alarmed to find that earth had been scattered over the area we have been attempting to conserve. However, a further inspection we came to the conclusion the garage owner had become aware of our activities and feared that they might be accused of utilising land they do not own to burn rubbish. Ironically we both live in fear of each other and we and the people in petty authority positions are playing a cat and mouse game with each other. It did though feel salutary to think we were having this effect upon the garage owners.

10th August 2011: The day the riots turned sour with an inter-racial conflict between blacks and Asians resulting in the death of three Asian youth in Birmingham we knew fuckhead had triumphed once more. Yet the consequences may not be reactionary. Easy credit has resulted in a kind of curious abolition of exchange and has overshot its original aim. These thoughts were in my mind as I passed through Bradford centre's consumer desert. "Aspirational rioting" is unlikely ever to break out in this failed city. And it gave an ever-greater pertinence to what we are doing.

First thing we did when we hit the Manningham Lane site was to cut a passage through the dense buddleia and so join up the upper and lower part of this latest Common Blue site. The cutting of these passages took me back to what we did on Indian Hill (our name for disguised earth covered factories tricking the Luftwaffe) in County Durham aged 13 to 14. Time becomes confused and I am old as well as young. We were / are the new Neolithics cutting down the post-industrial wild wood this time. The chief pioneer tree was however not the birch but the buddleia though nonetheless there was the occasional sallow and silver birch.

The site is a welcome retreat for the most marginal, particularly East European immigrants. The most pathetic sight of all was the discarded cartons of Felix, the cat food. A primitive hearth and some blackened stumps of wood suggested the cat food had been cooked and eaten. It was heartbreaking, the sweet looking cat on the carton making this wretched expedient even more poignant.

14th August 2011: "Stone flags wanted. Any quality. Cash on collection."
We have been branded partisans of the shadow economy of pilfering. We attract attention and arouse suspicion and seeding means we are obviously up to no good. We trespass though in fact nature is the greatest trespasser, heedless of the ownership of property.

20th August 2011: De-podding tonight and ideas flowed. Concentrate on the heart of Bradford city not the peripheries. A success here would count more. But the real coup would be the seeding of the "big hole" ex-Westfield site in the centre of town. Was my de-podding of seeds at all similar to Melville's Ishmael up to his arm in blubber in Moby Dick? My activity rather stimulated the imagination: "a white out" it was not.

25th August 2011: The path through the wood leading to the garage has been 'roped' or rather sellotaped off. At first I thought it might be the council or the garage doing it but on reflection I think it is a form of 'arty' installation that has its origins in Terry Atkinson coming to Bradford. We opened up the area with saws, snips and shears now others are making their own contribution. The environment has been dynamised because of our innovation. We are the hidden facilitators.

3rd September 2011: Stainforth Construction site and others along the Otley Road. Amazingly found four male Common Blues on the Stainforth Construction site / Greens Health Fitness at bottom of Fred Atkinson Way. Prior to that had been most delighted to see a male Common Blue on the Tesco site plus found one on the Baildon Homes / Focus Store site..... After the Stainforth experience walked back to the Baildon Holmes area. Four kids were playing cards using a huge stone gatepost now cracked and on its side forming a rough table. They had a dog with them and one of them would occasionally throw a ball into the distance and the dog would chase after it. One kid was sitting on a smashed plastic stool. Security was nowhere to be seen as if they've given up or rather have been given notice. These kids were also drinking cans of lager and eating wine gums and caramel nibbles. Between boyhood and youth there was something sad about it. But it does indicate these areas are being increasingly invaded and used by the commoners; a foretaste of occupation perhaps?

Sept 4th 2011: Onto the garage site but the gates were still open. Paint had been poured over a corner of the concrete blocks blocking these informal, industrial roads; an obvious bit of Windhill Estate installation by an utter naïve who left his signature in the paint. So this is where the art school went? We took a photo with a spindly birds foot trefoil plant sunk into the concrete top. Will it ever flower? And will the roots ever bind to the concrete? Further down the tarmaced road covering the former Bradford Canal someone had dumped a load of leylandia. The sawn logs had been piled up almost deliberately as if this was a gesture of eco fly tipping. A hidden vanguard, we had set something in motion. This is now becoming a peoples' transformation of landscape with others sensing this is an attempt to lay hold of waste ground and to collectively develop it according to individual inclination.

Above: Various naïve installation displays below the Windhill Estate

8th October 2011, two incidents: When planting at the top of the Morecambe platform steps we were asked by youths passing by if we were disposing of bodies. "Yes" we replied, "we are doing body parts." One guy laughed and gave us the thumbs up. Bradford's Victorian cult of death and now a youth cult known as Bradford Gothic has become laughter. The second was when we boarded the 624 bus outside the Boars Well loaded down with a couple of trolleys full of plants plus carrying spades. "This is not a removals firm" was the surly driver's response.

22nd October 2011: Had to wait until three in the afternoon for the garage to close so we could get into the work on the 'anti-consumer peoples' eco space. Tore into the work rapidly pulling up a lot of buddleia along side the old tarmac path next to the Bradford Beck. Then must have put into the ground about fourteen translocations of birds foot trefoil we collected yesterday from Windhill Quarry.

We then moved onto chopping out buddleia roots. This was heavy work requiring the axe though afterwards we both felt very positive about the effort. An internal lightening takes places inside the body and colours and forms appear more meaningful, altogether much brighter as if illumined by an inner light. A revolution would also make things appear thus but even more intensely.

Saw a dished Small Copper behind the Ilkley platform. The trefoil there is doing very well though never well enough. There seems to have been the most desultory of attempts to cordon off the carr woodland between the garage and the bridge to The Big Field. Grey coloured old electrical cable had been stretched between trees in an effort to prevent access to 'our' industrial rockery. – the old child gardening of the butterfly child become old men...... and yet it is so ineffectual that we can never be sure if these feeble attempts by a suit (a council official) aren't also an art installation from the unofficial Windhill Estate school of youthful naivety. There is such an ambiguity about them and we are as puzzled by them as 'they' are puzzled by what we are doing. Does it ever cross their minds this might be an ecological initiative?

Hurt a foot when digging up in haste continental trefoil by the side of a busy slip road near the Cathedral Centre. Again if a police car had sped by it almost certainly would have stopped and then what? The job is not only heavy physically but mentally stressful too.

Digging up birds foot trefoil from Windhill Quarry I am always mindful it is a SEGI (Site of Ecological and Geological Interest). I thought an elderly bearded eco-type guy was approaching to ask us what the hell we were up to. So I rapidly dropped everything and began to scrutinise some oak leaves, like I was a tree doctor or surgeon. But I needn't have bothered: he was not the slightest bit interested.

20th October 2011: Mushingham County Animal Farm in the USA: the owner – Terry Thompson – let all his animals loose and then killed himself. The reserve had Bengal tigers, lions, cheetahs, wolves, giraffes, camels, grizzly bears etc. "There were many sightings of exotic animals along a nearby highway". Deputies went to the animal farm where they found the owner dead and all the animal cage doors open. I recall that in my wildly imaginative days in the late 1960s I had read somewhere that the animals in the jardin zoologique had been released during the Paris Commune of 1871. Something of Douanier Rousseau's jungles – insurrection and the tall grass parting to reveal a friendly, inquisitive face - though this time not the face of a simple, domestic cat; nonetheless the fierce instinct tempered by an ambient communality with a vision. Stupid, mad perhaps but we had more than a world to win.

In our 'mad' eco project in Shipley there are forces all unknown to each other yet each creatively (more or less) reacting to the others. We have essentially set these forces in motion.

1. The fly-tipper.
2. Those who would put to further use what the fly-tipper had left.
3. The vandals and the shifting boundaries between them and the art 'vandals', their youthful naiveté mounting informal installations.
4. The council officials who are perplexed by what's going on and don't know how to put a stop to it, their efforts to enforce the law becoming a kind of installation – in the absence of barbed wire, chucked cabling will have to do, moreover they have no money allocated to do anything else than improvise with the things dumped around them. In a way they are persecuted stupid suits with few resources. But who is going to take notice of them or their feeble counter insurgency? Only the really conditioned middle classes who don't go here in any case. As for the rest, rather it is treated as a further invitation to participate, to add to the wonderment of this enchanted carr woodland that bears a strange resemblance to a Claude Lorraine perspective of tiered, towering trees especially when the sun is low in the sky and shadows are lengthening.... A grand avenue framing industrial dereliction and rubbish.

And that strange spidery, drone-like UFO that suddenly arose high over these self same trees amid the banks of silver birches and tall goat willows. It hovered in the air above us, a strange, whooshing sound like it was alive and observing us. This latest piece of kiddy consumer electronic gadgetry derived from American military hardware some lad from the Windhill Estate had bought or whizzed suited this scene of increasing mystery perfectly. And the day was overcast, silent and not a leaf stirred.....

Sitting before this changing rubbish dump today we had a sensation of possession that our clandestine activities were bearing fruit and that we actually were changing (making) a landscape (not painting it as a Claude would have done). This impression was enhanced by two girls playing beside the filthy, often turpentine coloured beck – accompanied by the sounds of their laughter. When we crossed the wooden bridge we saw they had pulled down a couple of concrete slabs which had once formed the approach to a previous bridge probably washed away in the ferocious torrents that suddenly seem to appear from nowhere as a cloud bursts over some Pennine promontory perhaps five miles away towards Wuthering Heights. But these gals were also taking hold of this abandoned, morphing cityscape of huge potential.

The more we engage with this thing, the more ideas we have, practical ideas like piling up the stones in the railway station behind the Ilkley platform to create stone chairs. And as for the possibility of creating water features in the beck ....... And then see if others add to it.

And so we dressed up for our night time raid on Windhill, D wearing a red devil mask, a hi-vis jacket on which was written "Conservation (Un)limited" and in front a placard which read, "the beginning is nigh" and a crib from London's Occupy movement. We dug up three trefoil plants and attracted the attention of a man with a dog. We hurried off, he looking at the holes we had left behind and then quizzically looking at us as we hurried up the hill. Obviously puzzled he did not have a mobile to phone the police. Even so we were slightly nervous as we waited at the bus stop on the steep descent from the junction with Carr Lane opposite Windhill Quarry and sure enough two horse riders suddenly appeared. Yes, this area really was for the 'middle classes', those that could buy into the astounding view across the Pennine valleys. To further prove this several expensive dogs were being exercised. The continental trefoil planted here by a concerned eco council parks official is merely an adornment serving no ecological purpose whatsoever. So why not take a lot more and plant it on the Leeds Road site near the railway bridge on the approaches to Shipley market place; a working class / marginal area where nature flourishes and which the council thankfully despises. There at least it will be of benefit.

Above: At Dusk. Shipley Station

Going onto the station we planted trefoil behind the Morecambe / Leeds platform and then David posed in his devil's mask before the transport police HQ. Nobody came, as it seems security has received its full surveillance marching orders and Network Rail cannot any longer afford their presence as they once recently could.

2nd November 2011: Moved dumped rocks from the fly-tipping heaven enclave on the old canal above the garage site. Some could be called boulders and some were even bigger and let's hope this stops the council mower doing its worst. A camper van came along the road and for a moment we thought it contained officialdom some busy body having phoned them. However we quickly realised they had come to check out the contents of what had been fly-tipped. Maybe they had been told about the leylandia logs which they wanted for their wood burning stoves as they looked like 'concerned' middle class eco types, the type of ecos we could never get along with. No cussing – no cunts and fucks – here.

Above: eco-bagged dumped leylandia and stones ready to be moved to the Leeds Road site to stop the council's baying cutting machines relentlessly, month in month out, taking out wild nature.

We then went on to clear the Lanolin site of Oxford ragwort. And then in an inspired moment of derring-do started to cut passages through the dense carr woodland fringing the Bradford Beck. What to do with these passages? Let them grow, let them find their own form, let others also develop them. Let kids descend the sometimes gentle sloping bank sides to the poisoned but beautiful waters with strange rock features protruding from the river bed especially some intriguing post-industrial rapids. At all costs don't make a typical anodyne 'conservation' path with the usual witless Health & Safety railings. This must remain an invitation to the joys of childhood danger. Rather this terrain to be made up of tree stumps and rudimentary steps, indeed hardly steps at all.

5th November 2011, Stuck into the Lanolin site. This time we seemed to reclaim it for ourselves. And the contours began to emerge. Where Claude painted we landscape, not the evocative somewhat mysterious painted dream but its potential realisation. For this covered in industrial canal which John Ruskin unintentionally lyricised is like a grand avenue, a dream in perspective especially when the sun is setting and the rays turn golden gilding the tree tops. We began connecting up the different parts – the three parts – of the site. The aim is to create an industrial meadowland. I had thought the clay filling used to bury the canal was too contaminated even for trefoils. So I was delighted to discover that the hop trefoil that I had planted was beginning to really take off.

Taking the birds foot trefoil from Carr Lane high on Windhill turned into a somewhat interesting nightmare. I used night vision for the first time on my camcorder. The moon was high in the sky and the lights of Shipley and Bradford lay sprinkled across the valley bottom below us. The ground was very stony so it wasn't easy digging up continental trefoil. Previously during the daylight hours we had marked individual trefoil plants with white plastic tabs. I doubt if the plants will be missed but we were still expecting police to turn up at any moment. We were asked by three people from the poor Wind Hill Estate right down the bottom what we were up to. The camera was mounted on a tripod but one girl seeing D holding a spade silhouetted in the moonlight in front of a terrace of wild growth and trees asked if we were burying bodies - that same old Bradford obsession! Yet no matter how suspicious it looked, they merely said we would be in serious trouble with the police if we were. Typically they did not threaten us with the police as the ever so nice petite bourgeois do.

On the Lanolin site I then began to notice the industrial rockery underlying it all. Bare the stones and thumbs of cement and it will be ideal for the Dingy Skipper. These stones can be re-arranged, altered even according to whim, a rock fantasy for the Dingy Skipperif they ever arrive here. There was obviously a 'ziggurat' of stone from the old canal which I had glimpsed through the nettles yesterday like I was gazing into a deep murky pool seeing things and shapes like the remains of a drowned city or under sea water baby-like strange caves; an industrial Atlantis from ages past awaiting discovery and a second dawn. David had uncovered splendid huge stones from the long forgotten Bradford Canal. Had Ruskin walked on them, we wondered. The place has such immense potential setting us dreaming. In no other city is this possible. We are uniquely favoured. Built on rock, Bradford is the impossible city.

Rarely have I felt as fulfilled in what I am doing as I do now. It feels perfectly right, a wormhole to the future.

Above: And did Ruskin's feet in ancient times walk upon these stones of green?

25th November 2011: Two Gaisby Quarry translocation trips made easier by deploying proper wheels. If it weren't for the dead stalks of trefoil and a few seedpods it would be virtually impossible to recognise the plant. Today planted the Lanolin site putting down some twenty-eight roots. A cold day with intermittent, heavy showers we took shelter against the wall of the old canal wondering was this formerly a bridge through which the canal flowed? The extraordinary variety of scudding cloud in Bradford, David parodied in surrealist cum symbolist poetic diction "fish clouds in the sky ocean." I first thought it was Dylan Thomas, but no it was his own invention, a piss take of what poets make of industrial dereliction.

Above: One day in September 2011. The moment the quarry closed three gaunt wild horses crossed the vast cavernous region of Gaisby Quarry floor like they were being led heading up the steep paths where grass is to be found on the rim of the quarry. It was an unusual site, these bony horses reminding one of Don Quixote's nag, only this time there was three of them. Bradford is always full of surprises. On the same day Gaisby Top became The Great Gaisby!

We slashed an entire bank side and then some. The aim is to create industrial downland unusual because it is not natural geology and natural land form. Come some dry weather and we intend to make creative use of roundup – in particular exposing the stones to make a permanent feature.

Was the council called on us? We noticed a dustcart backing up where the concrete blocks have been set down to prevent travellers from using the site. We expected the fly tipping to be cleared on returning. Nothing had been touched. Had the council workers been rummaging through the litter in the hope of finding something saleable? And was that the reason two council workers in hi-vis jackets had come onto the Lanolin site maybe looking for bunce; a drink on the job? Would they have asked us what we were doing had we remained on the site? But by then we were moving off, work over for the day and to them perhaps we were just passing through? Or was this paranoid over-reaction? We have though a lot to be paranoid about. We want to continue as before, a secret, shaping force, devil gardeners that flit in and out of existence that cannot be pinned down, a dramatic, elemental force that cannot be stopped because nobody knows who we are. Once we lose our anonymity we lose our power to mold landscape and bring out the best in our unknown compatriots encouraging them to do the same.

28th November 2011: A poker game with authority. A cat and mouse game neither side sure of what the other is up to. What was the dustcart up to when it drew up in the lee of the concrete blocks just off Carnegie Drive leading up to the Windhill Estate? And why did they drive right onto the relatively manicured council turf? Was it to avoid detection, a few snatched minutes before returning to the depot on a Friday afternoon? And why did the hi-vis men give the Lanolin site the once over? Had they been alerted by the community cop who had clocked us as he walked down Briggate in the afternoon? Everyone knows something is going off. But what? That it might have something to do with ecology is the last thought that occurs to any of them. What a sad reflection.

We were surprised when we visited the Stainforth Construction site on Fred Atkinson Way just off Otley road that the company had been provoked on account of our clandestine presence to clean up its act and remove the stacked up building material it had deposited on the site, a piece of land they probably didn't own. There is now a skip there in which to deposit builders' rubbish. It seems to prove this part of the site doesn't belong to them and that they fear the council or our 'authority' thinking we are powerful figures in an unknown official organisation and not just a few bums. And each of us is responding to the other in a paranoid fashion and being clandestine has given us an unexpected feeling of power. Anonymity has worked on our fears. It is this that has had the greatest effect; the sheer unknowingness of it all.

The Manningham Lane site. We chopped out the roots of several dozen buddleia bushes. A dumped upturned bath had been used as a bench. Moving it we found trainers and a bag of clothes beneath it. Will they be gone when we go back to the site? Someone had lit a fire and cooked tins of beans on it. Were these rough sleepers or alcoholics? Disturbed to find a throwaway syringe. None of the derelict sites we have worked – perhaps 20 in all throughout Bradford – have turned out to be needle parks. Drinking dens – yes!

Above. Campsite for Manningham's rough sleepers from cat food to the un-inevitable syringe

My axing techniques continue to develop. I lacked the strength after three days of swinging an axe to strike at the thick stems. All of a sudden on Valley Road I split them in two discovering this was an easier way of getting rid of big roots. We were furious to find someone; some arsehole has seized the road from Canal Road to Valley Road, putting up a notice saying it was a private road and not to trespass. This was arrant seizure of public property. And so I returned along this road after uprooting the final few stumps on the Valley Road site. The gates of the land bank next to Uriah Woodhead's builders merchants were open someone having broken the lock. Why? Nothing had been fly-tipped. I think Bradford fears a mass occupation. Some goon from the posh Audi showroom nearby cast his beady eyes over both of us. Had he challenged us he stood to lose his job because I was furious over this illegal seizure.

What a delight to catch the West Bowling bus. At the back two pensioned nutters were bawling the odds: "Noisier than kids" as she sought to control a dysfunctional family. You will never get this sort of response and banter in west London now. Dreams of past girlfriends – all leaving or walking away. They have everything to do with the present Occupation Movement and in particular what we are doing in Bradford.

17th December 2011: Removed some cut leaf cranesbill from Bowling Common. There were little plants of the stuff across Lower Road on the derelict site opposite. Is the plant just to say moving into Bradford and has it brought the Brown Argus with it?

We cut down more buddleia on the Manningham site. By not gutting the roots earlier in the year we in fact created work for ourselves. It took rather longer than we thought. We were watched from the windows of the Christ Scientist Church which is being converted into offices. This time they did not call the cops. More curious and perhaps respectful, who knows?

But Cathedral Point has been bordered up and a lock put on the gate. However it did not signify a new wave of securitisation and to our relief the tall tin fences put up around Baildon Holmes were still down. So we spent a couple of days clearing parts of the site of buddleia and goat willow. Again we weren't challenged. I filmed part of the procedure. The presence of a 'film crew' may have reassured the homeowners overlooking the derelict site. Whilst clearing the site a woman with a dog came onto the space. Is Baildon Holmes becoming a public space?

Above: Easy chairs have been left at the 'illegal' entrance to the site from the bridge to Dockfield Road suggesting people are increasingly using it as a recreational area, especially a place where they can let their dogs roam free from the leash and maybe throw balls for the dog to catch.

18th December 2011: On reaching the Stainforth Construction site, surprised to find that the remaining buddleia and goat willow had, more or less, been sawn down! So it was only a question of hacking out the roots and generally clearing the site of small plants of sprouting buddleia. Why did Stainforth Construction do this? Were they afraid 'we' might eventually remonstrate with them and that 'we' were an arm of the Aire Valley Regeneration Plan – members of deputy PM Clegg's Liberal party's army of volunteers who would make good the original plan for sweet FA.

Only by remaining unknown can we exercise this power. We are playing games with authority by pretending to be other that what we are. A hidden force and all the more powerful because of it; an eco Bakuninism. Unmasked and we are virtually nothing.

We must do the same on the garage site. Remove the lavatory and cistern then cover with a groundsheet. We even thought about placing them in front of the garage gates. Unfortunately it could then be treated as a prank. A couple of weeks ago we had cleared some wood that had been carelessly discarded (in fact covering some of the birds foot trefoil we had brought down from Gaisby top) and stacked it on the fire area. We were there when garage man had set fire to it. Unfortunately there's no camcorder footage of it though we had thrown a scare into garage man!

A new idea: Why not clear the fly-tipped bed bases, pallets, etc and make a bonfire of them? We could soak it with petrel, set light to it, film it from a distance and wait for the fire engine to arrive.

11th January 2012: Lanolin site. Thought we would be here only a couple of hours or so; instead spent the entire day. We simply responded to unanticipated events; in this case simply climbed a mound onto a plateau to clear it of vine and nettles. Slashing with a machete we came upon a mound of stone, brick and concrete. It was like we were in an equatorial forest when suddenly before us was the ruin of an ancient civilisation. Except this is the remains of a canal lock. The topography of the place began to fall into place. The 'dip' must once have been a wharf which over the decades has transformed from a stinking black chemical soup to trefoil and butterflies.

It was by far the most exciting discovery on the Lanolin site. How many other people know it is there? It is like stepping into virgin territory where no one has trodden before. Possibilities leap frog; another industrial rockery, a playground for the Dingy Skipper. A plateau of trefoil. We raked the cut stems into a heap. If we had been deep topographers we would have sold it. But ecological practicality overrules aesthetics and dosh and sometime in the future we will set fire to it as it takes up too much space.

We have never undertaken a more demanding project and one so full of promise. Surprises leap out at us.

There might be the possibility that our sites of industrial dereliction around Shipley station may become a SEGI as time goes on. Although the official eco organisations are worried about what is taking place and keep well away fearing its 'criminal' nature they are not openly hostile though will never lift a finger to help out practically. This was to be expected and indeed it is something of a relief as it puts clear distance between 'them' and us. However the more it succeeds the more they clap from a safe distance and herein lies the danger. So we are walking a conservation tightrope. The whole place could be domesticated, cleaned up, tyres removed, proper saccharine footpaths made, seats installed, etc. Yuck, yuck, yuck....

The place just surprises. The concrete remains of the canal basin like an industrial Chicken Itza or an industrial Brimham Rocks. Within twenty square feet of this feature found tutsan, harts tongue fern, a single daffodil (cultivated) bluebells, box tree, gelder rose, wild privet. Why was this diversity so concentrated? Were song birds responsible? The wood next to the Bradford Beck is wider at this point. Across the beck is The Big Field. There's post-industrial rapids here too. How do you develop this; maybe some slight focussing on the water feature, or better still to leave it alone? But you could do makeshift dens and hides / tree observatories to observe birds, but executed so discreetly as if they didn't exist, so people walking through wouldn't really notice anything. Yet the whole place has been 'worked' and is crammed with ghosts; a presence you can still palpably feel.

Above: Aarons rod and wild privet on the Lanolin site

13th January 2012: Removed some cranesbill from Bowling Common. The conditions were icy but the plants were all neatly stashed in bags and trundled away. Then the bags started de-frosting turning into water! It resulted in a nightmare journey on buses to Shipley from the other side of Bradford! Expecting bus drivers to throw us off at any moment we were steeled for the first onslaught as melt ice become riverlets flowed down the bus floor towards the door. Fortunately the driver from the Interchange through Wrose to Windhill didn't notice as truth to tell he was a wee bit shortsighted. Nonetheless it was very trying and tiring and we were pleased when all the cranesbill was planted on the Lanolin site. Unless a person has had direct experience of digging up plants, transporting them on a trolley, then onto a bus packed with passengers then they don't have any notion how tense and nerve wracking the situation can be.

So we were physically and emotionally exhausted by the time we had finished planting cranesbill. But then we set to work clearing the industrial mounds of vine and thick-rooted bramble. Though difficult it was also rewarding, as with each slash of the machete an exciting terrain was revealed. These are not natural features as this is artificial countryside and thus formally more intriguing than natural landscape. However, nature has worked on these mounds, soil having accumulated over the decades from decaying vegetation and leaf litter. Would be interesting to itemise what these mounds are made of. In fact in themselves the place resembles an archaeological site, like something gone skew-whiff from the Bronze and Iron Age; maybe an industrial iron age where there is no buried treasure, no barrow covering a grave from 2500 BC. Yet there are things to be unearthed, revealed more by suggestion than explicit statement, so no one can be sure if there by design.

Above: the cleared post-industrial mounds which were then seeded with continental birds foot trefoil

Turned-up lots of bricks from the industrial Brimham Rocks as these are just the type of thing the Dingy Skipper likes to bask on. Thought of constructing a heaped-up wall of brick extending half way down the slope; it could though have looked like an installation even though suiting the Dingy Skipper perfectly. The brick will give off real heat during the late spring months which the Dingy would love. Perfect. Make steps. Well not steps, as that's too formal. Make unnoticed steps, even anti steps but which are functional nonetheless.

People are using the site more. The point is to encourage their involvement – to elicit it – without them realising. So they think it comes from them. It is the opposite of being ordered, told, commanded – the opposite of rules, of byelaws, of the constrictions of nature reserves. It is essentially lawless, a dream landscape in which each is king and queen. Absolute. Talked to a guy with a dog who knew a lot of recent past history about this forgotten nook. As a school kid he had seen the former Lanolin factory built next to the filled in canal, burn down. This area was formerly known as pitty pops or pitzy pots. Where the Shipley garage standing above on Briggate now is there were houses beneath the high cliff face. When the guy left he did not take the usual path but the one we had created that went from the form dockside through the bottom of the former canal basin.

15th January 2012: Cleared the mounds further and then chopped down a few trees; we also cleared matted scrub from around the huge stones deposited on the side when the canal was closed in the 1920s. This discovery of the remnants of the Bradford Canal was breathtaking. We never had the foggiest it was there and we suspect this is true of the vast majority of people who casually use this place. Frequently we came close, very close, rather like those intrepid explorers who suddenly broke through impenetrable jungle to find an ancient civilisation, a ruined civilisation. A few stone edifices all that is left to say it was here. No one though has been here for decades. This has become virgin territory in a manner of speaking and are we opening things up to intrepid travellers and then the next step on from that, of all things an alternative tourist venue when the place finally becomes a SEGI?

The water authorities in cahoots perhaps with the council are obviously opposed to people walking along the beck bank. Their ridiculous attempts to stop them like dragging sawn off logs across the new paths we've created won't deter anyone apart from the most programmed and insipid suburbanite. And if someone is adventurous enough to walk along the beck bank a few twigs here and there ain't gonna deter their questing spirit. We are essentially explorers, discoverers. Never has industrial dereliction been so attractive: the problem is it is also the fertile ground of a bad literary romanticism. The problem is deep topographers have the drop on conservationists. Deep topographers know little or nothing about nature and conservationists have no idea just how much they are in thrall to a banal countryside aesthetic. Indeed a meeting up of topographers and conservationists could be of some value in helping change entrenched attitudes. Both though have a long way to go before arriving at revolutionary perspectives.

Listened to a radio feature slot on Incredible Edible based in the Hebden Bridge / Todmorden nexus. Pam Warhurst the spokeswoman said through this food for free gardening she had never felt so motivated. Same here. Rarely have we felt so fulfilled in this most awful of societies where fulfilment is an illusion in any case. Doing this embraces the necessities of dis-alienation. However, it seems on reflection that Incredible Edible flits in and out of officialdom and some of the trendy eco, Small is Beautiful shopkeepers so typical of this area helped initiate the project benignly patronised by local councillors. Other people suggest that it has since drifted from this limited social stratum connecting with estate tenants catching on with the proles? We will have to wait and see. We will have to wait and see always remembering in ancient days the most extensive commons in England were in this neck of the woods and a powerful, even subliminal memory remains.

Drew up a list of some sixteen things still to do. Today, we did none of these things as the process takes over and one cannot plan. The bonfire hearth on the garage site is spilling over threatening to cover the entire dwarf trefoil meant for the Dingy Skipper......and Dobbin the horse was back on the Leeds Road site giving the place a haircut....... And then we noticed the warning spikes near the high-pressure gas pipe that runs parallel to the bridge over the beck from the Windhill Estate. Had this pipe been prompted by the promised development plans published in the local Telegraph and Argus or had we been responsible? Perhaps a bit of both. But felt nonetheless this site was being taken away from us and from the exploited of Windhill. All our work was coming to nothing. Dispirited we still set to work on the Lanolin site removing the six or so large rotting sheets of thick ply half buried in the ground. The ply had killed off the grass beneath and was relatively easy to move, exposing the mashed dead stalks and the bare earth beneath. It should be easy to sow with seed. Finally we crowned the piled up boards with a giant green plastic crate and so inverted its legs looked like the turrets of a plastic castle. When the surrounding trees come into leaf all will be concealed.

The council are still up to their silly tricks of dragging cut branches across the paths we've cut through both carr woodland and scrub by the side of the beck. We have now started to call it Fart Beck because it smells like an open sewer, emitting beck farts. No slick builder will want to locate a housing estate here. Well we had to keep saying this in order to keep spirits up. We then moved on to the containing wall of the former Bradford Canal to take out the nettle roots. It was very arduous and an axe was used to chop the roots in two. The roundup had been partially successful. So tomorrow we will seed the entire area.

18th February 2011: Dug bank sides on Lanolin site ready for seeding. Ready fencing has been placed across the Briggate entrance to the Lanolin site and notices were pinned to it saying "Beware Deep Excavations." Looking over the rise to the concreted section we noticed part of it had been fenced off where the beck 'bridge' has come away falling to the somewhat hemmed-in torrent below. For sure the council must have known about all of this for some time – perhaps even years – but our actual presence on the site had compelled them to go pro-active perhaps in fear of a Health & Safety Executive going generally bananas. For certain the council's attempt to somewhat cordon off the site has been partially successful as only one person exercised their dog on this a Saturday.

19th February 2011: Seeded the Lanolin site and the back of Shipley Station. Also pulled up a lot of buddleia on the garage site, clearing a substantial area ready for planting. Also stacked discarded bits of wood onto the garage's fire hearth – if nothing other than to put the frighteners on the owners. Moreover, they have been dumping plasterboard in the wood simply because as a fire retardant plasterboard doesn't burn. It was a tense afternoon in general constantly hiding from the trains as we seeded the back of the Ilkley platform. It was the same on the garage site as we were expecting the owner to turn up anytime. It would have meant further confrontation and it is still better that we retain our anonymity for the time being.

Talked to an interesting Canadian woman on The Big Field with a dog called Rusty. She asked us what we were doing having noticed us before. We explained we were 'developing' the entire area – deploying deliberately vague language not knowing where she was coming from – cop or subversive? But then she turned enthusiastic and honesty kicked in. She certainly did not want a housing estate on what she regarded as her precious bit of land saying, "Why not convert the empty mills instead." We were totally in agreement and she thoroughly approved of our direct action empathising with the way we don't ask permission, just going straight ahead.

Continued on the next webs......

Nameless Wilding Stickers and Photos

Wilding Transformations & Great Expectations (Personal Diary 2)

Wilding Transformations & Great Expectations. (Personal Diary 1) [here]

Nameless Wilding (A General Drift)

The John Clare Collective (Winter 2013)

What follows is an edited diary of events, theoretical speculation and conflicts with authority as they happened some of which is alluded to in Nameless Wilding

A young guy on the bridge seeing us with a spade and a rake in our hands said "be careful lads, there's a patch of ice ont' t'other end of t'bridge." He knew who we were and was impressed by our spirit. We obviously are being talked about but nothing like we will be. We then collected some pedunculatus pods and quite a harvest it proved to be; all this in the middle of February! I shall take a particular pleasure in planting (and germinating) their seeds. Somehow it is "Against Nature" but in a good way.

Above: Although Huysmans book contains fascinating descriptions of a natural world gone strange and awry the exact translation in English should be Against the Grain

20th February 2011: Seeded "the humps" or mounds next to the industrial Chicken Itza. Exhausting work. From a distance we noticed a young dad and his son enter on the path we had created. He appeared to be trying to bend the wild privet trees to the ground. A naturalist (of sorts) perhaps introducing his son to nature. Later we saw him on the garage site looking at the ground. Again our ludicrously shaped mockery of a grand project is clearly preferable to the grand puddle in the centre of Bradford and written about in today's Guardian. I wondered if a Dingy Skipper might eventually perch on a twisted metal bar like it was an 'industrial' branch. D said no, "but Iain Sinclair might eventually perch on it. "Yesterday picked up a most peculiar object. It was made of aluminium and hadn't rusted though moss was now growing on it. "What is it" I asked. The reply came back: "An early Sinclair."

21st February 2011: Two trips to the vicinity of Trench Meadows to collect around twenty plants of knapweed. Pleased to note that some of the roots contained sorrel the food plant of the Small Copper which really is increasing its presence on sites around Shipley Station. This trip wasn't tiring and nothing like the Gaisby trek. So come four thirty neither of us felt tired in fact rather exhilarated. We hadn't planned on doing this. Coming back on the 576 bus to Halifax there was an altercation between some Asian gals. A Muslim gal wearing a hi-jab got uptight about some free lifestyle rip-roaring Asian gals at the back of the bus who at times were swearing their heads off. So did an African gal who was shocked at the effing and blinding. It was a case of Fundamentalist Christianity and Islam at one with each other over this liberating display. When we got up to dismount I turned to smile at the effers and blinders and one raised her arm in clenched salute. Great.

24th Feb. 2012, a dark night. Tonight though was altogether more nerve wracking. Digitised train announcements have been cancelled – probably a cost saving measure – but because of this a couple of trains crept upon us unaware. Only the dark night saved us. Still we managed to put down some birds foot trefoil seed but the path now seems pretty much full with hop trefoil. And we must be extra special careful as the papers are full of reports about stealing copper wire and we were carrying enough lethal tools with us that wouldn't have stood up well in court. Then we quickly moved onto the 'hard core' ballast platform where we cut down some invasive buddleia. None of the passers-by in the car park took any notice even when carrying all the cut branches across the car park stacking them in the rough patches behind the Morecambe platform.

16th March 2012: Went on to clear the copse on the garage site. Suddenly the entire project is threatened. We started by drilling tree stumps and pouring brake fluid down the holes capping them with soil and moss, all in the hope this will kill the roots. Can these areas be saved from some rubbish development? We have somehow to involve the Windhillies; the proly tenants. More and more people are using the Lanolin site walking down the paths we have opened up. But will these people be prepared to support us? And does it mean we have to approach the Windhill Tenants Committee first? We are just so isolated.

17th March 2012: Noticed a hoodie with a dog. He briefly stopped on the bridge, looking into the beck, turned and went onto the Lanolin site. The spaces we have opened up are being increasingly used. Coming back we noticed a car parked on the asphalt of the old anal. Had to be his. It was.

Once back in Great Horton headed to the vicinity of the Village Hall to dig up doves foot cranesbill. In Ward St we were approached by a very young woman who wanted to know what we were doing. Her partner was an Indonesian guy who hovered in the background. She has lived there for six years. Immediately invited us to the local urban farm she helps out in. True, she was somewhat fluffy yet it was a genuine encounter. We described some of the rough and tumble confrontations with authority we have had recently and how in exasperation we had mockingly described our seeds as bombs which explode in the middle of the night as, almost by rote, authority immediately regards us as terrorists. She somewhat haughtily said we should not joke about wayside bombs and we knew instantly she hadn't got a clue about the state's strategy of terror and its long and murky history.

19th March 2012: Then moved on to the Baildon Holmes site. First though took a look at the "Tasty Fillings" site noting that some sections of ready fencing have been pulled down making access that much easier. Everywhere it seems security is being increasingly withdrawn. On Baildon Holmes the tin fencing is also still down and the goosander are still on the River Aire. We seeded on the Otley Road end of the site, a combination of cornunculatus and pedunculatus. Also scattered some trefoil chaff after doing a quick break up of the skeletal, stony soil as it was just too windy to add a mix of red fescue. An easy chair has been left at the 'illegal' entrance to the site from the bridge to Dockfield Road suggesting people are increasingly using it as a recreational area, especially a place where they can let their dogs roam free from the leash and maybe throw balls for the dog to catch.

21st March 2011: Susan visited our imitation grande projet in Bradford. Her immediate objection was to all the rubbish, saying she could not possibly take 'Yvonne' of Shipley in Bloom around this sprawling site of industrial dereliction whilst the offensive litter was still there. The aesthetics of appearance was what mattered objecting to the abandoned tyres around the former Bradford Canal. She then somewhat changed her mind when I pointed out that we had planted some of the tyre interiors with trefoil and were looking forward to the day seeing trefoil overflowing the big rubber wheels. I also showed her the cut leaf cranesbill growing in some tyres. By degrees she began to change he mind, a change utterly obvious at the end of the tour. On the Lanolin site we were approached by a refuse collector wearing a Bradford Council hi-viz jacket. Trouble coming our way (?) - the usual response - but no, he was really curious and wanted to know some of the history of the old canal, details of which, by the by, fascinated him. Like when we got stuck into some of the most lurid facts such as when the canal would periodically catch-a-fire big time burning for a mile at least! People always love that story. All of this incidentally helped persuade Susan even more as we blathered on and on!

That night we returned to Shipley Station imagining the next day's headlines in the local rag "Night Raid on Shipley Station." Black humour and blacked-up and then off we went to cut down buddleia on the hard core area of the Forster Square to Skipton platform. The place though was over-run with security and police and we were lucky to escape arrest. But it pulled us up sharpish: do police have unscheduled security blitzes? Is this a question of doing more with less security also maybe involving pay cuts? The community copper who unexpectedly came out the Transport Police HQ would have caught us red-handed. In fact we thought we were faced with an "enforcers" moment and we briefly left the croppers and axe in the disability lift. However the copper continued walking across the footbridge and we hadn't been rumbled at all.

22nd March 2012: Trip to Bradshaw just out from Halifax. Found mounds of doves foot cranesbill growing on a dry stone wall though it was all entwined with moss, which meant it was easy to dig out and transport to the Lanolin site about ten miles away as we proceeded to bus hop.

The police were still in occupation of Transport Police HQ on Shipley Station meaning another fucking failed commando raid. Are they there because of car theft? We are observing their movements like old style guerrillas or the militants of the French Resistance monitoring an occupying force.

Went to a BUWG meeting. It was a talk on South Bingley Bog. There is nothing inspiring here. This approach cannot enthuse. It's all about sponsorship and seventy thousand pounds has been spent on paths, railings, and olde worlde hanging gates. It is the herbilandia of wild nature and I would not like 'our' site to be taken over and developed like South Bingley Bog. Who the fuck wants special picnic areas, who wants to control movement? What we've 'created' is wide open; it attracts not repels. It is not a passive site as it is rich in features, far, far, far more so than Bingley South Bog. Reverence for hierarchy rules conservation groups. Here nature flourishes through bureaucratic dispensation; figures lead and businesses give life to nature and middle class women look on adoringly. The philistinism of this approach to nature springs from the philistinism of their everyday lives as Mayakovsky almost put it. Where are THE PEOPLE in all of this? We don't need picnic areas; we need areas for alcoholics - now that's much more authentic. Thus the Laura Oldfield Ford's and the Sinclair's will always have the drop on these nowhere people.

The improvised railing we made to assist people descending from the bridge from The Big Field to the garage site via the coppice has been untied at one end and laid aslant to stop people using the primitive steps we made. Feel this is the handiwork of some banal jobsworth of a suit. A proper manual council worker would have been much more thorough. Of course such a trifling obstacle does tend to deter the middle class but then this transforming site is not for them. For them everything has either to be paved or unpacked before they will take timid steps. They have no spirit of adventure.

Listened in on a mobile conversation on the 576 bus from Halifax. Though the woman had a job she was going to have to walk back from work. It was only Monday and she was already skint waiting for payday on Thursday, and how very like the 1930s. Walking actually is now a rediscovered activity in Bradford, or rather a necessity. It is maybe why people are tending to use the Lanolin site more and more. Certainly I have noticed more people leaning over the fence on Briggate above looking at the transformation taking place. Walking as a necessity is also opening peoples' eyes.

3rd April 2012: The bottom of the rock face has been cleaned up in front of the Carters Arms adjacent to Shipley Station. There are three green disposal bags filled with 'weeds' for the council garden rubbish collection. Why? Did Shipley in (bloody) Bloom have anything to do with it, seeing all the eponymous 'Yvonne' could do was complain about the rubbish on Stead St. Horticulture and herbicide go together – they murder anything natural. Horticulture and unofficial nature are at war.

The concrete blocks on the approach to the tarmacked covered former Bradford Canal from the Leeds Road have become an installation. Someone has sprayed BANKSY in fluorescent green paint on one of them; obviously a complete naïve, possibly hooligan artiste. A piece of table leg, a plastic carton partially filled with water containing a piece of wood, a broken DVD player, leylandia branches have been placed on the blocks. The fly tipping is being used as aesthetic material, a combination of installation, vandalism, fly tipping and feeble attempts by council suits at stopping us - all this is now coming into play.

6th April 2012: Dinnington Colliery again. A heavy day removing carr woodland. The paths we opened up last year are still being used by bikers. One guy on a quad bike stopped to talk. People are wondering who is doing the clearing and for why? We told him about the need to protect the Dingy Skipper and that his quad bike by churning up the earth was providing the bare ground essential to the butterfly's survival. Ten years ago he would have been hostile regarding the ground as his own private territory now he was more than interested. Indeed bikers and walkers paths diverge; walkers choosing the less muddy paths which in any case the bikers find difficult to ride along. Interestingly, local people appreciate the new freedom of movement we are providing. Unlike Shipley no one thinks to use it as a basis for installation. This is more utilitarian than 'creative' but nonetheless really liked by this ex-mining community. They love the fact we are ignoring the rules set out by Rotherham Council forbidding any such actions and prominently displayed on spoil heap entrance notice boards.

Above: The only memory of a dead and gone Dinnington colliery and its vibrant community. A useless semi pit-wheel memorial set in an equally useless and dead municipal park

7th April 2012: Previously we had gone onto the Tesco site along the Otley Road pulling up buddleia over a largish area. Returned today to complete seeding combining dwarf trefoil with red fescue. There are two varieties of hop trefoil already residing. Again how did it get here? Why this trefoil explosion? But no cut leafed cranesbill not even one plant. How long will it take to arrive? (There has for instance been a considerable increase behind Ilkley platform and sufficient to support a small colony of Brown Argus if and when they arrive). We scattered trefoil chaff around and about. It a fascinating site and we even chaffed-up part of a builders' soil pyramid. This visual demonstration of what could be done wit a heap of earth on flatland could become a model for the now virtually useless flatland official butterfly meadow on Shipley Station. On one of the pyramids a pair of boots was sticking out, like someone had been comically buried. It was an absolute delight; a supreme visual joke especially when combined with the natural potential of the site. It is things like this that make abandoned building sites and sites of industrial dereliction so interesting.

29th April 2012: An eventful week. Discovered an easier run from the top of Gaisby Quarry. It is easier here to lift the trefoil in its entirety, the plants being smaller and the ground was soaked meaning the top roots were less inclined to break. We planted the majority in the old sidings, dummy end platform on Station Road, Shipley. Whilst clearing up part of it a couple of Rail Response Unit employees passed by looking a trifle puzzled. Eventually they returned only to affably ask if we were digging for gold. We laughed and then explained what we were doing adding some bullshit that we were working under the auspices of Shipley in Bloom. We had decided on this strategy beforehand in case we were challenged. The Rail Response guys seemed impressed and had we slagged-off the 'blue roses' of Shipley in Bloom they might have been more so, especially if we had said they were only deferring to the example of Harrogate, or rather Bradford with GCSE's!

The Paribas site has been welded firmly shut. It is no longer merely a matter of deterring travellers and caravans but people in general. The buddleia has been chopped down to prevent the place becoming carr woodland. The reason for securing the site are those of Health & Safety, a sign reading, "Warning: slips, trips, falls, hazards. Danger: Keep Out. This site contains multiple hazards." Of course it does. However the infirm footpath alongside the River Aire (now in spate) contains many more though no comment is made about that. However this counter insurgency has made us even more determined to enter the Paribas site, even if necessary creating a new footpath down the Aire bank which a security firm will find impossible to block off.

Our chief delight on this rain-drenched day was to find at least fifteen trefoil plants where the old signal box used to be on Shipley Station. D had scattered trefoil 'tumbleweed' on this patch a year ago. The success of this illegal venture has exceeded our wildest expectations. The seeds may well have been protected from last year's drought by the crushed granite stones, moisture forming underneath. We scattered further chaff here and at the other end of the platform, heavy rain providing perfect protection. The train staff are now far less security conscious. Perhaps there is no one to ring on the station, security staff the first to face the cuts. We also amazingly found four young trefoil plants poking through the tarmac on the ballast platform.

Finally felt some sense of victory compensating for the setback on the Paribas site on Dockfield Road. This area had formerly been Shipley's industrial belt – and still just to say - is. However, right next to the Paribas site there was industrial building that has been converted into a dance / theatre academy. Calling itself the Q20 Theatre, Creative Arts lab, a banner had been hung above the red door which read NYDZA School of Dance for Ballet, Jazz, Stagecraft, Singing & Workshops. Is Bradford poised to receive the artistic makeover that was Newcastle's fate? Perhaps it is now just too late in the day. But if so, are we destined to play a similar role in bringing this faux creative transformation as we unwittingly did in Newcastle –Upon –Tyne?

Last year it was 'the fire', this year 'the water'. All biblical in apocalyptic description covering the fact that suicide capitalism is largely to blame for this crisis.

Our balustrades and handrails have been taken down. We initially thought the council was the culprit, however on reflection we think it was garage man in retaliation for our environmental crime scene stickers. The balustrades are going back though this time bolted through the trees. He also sought to destroy the steps leaving a concrete lump in front of the steps. The council would never have done this, as it would have constituted a hazard. If garage man wants war he will get it. We must work out our next move – perhaps dumping his plasterboard which he fly tipped in the wood in front of his gates with a message saying he has been filmed doing it and that we intend to notify the council.

4th May 2012: No it was the council after all. Garage man exonerated, as he was too fearful to remove handrails. Returning across the wooden bridge over the Bradford Beck we noticed the big, green plastic council refuse bin had been retrieved from the water. The most likely sub-contracted gang that retrieved it hadn't the gumption to realise the fly tipping and our improvised steps and tree trunk handrails were two separate things. In fact they may well have thought the steps etc were there to facilitate fly tipping. The tree bent across our labyrinth path through the carr woodland would never deter a fly tipper nor will the stones across the tarmaced surface of the old canal stop a truck driving around them.

Above: vandals and green council bins. Later we removed the ply boards pictured above as beneath lay perfect areas of cleared cloth soils where trefoil was to flourish

20th May 2012: Visiting the site and further ideas spark. I become aware of small, minute changes. I 'disintegrate' as I respond to these shiftings. I also start to expand into the environment, like it's a new me. In so doing that ever-present melancholia begins to lift, as I become a 'different' person, like I am also the habitat.

I had run to this site like a lover to their beloved, consumed by an obsession, which is almost an illness. But I lose myself in it and true love is also a forgetting of self.

Stopped off at the City centre to visit the Westfield's occupation; there is now a mass of birds foot trefoil and possibly the Common Blue is already here. We were allowed through the gates by the guys holding the fort but none of our seeding from late last year has taken which we had chucked over the security fence. It was then that D had an idea. Why not spread the seed chaff around the site, telling the occupiers why we were doing it. Clearly there is an overlap between what we are doing and the occupation movement. In this we get noticed but in a good way. The occupiers welcome the media but we don't! Still there is contact here.

2nd June 2012, The Respect Party. Occupation is almost certainly a George Galloway 'Respect' front; party political manipulation at its worst. The usual stuff – pretending the movement is autonomous when it is in fact organised from 'on top' i.e. by George Galloway. Explained something of what we were doing "that we wanted to seed the big hole." I didn't realise but I was talking to the Respect councillor from Bradford Moor, Faisal Khan. He was adept at trotting out the party line (i.e. the big hole was bad for business) but privately thinking capitalism itself was in a hole from which there was no chance of getting out of in the immediate future. So why pretend there was? Should Westfield's come back to Bradford; Respect obviously hopes to claim credit for that. I could feel Faisal Khan was not being honest with me accustomed as he was to holding back exceedingly careful of what he said. It was almost as if he wanted rid of me for I was an embarrassment.

I was going to go back to the 'open' assembly at 7 pm to put forward my argument but seeing I was going to be at cross purposes on the lines of the above paragraph I decided to defy this manipulated, 'democratic' assembly and simply chuck seed over the fence in defiance of 'Occupy' pseudo protocol. So basically I am reacting to them in the same way I do to Network Rail, the council or the land banks. The occupation of Westfield's marks the decadence of the recent occupy movement, a parody of its former strengths. While I had been talking to Faisal Kahn, someone welcomely interrupted to say they like 'the big hole' and the truth is it is a million times better, more interesting than a Westfield's Mall. It is a symbol of failure, of endemic crises from which there is no exit within capitalist paradigms. It is the objective correlative at the heart of peoples' lives. This absent centre is us.

Above: Where we could we have thrown seeds through the by now typical blue fencing which surrounds land banks like Bradford's 'big hole'. An embarrassed council putting a gloss on this disastrous experiment which, historically it has been so adept at, has taken a leaf out of Incredible Edible's book making gurky podiums to grow free garden vegetables in the midst of mown lawns. Interestingly nobody seems to take this ready food on offer.

3rd June 2012: It is like we are the anonymous 'disappeared' gardeners an invisible force of nature. Within the space of only two years we have created many viable butterfly meadows, a post-industrial butterfly meadow. And it all began with the contents of a packet of green manure from a garden centre in Brigg in Lincs. If it wasn't for that, I rather think the red and white clover would not be there. Finally we felt a sense of achievement as we waited soaked to the skin under the railway bridge on Leeds Rd. We had carried out a major work of transformation, we had shaped something, left our mark on a landscape. Waiting at the bus stop noticed how many of the huge 19th century York stones holding up the bridge have fossil imprints. Also on each stone there were a couple of deep indentations, which would have been used to lift the stone into place. Inevitably thought about the stonemasons who had constructed the bridge and how different things would have looked 160 years ago. And what of our 'project' 160 years hence? A wasteland of fire and brimstone with nothing left to show?

4th June 2012, Penistone station. Sunny intervals were forecast so we took off for the railway junction high on the hills near to Barnsley. The former goods yard has changed but not for the better. The mounds of old blast furnace clinker have gone; the place levelled and cleaned up. Still a number of Dingy Skippers were evident. However, Yorkshire Butterfly Conservation estimates that the butterfly is doing well here though in truth it is nothing more than their usual dose of rash optimism. We would estimate that the colony has declined around 70% since we first discovered it here around 2003. Mostly this is to due to the unchecked growth of carr woodland. The clean up, probably for a proposed park 'n' ride scheme has robbed the site of interest – the fly tipping, the thrown away TV sets, the abandoned massive heavy duty tyres. It has become a dull site and therefore of maximum appeal to an unimaginative Butterfly Conservation that fears industrial dereliction, that fears abandoned places because they are 'lawless' and anything goes, even for nature. The Common Blue was also flying and we must have seen twenty plus. Most of the Dingy Skippers still looked quite fresh.

Above: Penistone Station in the early noughties before the carr woodland became invasive

Next day coming back through the spinney on the garage site we noticed someone had recently lit a little fire by the beck around a primitive type of hearth and the wood for burning had been neatly stacked against the wall. This is just what we want for it shows people are actively using the place. This practise would be forbidden in an official nature reserve.

Above: Imitation of a Native American powwow communal fireplace on a Bradford Beck wall below The Big Field?

5th June 2012: It was a heavy day's work bringing with it though the onset of enormous satisfaction. We are truly creating and shaping. This is how life should be lived and the beginning of a new person inside your own body becomes apparent. Unfortunately the feeling does not last because the rest of the world refuses to change.

7th June 2012: Went around The Big Field with a botanist and counted over 60 species of plants and grasses. Typically she never knew of its existence and neither did Susan until a couple of years ago. I think Susan feels upstaged by us and also Shipley in Bloom who are perhaps a bit more abrasive with Network Rail than she is. We pointed to the steel fencing that separates The Big Field from the back of the Ilkley platform. Susan said it had been put there because the railway had been electrified ignoring the fact that it was a symbol of privatisation as against the ideology of public ownership. I said that kids are able to jump the fence. The botanist also immediately assumed it was to avoid paying fares. "No" we replied, "It is to save 10 to 15 minutes because otherwise it means going right around the station approaches." Before these ridiculous fences went up older people too used this convenient short cut.

13th June 2012, Huddersfield Stn. When I was waiting for the train on Huddersfield station I became an object of suspicion. I stood on the edge of the platform to note the 'weeds'. A security officer (female) alerted by CCTV came to check me out though she was careful not to confront me.

3rd July 2012, Valley Rd. This is like no other meadow I have ever been in. There is something excitingly unnatural about it. There is a clash of primary and secondary colours. The purple blue of bugle, the yellow of birds foot trefoil and of buttercup, the flaming orange red of orange hawksbit, the pink of the red clover and the dirty magnolia of white clover. It is a living palette, a creation of post-industrial and quite breathtaking in its contrasts and unexpectedness 'made' yet not made, something that has been left to grow naturally in a way that has never happened before.

6th July 2012, Monsoon rain. The downpour appeared to be ceasing around 1pm so we decided to hit Shipley and dig some squares in The Big Field where later we could put in clumps of pedunculatus. We though were to be hit in turn by the devastation we found there. The Bradford Beck was in spate (and how!) and horror of horrors had overflowed its banks and swept through the garage site and down Perseverance Road even uprooting parked cars transforming them into floating boats. At first we thought the grasses and trefoil had been laid low like crops are following torrential storms but closer inspection of the debris left behind by the flood confirmed our worst fears. The wood or rather the spinney on the approach to the garage site from the bridge was standing in water like a temperate mangrove swamp, or a miniature Florida Everglade, a morphing environmental frighteningly innovative feature of climate change. Is this the type of flooding event likely to become more frequent with global warming? Is there much more to come, much much worse? This would be like the effects of drizzle should the planet warm by 6 degrees.

Onto the Lanolin site: it looked like a temperate rain forest but minus the wild life particularly insects and birds. The dock, thistles, parsley and grasses grown rank were twice their normal size, more like aberrant creatures waiting to pounce; potential triffids as it were. The clumps of parsley towered above the site like giant hogweed. It presented an unnatural, depressing picture, very green but very dead. We were worried the trefoil was being more than shaded out and that shortly it will die due to lack of sunlight. Again the dreaded thought that forces we cannot control or effect would reduce all our immense effort to nothing. We decided to take a closer look at the raging beck accessing it through the concreted area where the site in general goes out onto Canal Road. There was still a surprising amount of birds foot trefoil, one plant even flowering well over a year since the area was seeded.

Above: The beck in flood and car parts strewn across our creative path

Venturing onto the unofficial path we had cut through the undergrowth last winter by the side of the beck, it was obvious efforts had been made to block it by the council, possibly prompted by the river authority, which monitors the beck. Where before branches and thinnish tree trunks we had cut down had been dragged from the undergrowth and placed across the impromptu path, now car fenders had been used as obstacles! The stakes were being upped. The obstacles had been mechanised and obviously brought in. We initially thought it was an installation as so bizarre; a secret security happening not meant to be looked at, almost an artistic negation. The council dump must have been ransacked for suitable material and what more suitable than car fenders!!! They seemed to sum up the madness of the age, madness beyond redemption exceeding that of all other ages. This unconscious metaphor seemed to be saying do what you will; the car will triumph over the wilding of cities. To make matters worse one of us this very morning had become aware the great saviour of peak oil was now a thing of the past and that shale oil and oil shale would more than make good the deficit. To show our contempt and inject some slight rationality into the situation we threw the car parts into the foaming, angry beck where they were swept away, mechanical porpoises floating on the flood tide. Who knows if the car parts weren't eventually swept into the River Aire a mile downstream?

We walked back along the former Bradford Canal. Only now it was a sheet of water several inches deep. The water would have flowed over walking boots so we were obliged to pick our way along the inclined, council manicured bank side. The battery on the camera needed recharging. Damn. Although had photographed Mallard's on a brief pond formed here a few weeks ago in this most atrocious of summers this could have passed as a recreating, a simulacra of the former canal which so fascinated John Ruskin in the latter half of the 19th century. A simulacra care of the achievement of global warming able perhaps to realise that essential part of the failed Aire Valley Regeneration Plan, the third opening of the Bradford Canal!

Above: Mallard's on the tarmacked unintentional 'new' Bradford Canal!

Perhaps it is now too late to even wild cities? Perhaps it is just too late for anything? This is unnatural nature, nature grown strange, alien, metaphysical, malevolent, a monstrosity like Moby Dick defying scientific nomenclature that will take us all down – though this time not one naturalist or 'human being' will survive to tell the tale.

2nd August 2012. Nonetheless, we were able to get on with out tasks clearing around some big old stones and ripping up nettle roots and buried bits of carpets which had become soiled over. This is the strangest, most contradictory of landscapes. Nature has not created this – or ever could. It is "un-natural" habitat, something new and inspiring and without precedent; nature conservation with an edge.

3rd August 2012. On the Lanolin site the drain gang were still completing their work. We were there when they pulled off giving the thumbs up salute. The problem had been tyres blocking drains. "Why should kids want to chuck tyres down drains?" a Geordie queried. We explained there had been an immense flood only a month or so and the tyres most likely would have been forced up the drains by the floodwater. Amazingly the drain company had not been given this important fact by Bradford Council when hired to do the job. Talk about un-joined up thinking, no wonder these engineers spent days trying to crack a problem without any background information! Moreover, The Geordie guy said in any case the problems they had to deal with nowadays were increasingly out of the ordinary and global warming and consequent freak weather was to blame. As a drains engineer he was at the sharp end of weather weirding and needed no persuading drastic changes were taking place up there in the heavens.

Above: The Dutch Vandervalk & Degroot company's drain gang on the lanolin site in summer 2012

4th August 2012. The Garage site. Because of the brick-stone substrate, the roots of the nettles ran along the shallow, covering soil and could be pulled up in mat –like formation. As usual, we also found ourselves pulling up bits of rotting fabric and even disturbed nests of wood lice that had found shelter between layers of something like Bakelite plastic. This is nature but also post nature. Prior to the industrial revolution nothing like it would ever have been found.

5th of August 2012. The exposed bank sides at the station are ideal for sowing with trefoil. Seeing it was Sunday it was possible to cut down the buddleia on the ballast platform without fear of attracting police and security. The point is to pre-empt the use of herbicidal sprays, and thus in a way, doing the job of subcontracted staff or something like the goons who identify with Cameron's "Big Society". So are we mugs? Or rather are we not thinking like the enemy in order to anticipate the enemy's moves, getting inside their skin in order to thwart them, to make them stumble, to dis-empower them; to take over.

20th August 2012. Return to Bradford and the great disaster. Shock horror! Never in my wildest imaginings could I have nightmarishly dreamt of such a thing happening. Yet it did – and I still cannot believe it.

The beck has flooded once more, driving right through the garage site. Yesterday's flood was a mere trickle compared to this. It literally broke concrete, tossing it around like it was polystyrene. A double course brick wall had been thrown against the fringe of birch trees we had left when cutting back the wood to make a copse, crushing some of the alder buckthorn we'd planted. This is the fury of the elements and we are powerless to combat it. We can fight the council, we can fight land banks, we can do something about official sponsored herbicide spraying maniacs but we cannot personally combat climate change, well not until the example of ours (and others) anti car, anti spectacular consumption life style is taken up by millions in the highly developed world instigating a mission creep we proudly urge people to adopt everywhere we go. In the meantime despairing thoughts can grip your throat: is it even possible to create habitat now?

I was stunned that water could do this? This time it had even flowed over our "industrial rockery". Trees we had cut down had even been deposited at the far end of the garage site. Everywhere the effluvia of a somewhat toxic, raging torrent wrapped around tree trunks, the woodland floor washed clean obliterating all footprints, animal and human. Is it even possible to even create habitat now? The vision of a wildlife paradise fades forever. This is the fall of nature and with it human kind.

Will the council construct a floodwall? The cost will be colossal and will require steel pile driving and reinforced concrete. But at least, as it now stand – or floats - the site is safe from re-development. Or will the council treat the garage site as a new water meadow prone to periodic flooding but relieving pressure down stream where the beck flows under the railway line and Leeds Road?

The creation of habitat – what? – no more than the expenditure of colossal effort on a vain endeavour. Our hope is too much like despair; the last desperate dice throw of humanity an odyssey of defeat but an odyssey nonetheless.

But to return to the copse. Again I searched for adequate language – a suitable metaphor even – to describe this scene of desolation on the spot we now call "the copse". It looked artificial, like an installation artist had mounted it. Formerly we had described it as looking like a mangrove swamp but it was an inept metaphor. The look of a mangrove swamp is natural made familiar to us by film, TV, photos. This though was a scene of devastation – and a touch theatrical - meant to be "larger than life."

It could have been a backdrop to a kiddie's panto, a burlesque of a swamp straight out of Pirates of the Caribbean. Yet I could only think of the Japanese tsunami still hardly a year old. There was the sound of distant thunder, a rumbling somewhere up stream. Might it not be the thunder of another bore crashing down the beck? I kept nervously looking over my shoulder, half expecting to see a wall of water coming towards me at breakneck speed. The repose has gone forever out of the site; no longer a gentle oasis of wildlife, a postindustrial oasis just off Leeds Rd won from the surrounding desolation. The threat of climate change hangs over it. Might not last week's flood be a mere trickle compared to what's coming? Could 20 ft walls of water eventually sweep down the beck, a reverse tsunami? When uploading photos of the first "post delirium" flood, my attention was drawn to the photos of the Japanese tsunami of 2011 which were on the same memory stick. The parallel was obvious. For the first time in my life I had witnessed what raging water could do, its power invincible. Those unforgettable images of large boats leisurely crossing motor lanes as if traffic lights had turned green to make way for water craft not cars – were they not the projections of our apocalyptic psyche, an anticipation of what nature will become in a world warmed by anything up to six degrees?

On the garage site each trunk was like an installation sculpture. A matrix of twigs and branches of right angles to the perpendicular trunk had collected around the base. Stuck to this matrix like it was a notice board were bits of plastic, lino, PVC, empty goody bags, their saturated industrial colours gleaming like jewels in the gloom – crisp packets, chocolate wrappers, glossy cartoons reading "sesame sticks". Yes, it did look like a theatrical backdrop or an exhibit of rubbish for fools – yet inevitably more sobering, horrible, fascinating because it was so over-poweringly real – no price, unnoticed, no foot prints in the damp earth not even those of a fox – and I was the first to set foot in this post flood world, the first inhabitant of an altered world.

It also seemed like an "occupation", like this matrix of flotsam and jetsam had been an attempt to improvise walls of sticks, mud, bits of plastic, anything – a reinvention of the wall. Someone had attempted, not that long ago, to construct a yurt in the carr woodland, stringing abandoned electric cable from tree to tree, bending the saplings to serve as ribs over which others, deploying scrounged material, would be thrown. Now the sheer force of the water had done the same, saplings bent over in an arc, their tips touching the ground held down by this detritus of a different soil – torn off branches, rocks, bricks etc. that had been carried along by a mighty surge. Nature's fury had become the final constructor, the ultimate 'recuperation' of a failed revolution against which no redress is possible.

24th August 2012. A forever changed Bradford Beck wall. We demolished the brick wall that had been swept there by the storm surge and now partially covering a couple of the alder buckthorns we had planted. Could I have ever imagined when planting the buckthorn earlier this year that a brick wall weighing well over a ton would be hurled at them? Snapped off by kids or even torn up by the roots by malicious council officials but this, never! This is the sort of world we live in, the unpredictable the norm, the lightening that strikes from a clear blue sky.

Above: The broken brick wall

24th August 2012. The cloth oils of Bradford's industrially derelict sites – bits of carpet, webbing, stuffing etc. are intertwined with plant roots. Compost heaps of soil, vegetation, cloth, decaying slivers of wood. This is post industrial nature and we are neo-neolithic agriculturalists in a reverse mode reaching out to the Palaeolithic past.

And then the contrast with Bradford – the empty streets boarded up shops – a city pushed to the brink – yet making imaginative unofficial leaps beyond the capability of Leeds.

28th August 2012. Encounters, human and animal...Cleared tarmaced edges of the Lanolin site with an adze a task made so much easier because of it. It's a heavy tool to handle and I also begin to feel my age. Again it was a case of tearing up cloth soils – sheets of cardid sheep's wool. They act like weed mats – beneath them a tangled mass of roots, particularly nettle roots and above them a layer of soil made from leaf mould on which grass grows. Tearing it up is like rolling back a carpet mat, though requiring considerably more effort.

30th August 2012 Orange Tip Hill and Shipley Stn. Over the tannoy came the announcement "police to the booking hall" Ah, we had been spotted! But had I heard correctly – perhaps the announcement had been "please go to the booking hall"! But you have to continually break, or rather, at the very least continually bend the law to understand what surveillance culture - continually avoiding CCTV cameras – can do to an engaged subversive.

2nd September 2012. Visit to the inner city farm in Great Horton. We were only able to look through the chicken wire fence. Some 50 hens and cockerels ran towards us thinking it was feeding time. Otherwise this neo-farm was horrible with a terrain of clearly defined paths bordered with strips of tanalised timber. A wooden circle – an ersatz of a Woodhenge – a wooden pavilion, a bird hide, a mound of earth and trees planted at regular intervals. It was just so arranged as to be unbearable. One of the instigators of this project had picked me up when collecting dove foots cranesbill from Ward St in Great Horton. I had told her about the trouble we had experienced with authority when planting seeds. To increase the paranoia of security we had said they were exploding seeds. "You shouldn't say things like that" she had snapped back. Political Correctness is the opposite of city wilding.

Above: The unbearable twee inner city farm, Great Horton, Bradford 7

5th September 2012. Nutters. Sprayed Round-up on one of the piles of heaped up stones on the Lanolin site. A nutter was sitting in the informal field area we have created. Were this official country park, a character like this would have given it a wide berth. This is countryside for marginals; a marginal's childscape. For nutters. For suicides. For revolutionaries.

6th September 2012, Valley Rd, Bradford. It looks as if Bradford Council has seeded the intersection of Leeds Rd and Sticker Lane. I cannot help but feel it was the letter I sent to the local paper, the Telegraph and Argus, wot done it. (The letter was a complaint about a council herbicide outfit, which had deliberately sprayed and killed off a flourishing cinnabar caterpillar population by the side of the main Leeds Road.) The letter probably won't be published simply because it will attract too much interest and trigger a response which will embarrass Bradford Council. One can only surmise what happened behind closed doors – as with so many things we do. Perhaps the T&A were frightened of the Respect party getting hold of it or Profs' reading it in Bradford's Ecoversity. Intelligent liberalism is even suspect these days. (Postscript: In fact the letter was published much later but only after the council had tried to rectify the damage by a re-seeding.)

24th of September 2012 Dread Redevelopment. It poured down all day so I went through back copies of the Telegraph and Argus and was disturbed to find the Baildon Holmes site is going to be developed as this is the best Common Blue site on the banks of the Aire. Elland based building company Marshall CDP has revealed proposals for a big Wickes DIY store and a KFC at Baildon Holmes Mills. I was in despair but then thought here is an opportunity to expose the role of Bradford Council in opting for development of a useless sort over conservation and also to expose the greenwash of building company, Wickes and KFC, for they will soap themselves in greenwash. However, we must continue with the seeding concentrating on the area adjacent to the River Aire. The point is how to make as much telling publicity as possible and force the hand of eco-minded people and in that make many, many more enemies. Oh, that it were otherwise. But ecology is, almost in its entirety, in bed with capitalism.

Took some footage of the beck in spate. Tomorrow I intend filming the Aire which I hope will be close to bursting its banks. Further info: Baildon Holmes site was home to British Mohair Spinners for more than 240 years until the company moved its operations abroad in 2004. Large parts of the mill have since been demolished and permission was granted in 2008 to Mondale Construction for 78 apartments and 8 work units. Nothing has happened since, nor is likely to in the immediate future. It seems Ian Lyons is the planning spokesman for Baildon Residents against Inappropriate Development. He said, "The area is badly in need of tidying up and infrastructure improvements. As long as the development comes with section 106 benefits for Lower, or Baildon Holmes junction, it can only be a good thing." Tony Lipton is the managing director of Beckwith Design Associates, the architect for the proposed retail development.

I get the feeling the residents of the two terraces on Baildon Holmes (built to house the mill workers) aren't much bothered by the 'derelict' site. It is 'Tory' Baildon that is most upset by it. It is fear of "Baildon residents against inappropriate development" that may have spurred on Stainforth Construction to chop down the buddleia and so unwittingly assist us in clearing the site.

27th September 2012. The cunts at BNP Paribas. Saw two Common Blues on Baildon Holmes. The male was partially dished. How come they are so difficult to follow once they take to the air? Blue against a straw background should be easy. It isn't. What is the optics behind this disappearing trick? Will I ever get another chance to film the blues up close on the Otley Rd sites? Sad at leaving the site I was losing something deeply personal to me. I was. But it was nothing compared to the shock to come. Not only have BNP Paribas welded up the entrance to the site, they have sprayed it with Round-up with the ain of killing off the Common Blue colony. It's an act of pure evil. They had read our web which highlights this colony and is now top of the Google listings on Paribas, West Yorks. Not content with ruining the lives of sub-prime mortgage holders, nature now has to be destroyed. Cunts, cunts, cunts was all I could say.

Above: BNP Paribas site in autumn and summer before Round Up. Note the mat of hop trefoil.
Below: BNP Paribas site after Round up. Death to nature!

16th October 2012. Removed the clods from the squares we dug in the Big Field. These squares are one large ants nest (myramica rubra) and we found hundreds of ant's eggs everywhere when turning over the sods. I accidentally dug into an ant's nest but the ants were so docile they barely moved. We were going to sling the old turf by the side of the steel fencing separating Shipley Stn from the Big Field. However, in an instant I decided to create visible mounds of turf in the field. The topography is thus altered, a sort of wartime-like installation we would hide behind – yet also planted. We never planned on doing this as the idea suddenly flashed into my mind and we acted upon it. This sort of thing must have happened on a daily basis on the old commons of yore.

Seeded some more of the Lanolin site – around the exposed rocks and up by the Briggate entrance. Underneath the thin layer of soil was tarmac. We decided this was not a basin after all but a quay where carters would draw up, load up from the barges and take their carts out onto Briggate over the canal bridge. What a transformation is being wrought here. And yet the past matters, not just because of the man-made 'anti-natural' topography but also because of the effect it has upon the wildlife that has colonised it. After finishing the seed under the railway bridges we went on to seed across the Leeds Rd. Someone from Killipps carpet shop came across to ask us what we were doing. He was curious, genial even though initially we were expecting hostility. We explained to him adding, "We aren't planting marijuana seed". "That wouldn't stay long around here" he smilingly replied and how different from the hi-viz "I'm calling the police" responses.

Above: The birds foot trefoil seed is planted in the foreground area

17th October 2012. Attempted to dig up full-grown pedunctulatus plants from the Canal Rd entrance to the Boars Well. It was a depressing experience – the stems were much longer than last year's and were scarcely anchored in the ground their stems coming away in handfuls making it difficult to locate where the plant was rooted. This all had to do with rain sodden months producing vegetation mass with little flower. Nevertheless we got about ten plants away, bagging and replanting them in the far corner of The Big Field in Shipley. Felt somewhat better for doing this. We will try clearing around the remaining trefoil then adzing the plants out. Once the squares are filled with trefoil then the fake starts of the last couple of years may be overcome – and trefoil will forever reign triumphal in The Big Field and the Common Blue with it. But even 2 degrees warming could scotch this reasonable hope.

We then moved on to Valley Rd to carry out the final translocation. The builders' merchants, Uriah Woodhead had purchased a postage-sized piece of land to much fanfare proclaiming their purchase everywhere in advertising frenzy. They had even placed puny branches of elder across the concrete road barrier blocking one entrance to what is, after all, a public road they've illegally seized. Infuriated, we immediately removed them as if they were likely to deter anyone except an inveterate suburbanite who won't even venture outside if there is a chance of a shower.

As we walked the length of the left hand side of the strip of land by the railway that is Valley Rd I noticed a spectral tree trunk in the distance. Was it an effect of light? As we got near it, I realised someone had sprayed it with silver paint. Artists have followed our intervention as in Shipley though also by authority for there were deep tyre tracks running the length of this part of the site. Had we also attracted the attention of Network Rail just as we had the council on the garage site? In this three cornered dance not one 'performer' is entirely sure of the motives of the other two, or there reasons for being there. The 'artist' who had spray painted the still living stump silver would not have noticed the wild strawberry plants surrounding it – and therefore sussed that the reason we lopped the goat willow – in order to expose the small strawberry plants to sunlight.

Anyway we dug up about eight plants of cornunctulatus and transported them to the other end of the site towards Frizinghall to where I had seen Common Blues sporting on a sunlit patch devoid of trefoil in September. There is no need to do any more translocating here as the birds foot trefoil we translocated last year is doing very well here. So at least this part of the project is finished. We then dug up several plants of Michaelmas daisies filling three heavy duty sacks leaving them behind an abandoned armchair to be taken tomorrow to The Big Field.

18th October 2012. Translocated the Michaelmas daisies from Valley Rd. What a performance! The minibus went all round the houses and at each turn of the road I was looking to see if a mother with a pram was waiting at a bus stop. In Wrose a wheel chair user got on pushed by a youth whom I reckon was not a relative or volunteer but a workfare victim. This is hardly the 'big' caring society but brute coercion instead.

We shoved the daisies into a small patch of the far end of The Big Field. I jumped out of my skin when someone suddenly said "Hello" – a long-haired somewhat refined guy, very definitely a Shipleyite alternative but with a workers' outlook he could remember when this area was all railway sidings and when as a youth he would take coal from the rail trucks drawn up in sidings. This was his playground just as ours had been railway sidings too. He had like us sold scrap metal even like us too attempting to sell lengths of rail track and again like us, the scrap dealers refusing to buy them even in those far off mid 1950s days. As Crossley's scrap metal dealers bordered the Bradford Beck what he and others did was to chuck the scrap metal out of Crossley's yard then take it back into the yard – and sell it back to them! The Bradford Beck had also been a storage depot for purloined metal and he would regularly tread its banks looking for metal. Later (as we remembered) this was also a place where stolen cars were dumped and set on fire remembering when not too long ago five cars had been driven into the beck. We indeed remembered over ten years ago when young teenagers would assemble at the top of the bank sides and view the burnt out wreckage in the stream below. Word would get out fast. Now there are bollards at the entrance to Leeds Rd, which acts as a barrier though also stops the field from becoming a traveller's encampment. However, it does not stop us from reshaping this marginal area, the fact that it has such a history making it easier for us to do so. This no-go area was now liked by middle class naturalists precisely for this reason, though for us it was an opportunity for reinvention in an anti aesthetic, anti commercial way.

Thanks to our scrap metal 'thief' a distant memory erupted deep from within. The cash that I got from selling scrap metal when a kid I put in a box hiding it on top of the outhouse roof in nearby Ossett promptly forgetting about it. Later a roofer who then gave it to my mother found it. As children then money held no attraction even though we were prepared to sell scrap metal. But then what to do with it as couldn't purchase anything we wanted for we had dreams money couldn't buy and we lived for these dreams. Entire weeks would pass without any of us touching money or carrying any in our pockets apart from school dinner money. Later the entirely practicable notion of a world without money came very natural to us......I asked our scrap metal guy on the Big Field if he had seen the Eric Francis ad on the back of local Bradford Arriva buses (Eric Francis is a present day scrap dealer in Ossett – and dares to depict an alluring bling-obsessed woman to advertise his firm. All tit and bum with a leg on the table beside her are not diamond rings and jewels but lengths of copper tubing!) A self-promo form of send advertising we all laughed at it, our scrap metal chancer more aware than even we were, the metal market had collapsed. The reason? – the approaching end of the Chinese property boom. On a hoped for urban commons, everything was up for discussion – in front of recently planted stands of tansy and Michaelmas daisies.

3rd November 2012. Woolley Colliery. Again collected several big bags of continental trefoil seed pods to deposit in the nearby old pit sluicing pans which are now dry and at the entrance to the spoil heaps from the Darton / Woolley Grange Road. In fact there was far more trefoil in the pans than I had ever dared hope. All three ex-pit ponds should be covered in birds foot trefoil in three years time and hopefully will bring the threatened Dingy Skipper with it. I am pretty certain the Common Blue is already here. Actually there are two types of birds foot trefoil here, the cornunculatus and pedunctulatus. But why has it taken so long to get here? There are also considerable amounts of hop trefoil and black medick. I spent sometime filming the old sluicing pans, as they are amazing. They are like a post industrial painted desert, the base of the third pan painted grey with ochre (in fact sand) interspersed with blotches of green (hop trefoil). It was like a living palette as if paint had been spilt across it like something from Abstract Expressionism or real life Rothko's. The shapes are not natural either and yet these spaces breathe with remarkable life.

The contrast between this and the soulless, manicured landscaping of Woolley Grange could not be greater. And yet the residents will most likely think these beautiful manufactured landscape depressions are nothing but unfortunate eyesores. And to think I had watched the rare Little Ringed Plover hop around the perimeter of the sluicing pans and behind it the necro walls of Woolley Grange housing the suburban living dead. There is nothing remotely social about this estate – no pavements or pathways, just road surface, hard standing, parked cars and no people plus no shops! There's no greater contrast between life and death, hope and despair anywhere in the county.

In the pans the encroaching carr woodland will have to be monitored. If we begin to fell trees we cannot do so discreetly. Chances are the police will be called -------. The memory of these amazing pans lingered on hours after we had left, raising our spirits, the three rectangular squares imprinted on our memories. Unforgettable --- an inspiration --- a promise of what could be the most amazing Dingy Skipper site in the country. However, ignored by naturalists and especially Butterfly Conservation because they have no feeling for the new beauty of industrial dereliction.

We finished the day off by scattering pedunctulatis trefoil seed pods around the upper entrance of the Darton / Woolley Rd. Photographed a strange installation on the way back from the spoil heap to Darton Stn. Someone had sprayed fly-agaric mushrooms plus the bowl of a birch tree with silver paint just like someone had done with the stump of a goat willow on the Valley Rd site in Bradford. Basically both 'interventions' were indistinguishable in style. Was it the same person? Are we being shadowed? Or rather than 'Pitman Painters' were these examples evidence of 'Post Pitmen Conceptualists'? Or was installation ceasing to be a conscious 'artistic' act and becoming a more random activity? A sort of posting of meaningless signs; signs posting a gathering madness, which will never end up on a gallery wall even as a photograph. And yet we were both sure this 'still life' had been photographed. Is it the fashion for edgelands that attracts? Or is this the direction tags and pieces are now taking, something which is local and not done by art students from Sheffield and Leeds?

4th November 2012. As it was a Sunday and security generally absent and fewer trains we decided to clear bracken from the back of the Ilkley platform on Shipley Stn and then seed with birds foot trefoil. It was relatively easy to turn the soil over once the bracken had been cleared and much easier than if it had been covered in grass, which through its roots tends to mat the soil together. We dug up both sides of a culvert containing signalling cable. It was very visible work and certainly the most visible alterations we have ever carried out around the station. We provoked things further by piling up stones and slabs into a bogus installation deliberately to attract attention. If it goes unnoticed it will tell us much, namely that there has been a considerable decrease in surveillance due to lay-offs. Or perhaps if noticed, station staff will be afraid to do anything about it because it looks artistic but also eco and the station staff do not want to be accused of philistinism and, more importantly, wasting Network Rail's money by drawing attention to it, especially as the latter's finances are deeply in the red!

From a pile of stones (which will provide essential basking habitat for the Dingy Skipper) it became 'installation' when I stuck a shattered piece of rusting drain pipe in it and then adding to it by piling a regular grid of oblong block of concrete on the pile. Meanwhile I had found an abandoned bike saddle which Duchampian-like I deliberately stuck in the ground (never thankfully to get into an art gallery) and the rest of the bike looked as though it was buried beneath the soil, though also looking like a huge manufactured autumnal fungus. D around the same time had found an old platform 4 sign that had been chucked away over the platform wall which he then put behind a length of old cabling strung out over the wall's stonework. Officials if they inspect it will notice this and possibly may feel out of their depth, non-plussed as if the rug had been pulled out from under their feet.

This is a war game with a purpose and we are playing with their cop minds, learning how to subvert their dead cells from within rather than ceaseless direct confrontation, which they would most likely win, by deploying restraining orders and stopping us from ever entering again the precincts of Shipley Stn. But sooner or later their patience will probably snap and enough will be enough. When this happens not an eco voice will be raised in our support to a man – or rather woman – and the doors of Bradford's pathetic eco groups will be shut on us.

23rd November 2012, Valley Rd. Last time I was in Bradford I had seen smoke rising from the piece of adjacent land purchased by the builder's merchants Uriah Woodhead. It was an ominous sign something like the smoke signals deployed by Native Americans prophesying war. I was not wrong. Getting off the bus with our trollies we had intended digging up some Michaelmas daisies and o turning the corner we found the road had been completely fenced off. The bastards. So we were forced to go up to the railway bridge which added a further half a mile each way. My mind was in turmoil: what if the entire Valley Rd site had been completely sealed off. But this response was OTT because we need not have worried.

However there is now no way we can seed the Rapley's land bank site because Uriah Woodhead has sealed all access to this public thoroughfare linking Valley Rd to Canal Rd. To me it looks like an illegal act of enclosure but with the connivance of the council. The tiny triangle of land Woodhead has purchased is an East European drinking den. It seems the building merchant's vindictiveness did not just stop here. It looks to us that they had crossed Valley Rd into the old sidings site running parallel with the railway line and had maliciously destroyed the couch and easy chair that had been dumped there and used by the drinkers as an outdoor living room. Not content to turn the chair over, they had ripped-out the stuffing making them impossible to sit on. To me it was the equivalent of destroying the cottages of the poor from centuries ago so all that was left are fences and desolation. We then noticed someone had sprayed up in silver paint "Wake Up Sheeples" about a quarter of a mile away a stump of goat willow had been sprayed with the same paint. Are we being shadowed? This is art drifting into genuine contestation.

See the other webs in this trilogy:

Nameless Wilding Stickers and Photos

Wilding Transformations & Great Expectations (Personal Diary 2) [here]

Wilding Transformations & Great Expectations. (Personal Diary 1)

Nameless Wilding (A General Drift)

Written by: The John Clare Collective (Winter 2013)

Green Hairstreaks and facing basement steps with Indian sandstone: An oracle of butterflies and a job with unforeseen consequences......

My story begins one gloriously fine day on the 23rd of April 2011. I had gone to Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire to check to see if the Green Hairstreak butterfly had recovered from the very harsh winter cold snaps of the previous two years, which has particularly decimated their numbers on the lower slopes of the formerly highly industrialized valleys of West Yorkshire. Having ascended half way up the moors, I headed for the top of a former quarry just above White Wells, once noted for its palliative spa waters and where Darwin, recoiling before the dread glare of publicity and inevitable scandal, had sought a stay of execution bathing in the spa water and wrapping himself in inconsolable anonymity for a last few days, just prior to the publication of the world shaking The Origin of the Species. In 1861 the quarry was just one of many quarries, Ilkley Moor then a hive of activity, encompassing everything from the rearing of livestock in small holdings to lime kilns. This landscape was one of engagement, a raw material to be worked, the idea of landscape as an untouchable panorama which one viewed and passed through leaving everything as it was, still way in the future. But, beneath the surface, Nature as the ultimate exhibit was gaining ground.

Quarrying on this particular site ceased before the First World War and was then planted with mainly Sitka Spruce and, to a far lesser extent, Scots Pine. In fact Sitka Spruce had been introduced into Britain from Alaska in 1831 and would become the most widely planted of commercial conifers. Though now the Sitka Spruces give the appearance of being a green curtain to hide a once naked industrial scar, in fact the original intention had been to plant the entire moor with Sitka Spruce and which was only prevented by the good burgers of Ilkley, these canny brokers of the scenic and romantic only too well aware of the area's potential for tourism ever since Queen Victoria's visit. An Ilkley boy through and through, the buffoon Alan Titchmarsh today belongs to this opportunist bloodline that puts nature through its paces as a particularly mutable form of exchange value.

Anyhow, approaching the line of Sitka Spruce atop the quarry edge, I was delighted to witness an aerial ballet of dozens upon dozens of Green Hairstreaks jinking around the conifers. I had been captivated before by this dance around the lone Sitka Spruce at the bottom end of 'the big field' on Otley Chevin. However this present display was breathtaking and I shall never forget it for as long as I live, the 23rd of April being one of those rare days that surpassed themselves and also had such a surpassing personal effect on me, like I also had taken wing and was in the process of being reborn. I wanted this soaring experience to stay with me forever but short of a general insurrection; there is no chance of that. I had previously questioned if this was only a display of male territoriality but now I am convinced females are present in considerable numbers, having watched on a number of occasion's males furiously flapping their wings, seeking, as if imitating a hover fly, to remain stationary before a down-wind female nestling deeper within the pine needles. Clumsily suspended for 10 seconds at the most, as if the butterfly was not really cut out to execute such an action, I have yet to witness this behavior on bilberry covered terrain and which must be done in the expectation the release of pheromones will make the female receptive. It is possible the difference between the supple bilberry leaf and spiky conifer leaf is the cause of this specific behaviour, the former far more likely to tear a butterfly's wing should the male risk diving in deeper for a closer inspection. If so, this 'aberrant' behavior may well have evolved in response to the introduced Sitka Spruce, for the butterfly showed scant interest in the native Scots Pine. Both sexes are strongly attracted to the conifer's flower and will often favour the flower, even as a perch, above that of the needle-like leaves. I even snapped off a fruiting head of nature's candy stick, finding the taste to my likening. Like butterfly, like man. And in that order now, if Homo sapiens is not to prematurely become the last of the hominid fossils!

On Ilkley Moor B'tat..

Above: Green Hairstreak on Sitka Spruce / Above: White Wells and Darwin's Escape

I was also amazed I was the first to witness this inspiring aerial ballet. How come the legions of Wharfedale naturalists had not noticed it before me? How come, how come? And then the thought occurred to me: 'Darwin's quarry' is not accessible by car. I had my answer: no car, no nature, the car logic of well healed naturalists rendering the empirical existence of butterflies superfluous, if they can't be viewed within a few short steps from a car park. Car centrist Berkleyism is a guiding precept of nature-reserves, Bishop Berkely maintaining material objects only exist through being perceived.

These observations to one side, I have over the years become progressively more interested in the history of West Yorks quarrying and regret the fact no comprehensive work has been done on the industry from its demise to 'revival', for impressed in quarried stone is a record of capitalist transformation. This process of creeping industrial fossilization, then geopolitical rebirth far overseas, has been ignored for too long, neither Marx, nor Engels having anything to say on the subject though John Ruskin, when he came to Bradford, could see nothing but stone whilst insensible to the textile workers whose exploitation had made Bradford the boom city of the 19th century. What knowledge I have has been put together from snippets gleaned from local history societies like the Halifax Antiquarian Society whose annals I consulted following the major fire on Ovenden Moor in April 2011. The fire had taken hold of the desiccated heather and peat but the former quarry sites, home to the majority of Green Hairstreaks, had been largely spared. The fire had been put out when eventually we climbed the moor, though here and there the moor would burst into flames and I was able to take footage of fugitive Green Hairstreaks against a scorched, smoking landscape, a portent of what's in store for us and not only the Green Hairstreak.

Turning the pages of a Halifax Antiquarian Society volume from the 1920s, I was fascinated to learn that in 1870 almost the entire male population of the moor were employed in "the delves", the 300 "delvers" (quarry men) reduced to 5 some 36 years later in 1906. The delvers and their families lived in tenanted houses in a remote moorland hamlet intriguingly called Fly on the Cold Edge Road, a vernacular name inscribed by the elements and poles apart from today's numbing bureaucratic names reeking of the deathly conformity of council chambers and the board rooms of real estate companies.

I had intended to search out what remained of the foundations of this former quarrying community and its sole public building, The Delvers Arms (and just up from where the Angry Brigade tried out a machine gun) to see how quickly nature had done its job of reclamation and if it was more bio-diverse than the surrounding waste. Eager to find out more about quarrying and mining in the area, I was surprised to learn that a condition of lease in 1776 in the Halifax district required that coal workings be filled in when discontinued and "made safe for cattle". However these early attempts at land restoration were trifling compared with the scale of today's ruinous makeovers and we find that "on the heights of soil hills scores of depressions in the surface may be seen now forming little ponds". Deemed to constitute a major health hazard, this would never be tolerated today. And if any of these ponds contained the Great Crested Newt, well, they would be translocated - most likely to die an artistic, hygienic death in the interests of "health and safety".

Tramping around the urban and country areas of West Yorks I have for years increasingly marveled at the many kinds of differently shaped stones and their tooled markings and surfaces devised by masons that were not, I would like to believe, made to order but rather demonstrated a small, but meaningful, measure of choice and workers' control over the trade. So I was pleased at last to learn the taxonomic stock in trade of masonry, like plain boosting (irregular chisel marks) and clean boosting, meaning the chisel marks are uniform. Iron stained stones were rejected and termed "red insiders" for they would go to make up interior walls which would be hidden by a coating of lime plaster. But come the 1950s and derelict quarries would start to be raked over for iron marked red stone. However this self conscious naturalism was then still a minority tendency, at odds with the worshipful science of new materials which, like the utopian cult of concrete, would deliver us into a post scarcity world of commodity abundance, just as Le Corbusier's "beton bruit" combined with mass car ownership, promised to do.

I learnt too that a "pitch faced stone" was a slab whose edges had been cut straight and the face left rough (i.e. "riven" - a term readily familiar to me) ) like the famous Elland flags that were quarried primarily for cutting and squaring into landings though particularly paving stones that have proved extraordinarily durable. And I too began to notice how, over the past few years, concrete paving began to be replaced with stone, flags heavily marked with iron solution, and given the name of leisegang rings, now at a premium. This was greenwash or rather stonewash, code for sustainability and the fact that capitalism now cared. I noticed too how easily they cracked and shortly I was to find out why through actually cutting the stone.

Delivered in crates containing metre square slabs and machine cut to only 22mm and grooved on the back like tiles, they come in 1000s of vast container ships all the way from immense quarries in Rajasthan in India to quench a thirst for authenticity in consumer capitalism that can not be slaked by being turned into stone. The Elland flags had been split by hand along the bedding plate with a cold chisel and to avoid cracking had to be double that. The question where is all this stone coming from lay half formed in my mind, for in the UK there are only 1,300 small working quarries with, for example, the quarrying of magnesium limestone banned, except for restoration purposes such as repairing the weathered façade of York Minister.

Above: New London paving from the Rajasthan Stone Syndicate. / Above: Old cobblestones, Bradford. / Above: Unofficial nature (birds foot trefoil) and stone setts, Bradford

By far the biggest trend in geology in this country and how best it sells itself to the public is geo-conservation with about one third of sites of special scientific interest (SSSI) geo-science based, with an estimated 3,500 local geological sites. The quarrying industry hides behind this surface layer. The trade association for quarrying never gives pride of place to the scale of its member's extractive activity. Rather it will headline webs with facts like one third of SSSI sites are old quarries for invertebrate diversity. There is even now an attempt, in response to DEFRA's (Dept for Environment, Food, & Rural Affairs) recent endeavor to put a price on nature, to do the same for geo-conservation by subtly modifying what we mean by the value of a raw material so that what really counts is its aesthetic value, not its vulgar monetary value as bawled out on the floor of a commodities exchange. There is something eerily Wordsworthian about the claim of the emerging UK Geo-diversity Action Plan that "nature is not just about living things - its mountains and minerals too", and that "we value our metal alloys, our gold, silver, platinum and our gemstones." The overriding emphasis here is on sheen, even mineral science and metallurgy, but not exchange value, as if to say only through the aesthetic, and knowledge for its own sake, is capitalism made palatable. Now contrast this with the raw commercialism of the Rajasthan Stone Syndicate, which was set up in 1992. As the major player in the India Stonemart "the largest exposition of the stone industry" in the world, and whose principal sponsor is the Rajasthan State Industrial Development Investment Corporation, the syndicate shamelessly proclaims that is has "acquired the benchmark of exporting 1000s of containers worldwide." No reveling either in that guilty word "sustainability" which, as regards quarrying and mining, usually means the safe disposal of hazardous waste and ensuring that heavy metals do not leach into local water supplies. There was a more sensitive issue to air, the better to hide from view: immediately beneath the trumpeted business success of the Rajasthan Stone Syndicate we read that it is an ethical business (what else!) and "does not indulge in child labour". In a country with between 60 and 112 million child labourers this has to be a sick joke.

By the time these facts came to light, we were already half way through facing a flight of steps leading down to a basement flat in Notting Hill, London. The original steps appeared to have been constructed from limestone and which must have looked outstanding when completed around 130 years ago but would soon erode because of acid rain and damp generally. We suggested replacing the steps with a steel staircase but since the street was in a conservation area, this was out of the question. Repeated attempts to repair the steps having failed, we thought the only solution was to face the treads and risers with York stone. This was bound to be expensive but not as expensive as demolishing the existing steps and redoing them in concrete and which would have the added disadvantage of making access to the basement flat all but impossible for as long as it took to shutter the steps and for the concrete to cure. And so we made the rounds of local building merchants eventually ending up at Keylines, by far the biggest supplier of heavy-duty building materials in the country. And it was in Keylines yard that we first set our eyes on Indian stone. But it was sometime later, and only after flicking through a Marshall's product brochure, that I began to get an inkling of the size of this stone transshipping operation which easily eclipses that of the pharaohs. And this immediately answered my question why, of late, the pedestrian precincts of prestigious buildings, town halls and salubrious neighborhoods were increasingly paved with the new gold -'York' stone?

We exchanged knowing looks when we found out that meter sq blocks of riven stone 22mm thick were retailing at a snip of the cost of "locally sourced" York stone. Cheap Indian labour was our immediate verdict. Even so I had only a hazy notion that the horrific labour conditions in the mines of the 1830s I had been reading about in the annals of the Halifax Antiquarian Society were being reproduced on a far bigger scale in today's India. It fact it was the range of hard landscaping products on offer that initially attracted my attention for I have long been outraged at the growing area of hard surface in the urban environment, London losing the equivalent of two and a half Hyde Parks of lamentable 'greenery' every year from its domestic gardens. Low maintenance, car friendly gardens in particular are the money spinning specialty of garden centres because they are relatively instantaneous, so to speak, and are assembled, a bit like the contents of a flat pack, rather than grown over a lengthy period of time, though it cannot be stressed enough that the lowest of low maintenance garden is the wildlife garden, itself a mediocre anticipation of the jungling of the city.

Above: Marshalls type of faux nature conservation

The Marshall's brochure had perfected the art of double speak. In the top right hand corner of the brochure's cover is the firm's logo, a diagrammatic representation of a crustacean shell, below which is written, in bold type, "Marshall's: transforming British landscape since 1885". In fact we should reverse the order of "the garden and driveways collection" and put the car first for the brochure targets suburbia first and foremost, cars appearing approximately 56 times in the 171 page, lavishly illustrated, catalogue. However cars are discreetly tucked away to one side, full frontals of cars conspicuous by their absence, even though in the last analysis it is the car that rules in these glossy pages. The front cover, for example, shows two young girls playing on the driveway of a large double fronted house, as if intimating a reinvention of space. To one side the flip-flop wearing, attentive mother. Little more than the bonnet of a BMW is visible, the driveway having been laid with drivesett argent, "a manufactured product which is permeable". An advocate of porous cities, the firm's unspoken aim is to increase car ownership and thus the amount of paved over, hard landscaping even though it pretends otherwise by exhorting us to reduce our carbon footprint. On the third page of the brochure we are reminded that "over forty% of CO2 emissions in the UK come from actions by individuals, so it's essential we all do our bit." But getting rid of the car altogether is the last thing Marshall's has in mind. So it is an apostolic exhortation in dread of a meaningful outcome, amounting to thus far but no further - or else!

Marshall's main aim is to reassure its key market, the aspirational suburban middle class, that it can have its cake and eat it and that to go 'green' does not mean a cut in living standards. Out to profit from the first glimmerings of a bad conscience in middle class consumers, it likes to think of itself as a consciousness raising firm that goes one better, tutoring the guilty consumer to take a look at its array of alternative products, each of which has a "carbon label" devised by the Carbon Trust and DEFRA (Dept for Environment, Food, & Rural Affairs). The firm is proud to announce that it "has been pioneering" with this scheme and "ahead of all other companies", being the first company in hard landscaping to launch a "carbon calculator" to let "you see how many trees are required to offset the carbon produced in the creation of a driveway or patio." And here we have it: carbon offset as the contemporary equivalent of the sale of indulgences that sparked the protestant revolution ("religion's self criticism in motion") against the church. Trees, of course, do lock up CO2 but in a burning world they also massively release it. Carbon offset is the dirty alternative to changing a carbon intensive life through an anti capitalist revolution; a revolution that is about the 'art' of living differently, anti aesthetic and anti commercial, against Value (in the Marxian sense of the term) and up with the unknown potentialities of human wealth once money is abolished.

To buy from Marshall's is to buy into salvation. The firm's many mission statements are a living proof of that; 'progressive' in one domain, so it must appear in all the rest. Women appear approximately 107 times in the brochure's photos, men just forty seven times (discounting the operatives seen at work assembling these unspeakable jigsaw gardens). Women are rarely shown actually gardening but men are pictured carrying trees. More often women appear as if in a still life, a soft focus wheelbarrow in the foreground, elsewhere an artfully arranged trowel or spool of gardening twine put there for effect rather than use. And when women do seem to be gardening, they are snipping flowers or carrying baskets of blooms, like straight out of a mortifying pastiche of a Renoir painting that has discreetly covered up cleavage, buttocks and all erotic appeal, for these are domesticated housewives more Stepford than dressed for power and to kill in a City of London boardroom. Otherwise women are to be seen lying around on expensive, designer garden furniture, entertaining, playing mother hen to zombie children or acting as if highly appreciative of their newly hard-landscaped surrounds. The food on display is an advertisement for healthy eating and epicurean moderation: salads, bread baskets of whole meal loaves, coffee percolators (nothing spontaneously 'instant' here), tumblers of fruit juice, the temperate intake of wine from half full, not half empty, glasses. The one folded newspaper, whose title we can read, just happens to be the Daily Telegraph.

Above: Marshalls aestheticism plus playing up to consumer addiction

This increased feminine exposure, though here indicative, at best, of a progressive conservatism, nonetheless shows the degree to which women overall are spotlighted by the market, men, in this instance, increasingly occupying a subordinate role. This gender inequity, though loading women with the most insupportable confusions and contradictions that can only lead to breakdown, means that if sale strategies are to succeed, then getting the consent of women is paramount. Who would have thought, forty years ago, that, in the 'macho' world of building, the approval of women would ever play such a directing role? This apparent 'feminization' of the market is matched by a similar, merely apparent, increase in choice.

And so it is with Marshall's where, if we are to believe the sales patter, we will be the designers of our hard garden of choice, not Marshall's who will forever remain the humble facilitators. Though we are only selecting from a product range, this range aspires to be as unfixed, and ever changing, as the clouds in the sky. But it is we; the consumers that make this happen and so make the company 'happen', like at an artistic 'event', we being the interactive audience. Each purchase from Marshall's is sold as a unique creative act. The brochure asks us to reflect on "what is your garden style?" Having come up with an individual preference, we are then compellingly told "anything is possible with Marshall's" and that, as a result, "everyone will create their garden to suit their particular tastes." This 'will' is a given, not a 'can' that is hedged with a degree of doubt. It is rather a certainty, a business guaranty we can achieve creative liberation through the market in stone. Seeming to privilege the sovereignty of our desires and owing much to anarchism, this language of empowerment actually belongs to the commodity, not us. In reality what it does underline is the increasing impoverishment of our own lives and that it is becoming ever harder to distinguish between true and false creativity, as the latter becomes overwhelmingly central to the continued functioning of the market place, indeed comes to constitute its lifeblood, what it lives and moves by. This leaves the field ever more wide open to virtual substitutes and, by flattering every customer they are really an artist, ever easier to pull the wool.

And so with Marshall's. In fact it was the names that commanded attention not the stock, suggesting an ideal inventory conjured into existence by the act of naming. It was more like dealing with a novel branch of natural science than a builder's merchant. The transforming power of taxonomic minutiae appeared to transubstantiate an unexceptional, almost indistinguishable, "riven" or manufactured series into a freshly minted geology. Though designed to give the impression of outstripping the formative human capacity for invention, this obvious fraud will only go down well in suburbia where imagination is so lacking and insight so rare, it is easy for Marshall's to sell its conservative, conservation conscious, brand of nonconformity.

A random word list of some of the things on offer says all that need be said:

"golden sand sandstone, autumn tinge sandstone, silver finestone sandstone, antique sandstone, distressed look sandstone, dark jade slate, midnight blue slate, eclipse granite, coach house paving, polesden lacey flagstones, chancery flagstones, heritage paving, weathered York stone, Calder brown, old Yorkshire, heritage octant, regent paving, rustic walling, utility paving, antique rope edge, country edging, spar aggregate, Atlantic pebbles, Atlantic cobbles , Celtic cobbles, part worn boulders, candystone rockery, mixed polished pebbles, black polished pebbles, Cotswold chippings, Staffordshire chippings, plum slate chippings, blue slate chippings, green slate chippings, Spanish white chippings, multi flit spar" etc etc.

But ever more make-believe neologisms shall never be an adequate substitute for everything that's lacking in an urban landscape - which is everything, and then some.

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Though Keylines that formerly had specialized in heavy-duty road building materials was never our building merchant of choice, we had on occasion dealt with the firm before. Keylines logo now appears on the front cover of Marshall's brochure and is the latter's principal retailing outlet. This suggests that 'hard' product is increasingly invading domestic space, the road, not the ecologically friendlier railway, now running through the middle of the house, in a manner of speaking.

We felt ignored at Keylines and that hacked us off. We weren't purchasing in bulk nor were we buying one of Marshall's set stone pieces to 'creatively' muck about with. Our order was worth piss, for all we wanted were nine metres square slabs of riven Indian sandstone. On the appointed delivery day, Keylines failed to show up, our stone given to another, more 'worthy' client. Looking back, it was not just the value of our order that had tipped the scales, but the fact that we would be measuring and cutting the stone, and therefore doing something Marshall's ready-made, "limitlessly creative" order, would regard as a threat. Their "amazing" 3D software was not programmed to deal with what we were doing. We could not 'plan' what we doing down to the last detail, for it involved much trial and error. We did not have a screen image before us that showed us how the steps would look in the end. And so we were taken almost by surprise by the finished result. Two 'throwbacks' without hard hats and hi-viz jackets, we had been 'de-professionalized' as builders.

And that is why we began to get feedback from the street. Blasts from the past, we were approachable in a way that other building outfits, penned in by ready fencing and safety rules, were not. Bottom feeding locals found it natural to stop and chat. Within hours the 'old' Notting Hill had returned. Where had all these people been all our lives? Had they just moved into the area? In fact they had been living around the corner for decades, only they had become hidden from view, every one of us who had 'kept the faith', going around like the invisible man / woman. We were still invisible but now only to the newcomers, who had taken full possession of the area in the noughties and whose presiding role models are Sam 'n' Sham (Samantha and David Cameron), though what had attracted them in the first place was the area's former freewheeling past they would vampire until there was nothing left to suck dry.

The Indian stone was delivered on a wooden pallet, which we left propped up against the railings. However this did not present a disposal problem because, within minutes, an elderly black guy asked if he could take it: he was tinkering with a car engine and the pallet was an ideal bed on which to rest it. This request transported us back to the days when Notting Hill was a hive of informal back street workshops, and which showcased, in particular, the now forgotten about engineering skills of the resident black population. Once a ubiquitous feature in many UK cities, these skills have gone with the winds of de-industrialization and, with it, a hands on frame of mind that is no longer there, and that once was a lead up to the conviction the world could be changed. Cutting into the stone with a diamond disk threw up clouds of dust: drawn by the racket and ochre billows, another black guy complimented me on my masonry skills. I soaked up his compliments. At no point did one new comer take time out to even give us a second glance. As unseen as the air, we were not even taken for granted: we were simply not there.

Above: Old York stone steps Bradford. Above: Our 'modern' steps - via Rajasthan - Notting Hill, 2011.

Above. Interior stone steps Bradford. Late 19th century mill workers' terraced house.

We were pleasantly accosted by other ghosts from the past, each visitation equally revealing. Now that the job is finished, the streets are empty once more of real people. Was this a haunting, or what? Or are real people simply lacking a focus, something they feel is theirs and able to get to grips with? We were certainly agreeably surprised by the number of potential malcontents, all awaiting an opportunity to make their presence really felt.

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These reinstated steps were for a member of a local housing coop. Housing coops often grew out of squatting, tenants granted legal, not just squatters, rights. Very much a feature of the 1970s, we had kept our distance from them, dismissing housing coop ideology as control of your own alienation. To be a member of a housing coop is to lose all privacy, this informal, liberal totalitarianism proving extremely effective in marginalizing the negative. It still angers me to recall how I was put in my place, at a maintenance meeting, because I was not an architect and therefore not entitled to pass an opinion. I was tempted to start raving about the death of architecture via the Situationists and the interlude of Constant. But I would have been met with complete incomprehension. So I bided my time and when revenge came it was sweet.

These steps had been repeatedly repaired, none of the repairs working including the recent attempt to tile them. These tiles had lifted and, in desperation, an architectural and engineer consultant had been brought in to give their professional opinion, which did not come cheap. Inspecting the steps ourselves for no money at all, we noticed wooden formers had been left in the worn down treads. Problem solved: the tiles would be bound to lift once the wood became damp and started to expand.

However the architect and engineer continued to maintain there was no wood in the step. And the management committee went along with them: they had to be right, they wouldn't be consultants otherwise. We were ordered to stop work instantly, which we took not one blind bit of notice of. This reconstitution of the division of labour from the bottom up, and deference to the status quo is central to housing coop ideology. But for us, the proper place is at the bottom of the shit heap.

When we ironically told the committee not to fret, the Indian stone was ethically sourced, almost as one they replied "that's good. We fully support ethical trading initiatives." Not a shadow of a doubt had crossed their minds that these claims might prove bogus if conscientiously investigated and that they suited Marshall's "trading initiative". Imagine the outcry if Marshall's had said in their brochure child labour keeps our prices down, which is good for you and good for Indian children because it puts bread in their mouths. It would amount to nothing less than commercial suicide. 'Ethical' investors would immediately withdraw their cash, not because they feared the sting of remorse, but they would the financial sting that would inevitably follow the chorus of disapproval. This is utilitarian ethics, which commands us to hearken to the penitential conscience of money ("conscience money") that will assuredly turn bad money into good money eventually. This is not the critique of political economy but its moralization. It is symptomatic of a troubled bourgeoisie returning to its core values, one, that under the guise of morality, not only seeks to preserve wage labour but actually extend it, getting hot under the collar at the vast amount of bonded labour (i.e. slave labour) in India alone, where it is customary for debt burdens to fall on children if a parent dies.

What is for sure, the rising demand for authentic stone increases the incidence of child labour, there being an estimated one million children doing extremely dangerous work in India's stone quarries. Marshall's claims that it works with, and funds, Hadoti Hast Sansthan, an Indian NGO that seeks to improve the lot of quarry workers and their families. NGOs define the agenda of the people they are 'helping' and never spontaneously arise from the struggle of the people. They are a symptom of the failure of genuine struggle organized from the bottom up, not top down. The Marshall's brochure displays a photo of children at an HHSS (Heritage, Horticulture, Skills Scheme) sponsored school beneath which there is one of Indian children lining up in front of a flag bearing the Marshall's name and trade mark insignia. In another, classrooms of 'branded' children are all wearing Marshall's T shirts. Revealingly, Marshall's is never named directly by organizations opposed to bonded and child labour, and which means they must fear court action. But we can be in no doubt it is Marshall's they have in mind when they mock the companies claim no kids have been anywhere near the stone they retail at bargain basement prices. The crux of their objections, (and it's a compelling one), is that Marshall's, and firms like them, cannot hope to monitor and control the supply chain, given the well organized, very powerful, near impenetrable nexus of quarry owners, politicians, child traffickers etc.

Above: Hypocritical aspects of Marshalls hyped brochure

The expanded reproduction of false assurances are a necessary part of capital and what goes for child labour also goes for the firm's biodiversity credentials. The brochure states that "Marshall's aims "to have a biodiversity action plans at every site by 2012", an aim which has been "inspired by the UK's first biodiversity benchmark accredited to a working site at Marshall's Maltby site [South Yorkshire] in 2007 and our Stoke Hall Quarry in 2009". (In the meantime Maltby has become a noxious open cast coal mine). It is beyond the wit of anti slavery organizations, and the like, to even question, never mind critique, these claims in the same breath it does bonded labour, though it is obvious the same contradictory criteria apply. Under the protection of a series of environmental awards environment groups are doubly keen to bestow on commerce and "which Marshall's are justifiably proud" of, what the company's is really aiming for is a planet of stone, made up of grandiose driveways, hard landscaping, paving and freeways.

Above: Marshalls further hypocritical pro-moing of conservation areas

Solely concentrating on the conditions of labour in Indian quarries, the merely reproving organizations that spring from the bad conscience of the bourgeoisie never go on to ask further questions: like, for instance, the impact of India's vast stone quarries upon the international division of labour in relation to quarrying and masonry. Researching natural stone on the internet, I came across a firm in Bingley near Bradford that was equipped with computer controlled cutting machines linked to a computer aided design department (CAD) that, in turn, had to hand "experienced stone masons working alongside state of the art technology". In comparison to the mass produced stone setts available from Marshall's, this was the real value added article. Though it couldn't hope to compete with Marshall's on price, it could 'create something unique', my piece of stone abomination, if not better than my neighbours, then at least different from theirs - and which I have paid through the nose for, in order to be a cut above them. Custom-made masonry like this involves working closely with the firm, something that is not possible if the firm happens to be in Rajasthan and even is equipped with video conferencing facilities. In contrast Marshall's has a "register of installers", though it has an overburden of staff whose job it is to advise and promote the firm. As part of its PR campaign, it has trained 50 of its staff in "Community Street auditing to provide feedback to create better street design". In the brochure there is also a photo of Marshall's employees gazing out over the Maltby nature reserve on an old pit spoil heap in South Yorkshire as if to say part of their employment contract requires they become naturalists and not just mere wage slaves.

"Leading by example" and "balancing the economic, community and environmental", Marshall's has introduced the practice of` "payroll giving" that recalls that of the closed shop, trade union "check-off" and that frequently would be overseen by the company and acted as a further guarantor of shop floor stability. "Pay roll giving" is a substitute for that abandoned practice and helps protect the company from outside criticism and industrial conflict. A firm that presents itself as without blemish, its hands spotlessly clean, suggests it has something very dark to hide. Beyond denying they use child labour, the stone firms of Rajasthan don't pretend to be anything like as public spirited and which at least has the merit of being more truthful.

Of course quarrying firms are mechanized in India, but their main outlay is on machines that cut "sawn stone", either on one side ("riven finish") or both, the "squaring off`" still mostly manual and that gives a stone flag its tapered look we used to good effect on the steps. There is not much call for CAD (Computer Aided Design) in stone product at this stage of India's development. However I doubt if quarrying in India that is overwhelmingly geared to bulk production today bears much resemblance to quarrying in Britain in the 19th century. Then there was a hierarchy of trades going from labourers who, using picks wedges and crowbars, were under the direction of delvers who were skilled in removing stone from the various beds, to bench masons who shaped the stone, to dressers who dressed the stone to produce sills, headers and lintels. Then there were the sawyers operating sawing frames and planers who finished the stone to produce ashlar blocks. Flags for paving were cut from bedding closer than 5cms, which means that with the aid of cutting machinery available in Rajasthan; at least 5 flags could be wrested from a 5cm block, a feat that a 19th century West Yorkshire delver would have said was impossible. This really is 'value for money' and time spent getting the stone out. As basic as it gets, there is nothing fancy about Indian stone production. It is simplicity itself. What is delved from sandstone bedding blocks and comes out banded with oxidized iron that paints and dapples the surface, is all that is needed to satisfy a growing western market for a 'natural aesthetic.' Sidestepping the hassle of changing anything, least of all the capitalist mode of production, this distressed aesthetic signifies living in harmony with nature. Though particularly appealing to catastrophically discontented suburbanites still clutching death-like at neo liberal straws, this seemingly inexhaustible product of the primary circuit of industrial exploitation is increasingly the hard standing of choice for local councils throughout the UK. In fact its no-expense-spared look is a cheap form of pump priming, flagging up flagging property values with stone flags.

We have more or less come full circle and I am once more sitting in the Halifax public library, mindful this was where a pre situationist Ralph Rumney read De Sade in the presence of a clergyman. Only this time I was searching out information on how the moors of West Yorkshire had once been worked on an industrial scale, though nothing like the rocky landscapes of Rajasthan. There is nothing pristine about these 'wild' moorlands and I knew for a fact the delves and mounds of detritus left by former industrial workings had aided the incoming Green Hairstreak butterfly and that without them the colonization of the moors by them would not have happened to the extent it has done. These industrial tumuli, for the most part, did not appear on maps, and so what we were engaged on was a task of discovery, each day that we set out for these moorlands an adventure. We came to know these moors in a deep sense. A process that goes to the depths, it intimated at a new way of living. Not least, it meant treating nature not as a discrete object but something we are involved with, and change in the process. Only from this standpoint, can we begin to retrieve what's relevant from the overall gobbledygook of Hegel's Philosophy of Nature that aspires to replace god with dialectics, or rather makes god into dialectics and thus the driving force behind all there is. Our wanderings also bore a clear link to the now threadbare practice of the derive, only this time it was man and nature, not a sundering of the two as formerly was largely the case. However this perception crept upon us unawares. When we initially ventured out, we deliberately chose to do so in the customary manner of 17th/18th/19th century naturalists. We were going to walk.

Researching the index of the Halifax Antiquarian Society led me on from quarrying to mining. And that's how I serendipitously came across entries specifically dealing with the appalling conditions in the mines around Halifax in the 1830s and which led to the setting up of a Children's Employment Commission in 1842 , specifically charged with dealing with mines. The government inspectors employed on these commissions, like Inspector Scriven who came to Halifax, uncommonly could not be silenced or bought off and won the admiration of Marx. My attention was caught by the indiscriminate mixing of boys and girls "all naked except their shifts and shirts" and in the dark "impossible to distinguish their sexes, girls from 5 to 18 performing all the works of boys". Inspector Scriven concluded, "It is impossible to distinguish an atom of difference between one sex and another". A journey of inquiry that had started out from the Green Hairstreak had ended on the industrially androgynous. I wanted to throw these eye-opening revelations in the face of the librarian who clearly hated me simply because I was male, and who would not want to know how the history of capitalism is also that of the incomplete disordering of gender. (I dread to think what she would have thought of me if I had asked for a volume of De Sade!)

I was days away from the notes I took becoming immediately relevant. Indian stone did that. It came as a shock to realize that the conditions described in the Children's Employment Commission of 1842 where being reproduced on a bigger scale than ever before. I was staggered to learn how, in the 1830s, 3 year old daughters of colliers would be employed to hold candles whilst their father hewed the coal. And here I was reading about how young girls, not yet in their teens, are today employed by their parents to break hard stone into pebbles the size of walnuts, and which seem destined for India's enormous road building program, India's largely pre-concrete road system still dependent upon compression under the wheels of the many non-motorized vehicles for consolidation. We are disinterestedly told the labour of children in India's quarries "supplement the earnings of their parents". The unbearable reality is that, in the 1830s, colliers often lived off the earnings of pauper apprentices who would inevitably runaway and doss in old industrial workings, eating chucked candles for food. And given the amount of child trafficking in India, it is more than probable the same applies in India today. However, the size of India's quarrying sector suggests an altogether greater control by capital than would be the case in 1830s' West Yorkshire. And with this greater control comes power over the money in circulation, there being less opportunity than previously for the aspiring worker entrepreneur to get his greedy mitts on some of the blood money.

I am spending more and more time in Bradford, Richard Oastler's (1789-1861) adopted city. He was the first to legislate into being childhood for the industrial poor beginning with the 1847 Factory Act that restricted children to a 10 hour day in the cotton mills. Now that left a lot of playtime, but Oastler, to his everlasting credit, had gone to jail, the price he was to pay for urging workers to strike and sabotage machinery. There is a statute to him and a shopping mall named after him in Bradford. This city in which East meets West and is no stranger to uprisings, is supremely well placed to bring to peoples' notice the geopolitical division of the world into industrial and finance capital and how we walk all over the consequences of that division every time we set foot in the City Centre. So why not use Oastler's statute as a starting point? It is important that we don't get sidetracked by the emotive issue of child labour and get bogged down in a highly moral, partial protest like UK Uncut does, and that is the darling of the dissenting English middle classes but which unfailingly turns its back on a thoroughgoing critique of political economy.

Above left: Richard Oastler saving a pigeon. Above right: child labour and industrial androgyny in early 19th century Bradford.

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In fact we had just returned from Bradford, where we had been engaged in a mammoth conservation project of our own choosing. Though another story, it is linked with our experiences around facing the steps in one vital respect - the amount of attention we attracted, some far from welcome where it involved the police and security. Turning over and seeding industrially derelict sites along a four km stretch along the valley floor from Shipley right into the heart of Bradford, we were approached, on numerous occasions, by curious people. Every chance encounter sparked, excepting that of security and the police, though even here the run-in (certainly not encounter, which implies dialogue) tended to blow up in their maggot eaten faces. The most memorable encounter came one Sunday morning. A real bruiser, dressed in army fatigues, came up to us, like he was spoiling for a fight. When we explained to him what we were doing, he raised his fist and said "up with the revolution". He had got it in one. He had just been released from prison that morning. Not one bantering exchange, whilst working on the steps, cut through to the essential like this one did. Crystallizing everyone's hopes, not just ours, it had to spring from the nature of what we were doing.

We do not for one moment doubt that what we are engaged in Bradford is of far greater consequence than the building work we do, even though the tools we were using are much the same, in particular saws and shovels. Perhaps it was the age old, unchanging nature of the tools that was a factor in loosening people's tongues and helped put them at ease. Constrained by capitalism on every side, building awaits its realization. But what we do for nature now is wholly positive and cannot wait: and I do mean we, the people, and not official conservation bodies, whose job it is to bury nature under the ruse of resurrecting it. Lacking even a soft critique of capitalism that can be the only possible outcome.

These reflections close on a dialectical twist. What we are doing for butterflies (and others including human kind) in Bradford easily has more to with the built environment than any building we are currently occupied on. Not least, we are mounting a challenge to land banks, daring them to arrest us so we can censure the practice of sterilizing derelict land for years on end, in the expectation of making a killing that grows ever more remote. The first failed city of note in Britain, Bradford stands at a cross roads, its reinvention as a post industrial leisure city driven by retailing and property values having been swallowed whole by the enormous pit at the city's heart. Already feeble attempts are being made to green it. The point is to wild this "best among ruins", to coax into being what's already struggling to take wing, our immediate aim is to bring the Common Blue into the city centre, a project just starting to get airborne. But this history belongs elsewhere...........

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Further Notes. 2012

Above: An amazing Budd Wall in Shibden Dale, West Yorks

Below, Stone Cryptogram on St Georges Hall, Bradford built during the Chartist agitation in the city

The mute stones of West Yorkshire have an extraordinary tale to tell. But it is an overlooked history, barely meriting a footnote when compared to the woollen industry which it accompanies at every step. The years 1780 to 1840 see a vast increase in the quarrying and use of stone going from the numbers of individual weavers cottages constructed, to communal loom chambers with weavers cottages in rows and squares as master clothiers took control of the trade. Finally there comes the rapid growth of factories and towns in the valley bottoms with workers' houses squeezed in amongst the factories. Meantime there is a great advance in the amount of land enclosed and, with it, the construction of dry stone walls, boundary posts, gate posts etc. each stage marks an increase in the division of labour as the activities of quarrying, fettling, preparation and stone masonry are increasingly 'rationalized' and separated out and as capital becomes ever more concentrated in fewer hands. This unprecedented extraction of stone tests the limits of the material itself and the ingenuity of stone masons, Calderdale in particular being especially innovative due to the steep sided valleys and the need to build on the precipitous slopes. Calderdale stones have a signature - one is tempted to say a mystery - all of their own. It is essentially unhoused stone, as if it was straining against the uses to which it has been put and alone privy to the real meaning of Jacob's stone pillar and ladder.

Quarrying and stone masonry in West Yorkshire has never been systematically investigated and all there is to go on are occasional articles in the annals of local history societies and snippets from pamphlets put out by tourist boards like the Heritage Pennine Network- and then largely focussed on the earlier stages of the woollen industry located, as it was, in the sylvan valleys of West Yorkshire - mainly in the shape of farm houses (laithehouses) multi storied weavers cottages built from local stone, these stop-off points form part of dedicated tourist trails, a controlled perambulation with the sole intention of boosting revenues from the tourist trade. History for the sake of history, the last thing tourist historicism wants is a creative re-engagement with the past with a view to seizing the present.

I largely became aware of the stones of West Yorkshire as if in a fog. Disused quarries and heaps of spoil over time had become wild life havens and formed a constant background to our researches on butterflies in West Yorkshire. Might not the towns and cities eventually partake of these riches? And so the notion of the wilding of cities was born. Creeping upon us gradually the intractable crash of 2007-8, combined with the onset of major climate change, gave it the urgency it had previously lacked. As shop after shop closed, the town centres of West Yorkshire seemed to shudder as if the flood waters of apocalypse were upon them. As the death sentence of consumerism was pronounced, the buildings that composed them became increasingly emptied of meaning and the stones began to speak in a new way as if inviting reuse and reinvention. This disordering of the senses, this splitting of ordinary vision verging on madness and disrupting the continuities of past, present and future are signposts to a very different reality as yet to be constructed. This disorientation / reorientation is increasingly commonplace as the old tried and tested responses to capitalist social and economic crises fail as never before. Townscapes especially become scenes of deranged visual commotion and individual stones would stand out like they alone possessed unshakable meaning. And it was in this frame of 'mind', of unnerving double-vision with a foot in two worlds, that I first noticed a decorative stone just above pavement level on the Leeds Road front of St Georges Hall in Bradford (see above photo). I had passed it countless times before but only now did I see it was a cryptogram in gritstone encoding some type of message. This hall had been built at the height of the Chartist agitation and Bradford was in a state of real, not merely visual, flux with dual power reigning in much of the nascent city, the iron foundry of Low Moor, for example, turned over ('redirected') to the making of arms for the revolution. Perhaps the encryption is innocent. But perhaps not and what appears to be a cathedral and numbers evolving out of hieratic foliage, a critique in stone that might have appealed to Ruskin had he seen it on the two occasions he visited Bradford, for it signifies a degree of individual, on the job, autonomy denied to the industrial working class but an everyday reality to a stone mason.

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Above left: The One Eyed Cat. Above right: Leaf Mask stone. High Sunderland Hall, Halifax.

I have no idea where this cat's head came from in West Yorkshire but its angular shape suggests it was once was the keystone of an arch. However, presiding over the entrance to what? A barn, a house or a laithehouse which combined both living space and barn under one roof? and it is not the work of a skilled stone mason rather the product of a quarryman turning his hand to stone carving and who would not regard it as art, or even craft for that matter, but as living, something in the stone itself which he revealed by peeling away the layers. Such an approach is Romano-British in origin and goes back to the Roman Conquest when local tribes began to imitate the Roman practice of carving representational heads in stone instead of using the skulls of dead animals. However the aim was very different and meant to evoke a presence, the very idea of taking a step back to admire the sculpted form, an aesthetic recoil utterly alien to the Ancient Brits. It would take centuries to inculcate the practice to the point where it became habitual and therefore a fact of 'nature'.

There is a small head on a 17th century farmhouse in Calderdale that is so unobtrusive people pass by without noticing it. Of course these heads that look out and shy away from being looked at, invariably underwrite a strong ancestral link to the land, the farmstead passing from one generation of a family to another. The heads are not about show any more than the farmsteads are and rather emphasize endurance, unchangingness and the persistence of custom. Now contrast this with the Ozymandian, look-at-me arrogance of the carvings that command the entrance to a 19th century mill in Bradford where myth and allegory wreathe the mug of the now long forgotten owner and dereliction stretches way into the distance. Only a shell of stone now remains - and decomposing signs advertising the building is for sale or ripe for conversion into luxury flats or industrial and commercial units. The offers will never be taken up but the longer they stand empty the more it feeds the appetite to occupy and transform - if only in a narrowly utilitarian fashion to relieve a housing shortage but with a promise of free form building to come.

Though the 19th century was the heyday of the West Yorkshire stone mason in terms of numbers employed in the trade, skill in execution and emptiness of content, it was already being fatally undermined by a range of industrial techniques from jacquard type templates to mechanically operated stone saws. When John Ruskin visited Bradford around 1871, it was against the background of a masons' strike and the dilution of formerly skilled work brought on by the introduction of stone cutting machinery. As a result there was no longer a workforce with the necessary manual skills able to even marginally imbue with renewed life "the nature of gothic" in his Stones of Venice, Bradford, of all industrial cities, the most promising modern surrogate in Ruskin's eyes because it was hewn out of stone and therefore bound to possess something like the necessary skills base, and there was also a canal more fetid than anything in Venice which mesmerized Ruskin, for it was the living embodiment of hell, the contents of this devil's ink horn periodically bursting into flames.

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Below: Gravestones

Above: Tombstone roof tile Heptonstall in Calderdale. / Above: Tombstone railway embankment near Leeds City Station. / Above: Tombstone paving.

Gravestones are everywhere in West Yorkshire, a constant reminder of the availability of Yorkshire stone. It rained stone - and it also meant the less well off could afford a head stone, unlike in other districts where stone was at a premium and where a carved headstone was a synonym of wealth. Their ubiquity casts pallor of death over West Yorks, especially as overtime they have become blackened with soot, the dun of hell stained in parts with a green slime as if the decomposing contents of the grave beneath had percolated upwards. Such is their number they have, in many instances, lost their sanctity and are irreverently displaced and made to serve other purposes - for example as a tile on a porch roof of a church in Heptonstall in Calderdale and which amounts to saying the church also now believes god is dead! They can also function as ballast, a displaced graveyard on a railway embankment in Leeds city centre also an additional reinforcement against land slip.

Gravestones are also an indicator of literacy - and a protest in these parts against Royalist ostentation. As such they hark back to the ideals of the English Civil War of the 1640s. Following the restoration, the decoration of houses declines somewhat, elaborate carvings judged a form of monarchical apostasy. At the same time gravestones become more personalized, the common practice of putting the name of the deceased on a tombstone emerging only in the 17th century. They become, in addition, a substitute vehicle upon which masons can show off their skill, there being a big increase in trompe l'oeil effects and intricate floral and abstract scroll work. Tombstones were, if you like, sealed books in stone that could never be opened, for they hid a great, unmentionable secret that goes back to the civil war. Could this be the reason why a line in Meg Merrilies, written by John Keats in Scotland in 1818, had stuck in my mind? Meg lives for herself alone "upon the Moors", having no house or occupation other than what she has chosen, simply giving away, not even bartering the mats she weaves. A life of ideal freedom, "her book [is] a churchyard tomb". Walking to Kirkcudbright after having composed the ballad, Keats sees a promise of something else in poverty: the bare feet of the girls they passed display the "beauty of the human foot that had grown without unnatural restraint".

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Hugh Miller (1802-1859) Stone Mason, Scriptural geologist, Suicide

In an engraving, Miller is standing by a headstone, mallet in one hand, cold chisel in the other. It could well have been the last headstone he ever carved-that for his dead daughter. Hugh Miller, the quarry man and the insights that came from being a peripatetic stone mason have been largely ignored and what has come down to us is the safe stereotype of the scriptural geologist "holding a bible in one hand and a fossil fish in the other", adroitly reconciling the antithetical claims of science and religion. His extraordinary suicide was interpreted as a warning not to get involved in the nascent, Manfred-like, discipline of geology, for that way unbearable guilt for doing unspeakably wrong lay (e.g. Byron`s poem Manfred is set in a mountain fastness at the very moment upheavals in the earth's crust are just beginning to be understood).

And indeed there is something 'romantic' about Miller's suicide, dream and reality becoming dangerously confused and eventually turning into a nightmare which there is no awakening from. Yet it is this blurring of dream and reality that make his descriptions of rocks fossils and landscapes so captivating, like he had entered another, crystalline, world, a god sphere. He spoke of himself, like the shepherd Endymion, of "dreaming abroad when awake" and visiting a quarry he finds "a richer scene of wonder than I could have fancied in my dreams". Contrary to conventional opinion, reality here compensates for what is lacking in the dream and there is something almost 'symbolist' about his descriptions of what actually is. He describes how he climbed a cliff face passing "from ledge to ledge like the traveler of the tale through the city of statues". This image could easily have found a place in one of Rimbaud`s Villes. Having failed as a poet, composing a book of verse whilst a quarryman, (Ploughman Burns was the obvious role model), Miller mines a richer vein, opting to describe things as they are and which implies a rejection of the poetic imagination as then conceived: "I found my imagination paralyzed by an assemblage of wonders that seemed to out rival the fantastic and the extravagant even its wildest conceptions". Conscious of how words fail, he even undergoes a crises of expression that anticipates Mallarmé's claiming he "couldn't put two thoughts together".

No other geologist before or since has undergone the same gamut of emotions, crossed the frontiers of so many 'trade' demarcations only to finally founder as did Hugh Miller. For this reason, and leaving aside his failed efforts to reconcile science and religion, he remains the most hip, the most contemporary of all geologists even in his reaction and, most especially, because of his anticipatory surrealist madness.

Miller fascinates because his life encompasses so many different fields. It is of incomparably greater interest than his 'professional' contemporaries like Hutton, Lyell, Buckland and Agassiz. I have italicized professional because when Miller practiced his several trades that of geology was only just beginning to be recognized. He adopts a personal, even autobiographical style of writing that markedly contrasts with the cool detachment of his gentlemanly peers. He is passionately involved, completely lost, in his subject and vivid details of what it was like to be a journeyman stone mason spontaneously appears in his texts. Describing the squalid conditions of bothy accommodation, he relates how a laird deliberately left a hovel unrefurbished for "occasional droves of pigs or a squad of masons". He should have been a radical worker, a more scientifically inclined Burns with the beginnings of a radical critique of poetry. Unbelievably he was not and remained unsympathetic to Chartism and trade unionism whilst denouncing the conditions that brought them about. His most famous book, The Old Red Sandstone of 1842, pitches into a denunciation of Chartism in the fourth sentence of the opening page, counseling young workers not to attend Chartist meetings and not to upset the class structure which will only result "in a second Cromwell or Napoleon at their head"!

A final note on the madness of Hugh Miller: Like other geologists who began as believers, he was convinced the record of the rocks would provide proof of god's existence. However he ended up doubting the earth was created in 7 days and instead proposed that in biblical terms a day could last millions of years, having its origin in the first half of the 19th century, today's creationists regularly incant the same piece of sophistry. Miller viewed "strata as making up the geologist's book, the layers pages we may turn over, these wonderful leaves one after the other like the leaves of a herbarium - though the leaves of this interesting volume are of deep black". So, once more, we are back with the image of the book which the tombstone was a homolog of to the stonemasons of Calderdale - only this time it held in its pages an unpalatable truth and that if we are to experience heaven it is up to us to construct it, for it exists nowhere else. The stonemasons of Calderdale subcutaneously picked up on this vibe coming from the civil war of the 1640s whereas Miller did not, the betrayal of his hopes helping send him mad. And so his eye grew dim, the contours of self that had formerly wrapped itself around the "assemblage of wonders" become constricted by primeval demons as the fossil record told another story wholly incompatible with that of the Creation. He left an extraordinary suicide note that began, "My brain burns. I must have walked; and a fearful dream rises upon me. I cannot bear the horrible thought".

If the ignored stones of Bradford are to live again as part of the wilding of the city we must reconnect with the history of stone and re-imagine its psychological importance if we are to rebuild from the bottom up for the first time ever. The above potted histories, particularly that of the tombstone and Hugh Miller, are a beginning.........

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Above: Fossil in a stone wall Above: Disordered graves

Comments on the Rocks and Stones of Huddersfield by the Huddersfield Geology Group 1998.

The above photo on the left is taken from a pamphlet put out by the Huddersfield Geology Group in 1998. The 20 excellent colour photos are all descriptive and for that reason would never end up as picture post cards (even though they have had their day, excepting the few dull examples that still can be found in tourist information offices). The booklet casts an inquiring gaze over a local landscape and is exemplary on that account alone. This, despite its limitations, is citizen science at its best. At the same time it avoids the question of a re-engagement with the landscape, a question that has become burningly relevant in the 14 years that have passed since its publication. The fact that it fails to happen has more to do with the situation of generalized lock down we now find ourselves in, than with mind control.

The fact that it has been put together by 'amateurs' (to use that most condescending of terms) is evident from the way it deals with matters that professional geologists have no time for, as their discipline becomes ever more specialized - and 'irrelevant' we might also add. In the mid 19th century, geology was gripping stuff in more ways than one, responsible for putting religion on the rack, acute psychological breakdown, mesmerizing fascination as fossilized life forms, surpassing the Homeric imagination, came to light - and finally raising searching questions on the why of class division, especially when a mere stonemason like Miller was able to hold his own with "the gentleman of fortune" and still bring something to the subject they could not: actual muscle. "The working man", he wrote, "enjoys better opportunities for arriving at just decisions". That the working person gets the better part of the bargain has a Marxist even Hegelian ring to it. A couple of decades earlier, an industrial surveyor and self taught geologist, Strata Smith, (and how much he learnt on the job from canal navies, miners etc is anyone's guess) had regretted that the "theory of geology was in possession of one class of men, the practice in another."

The Rocks and Stones of Huddersfield is, in part, a riposte to this growing division of labour, devoting several paragraphs to explaining who was responsible for quarrying the rock in the first place, (delvers and the less skilled labourers they directed), and the graded hierarchy of masons who worked the stone -pitchers, fettlers, finishers, planers, sawyers, up to highly skilled dressers. But this is a far as it goes, there being no mention of strikes, internecine trade demarcation disputes etc. Given the numbers employed in the industry, Chartism must have exercised a huge influence. Yet we know next to nothing on that score. The authors, in short, stop the stones from really speaking and dancing to the Orpheus of revolution. Had they done so, the offer of financial help from Kirklees Environmental Initiative, the Curry Fund of the Geologists Association etc would have been instantly withdrawn.

And so we see as through a glass darkly. The same can be said of the two photos reproduced above. They are 'aware' photos. The stone out of which the gate post at Hichcliffe Mill is fashioned has scarce been touched by pitchers, as if they had broken off in the middle of what they were doing, leaving the job half finished. The tooled surface has a similar desultory look to it, like the dresser couldn't be arsed either. And yet it is beautiful, 'chosen' by us because of the legacy of avant-garde art. And it matters greatly it is not in a museum and still in use, to judge from the wrought iron gate still hanging from it. Though originally produced as commodities, the in situ gate post and wrought iron gate owe their delight to not yet having ascended to the top of the commodity hierarchy and becoming artistic commodities.

A knowing eye looking at the photo of old bricks taken in strong sunlight would immediately be reminded of Carl Andre's 1970s brick installation, which can be said to have founded the archly reactionary, post modern craze, for installation. We rather think the photographer was playing on this association but would never be candid enough to admit it-at least not in this booklet, for it would have thrown wide open it its restricted purview just as any mention of capitalism and class struggle was likely to do. Carl Andre's piece caused me to shut my eyes, this photo to open them. Whenever I see old bricks poking out of piles of rubble in West Yorkshire, I am now tempted to take a look, a habit which is pretty much down to this one photo - and the accompanying text to do with the local ganister and fire clays. I marvel at the varieties of bricks, their colouring, texture, lettering and reflect how dull and homogeneous the standardized bricks of today are in comparison.

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Above: Two different Mayan like gates in Shipley West Yorks

Above: Old and newish Gate posts in Eccleshill / Above: Stone conscious art heritage with -out of sight - 4 wheel drive, Queensbury, West Yorks

Above: Stone Crop and Herb Robert growing on York stone roof tiles Above: Riven stone slab garden wall, Gt Horton, Bradford
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West Yorkshire, including Bradford, was rich in prime building stone -paving, walling, roofing, the latter stone tiles called thacks from which comes the expression "working like a thacker" and whose original meaning is lost on those who tend to use it the most. It is most commonly encountered in former coal mining areas, which says something and suggests mining, quarrying and building were once closely allied. Having only ever replaced slate tiles, I cannot begin to understand, from my own experience, why thacking was such an arduous occupation. Heavy, yes, difficult yes, especially the fixing of the stone tile to the rafters. But the most unremitting job of all? On the very rare occasions I see an old roof being tiled in stone, I am always tempted to shout up to the roofers and ask "How's it going"? Invariably covered in soot, they are never the picture of happiness and I would, in all likelihood, be thought a pratt for daring to ask.

Formerly, pure stone was the most valued and the oxidized stone cast to one side as inferior, to be used as 'red insiders' on inside walls in the houses of the well to do, prestigious factory headquarters, civic buildings etc where they would be covered with lime based plaster. But in old farm buildings, rural dwellings, the gable ends of terraced houses (like in the photos reproduced here) stone was stone and mattered little how it looked and whether the colour remained uniform throughout. By a species of inversion typical of commodity society, this motley effect is now the most prized and commands a higher real estate value than does the mass manufactured look of the builders plan. However the opposite was once the case not that long ago, this process essentially beginning with the discontinuance of large scale quarrying and the post war looting of piles of unwanted disjecta strewing quarry floors for garden walls, crazy paving etc. This re-evaluation begins with an aggressively suburban, and necessarily peripheral, do it-yourself approach to building that ignores the larger, more urgent, question of architecture and urbanism in toto that became uppermost from the mid 1950s.

Fact: the 1854 ordinance survey maps show hundreds of sandstone and flag quarries around Huddersfield alone, their number possibly amounting to thousands when West Yorkshire is viewed as a whole. Fact: 1,300 quarries in the UK produce £3bn of products every year. Fact: one third of SSSI sites are old quarries for invertebrate biodiversity. Fact: One third of 7000 Sites of Special Scientific Interest are geoscience based.

Above left: "Red Insiders" in Bradford. Above far right: Red Insiders on which is superimposed a chimney in Eccleshill, Bradford

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The conservation of sites of geological significance is a late comer to the conservation scene. There is now a UK geo-conservation commission, the UK having over 3,500 local geological sites and an emerging national UK geo diversity action plan. The commission argues correctly "nature is not just about living things - its mountains and minerals too." and that without soil, hydrology, lithography, diversity of altitude, there would be no biodiversity. To raise public awareness and broaden its appeal, the chair, taking his cue from the shameful legacy of the monetization of biodiversity, (and that goes right back to its founder E.O. Wilson), immediately monetizes conservationist geoscience. "We value" the chair says "our metal, alloys, our gold, silver, platinum and our gemstones." This was in June 2011, four years into possibly the biggest, most intractable, economic crises capitalism has ever faced. There is no first person plural here, only a 'they and we are heartily sick of accountancy terms like "natural capital" rather than nature, of "eco system services" rather than natural processes and studies called "the economics of eco systems and biodiversity" - TEEB -which was the acronym given in 2007 to a team of economists and bankers to do the same for nature what Lord Stern did for climate change title. (In the age of amnesia now become Alzheimer's, who now remembers Lord Stern's 'notorious' indictment of climate change as "the greatest, most wide ranging market failure ever"?) With everything still apparently hunky dory in the market place, Stern's deification of market values is, at least, understandable even though moronic. Today it is the madness of all madness. One hears little of market solutions (or any official solution, come to that) to the burning question of climate change nowadays, even though the effects of climate change are daily more evident. But not so the determination to draw up a ledger of natures economic values covering entire eco systems, which are still little understood in terms of the connectedness (and hence real 'value') of each part to the whole. The whole of nature must now go under the auctioneer's manic hammer, even though securing a quick sale of the last meaningful item on the planet ends up costing the earth.

The following entries are from my diary and give some indication of what I then called, in the late 1990s, the 'gemification' of geology and fossils. Little did I know it, but they were an anticipation of things to come, though on a much bigger scale.

Extracts from a geology notebook

26th October 1998

Visited the gem and mineral fair. Though learning how to cut stone and recognize them attracts me, the craft side appalls me. There is something so trivial and petite bourgeois about it. I also hated the price tags on every item most carefully displayed in little boxes with little labels saying what kind of mineral it was and where it came from. There were also a couple of stands displaying fossils ,all neatly set off with labels saying where they came from what they were and from what geological epoch .e.g. Trilobite, Powys, 470 million years ago, Devonian. I was loathe to purchase any of them, even though I could not resist being fascinated with their age. Since when has fossil hunting become a trade to be included in a gem and mineralogical fair? Many stands displayed jewellery and precious stones and I picked up a catalogue advertising gemmological instruments.reet Sure enough the premises were in Greville St not far from the City of London. This was a hedge against inflation and commodities market territory. I noticed how expensively dressed some people were which struck me as unusual. I thought of Marx's aesthetic rejection of capitalism in The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts where "economic man" can only see the value of a stone not its beauty. I did ask the price of a piece of lapis lazuli which, when weighed, came to £28. Later on I bought a piece of rhodochrosite but because the woman on the stall boasted of her connections with Oxford University, I nicked a bit and gave it to B. Honour had been partially salvaged.

6th December 1998

Went to the amateur Geological Society's annual fair at Golders Green, west London. The admission price was 50p so 50p cheaper than for the Mineralogical and Gem Fair. The stall holders were the same, the atmosphere was generally friendlier-in fact I even talked to a stall holder from Co Durham. I had overheard one visitor saying to her that he had begun by collecting rock samples on his travels and now he wished to identify them. The stall holder replied saying that was how they got into the business. Somehow I got talking to her, mentioning the fact my great grandfather was an ironstone miner from Egremont in Cumbria. It seemed to impress her as she mentioned it to her husband. She showed me a piece of igneous iron ore from Cumbria as well as various crystals from re-opened mines in Cumbria. Their price ranged from £18 to £80, some as much as £250 to £350. She also said she and her husband had reopened an old mine in Weardale in Co Durham and the only way it was possible to descend the shaft was by a bosun chair just like at Gaping Ghyll below Ingleborough. At the moment a mini waterfall was preventing access. Obviously it can be a highly profitable hobby and there is a tendency in 'the trade' (understood in the business sense of the term) to keep locations secret - so I was rather surprised by her honesty. I remember at the gem fair I had attended at Swiss Cottage in the autumn, I had picked up a small piece of lapis lazuli and asked the price. I felt I was being judged on appearance and when the little rock fragment was weighed it came in at £30. End of story!

Even so I did notice a tendency, even amongst the amateur geologists, to 'gemmify' everything by giving all rock samples, no matter what, a polish. Even pebbles from the beach were given a semi precious look. (It is possible to purchase a little machine with a rotating drum containing carborundum stones from around £40). The same went for the typical seaside fossils like ammonites, (fossils which went extinct the same time as did dinosaurs), receiving the characteristic glossy hue of precious stones and then tastefully mounted in Perspex boxes. Made into artefacts, something was lost in the process. Their 'living' quality had gone a further fossilerous process involving art and decoration added to the original fossil. There is even a shop specializing in Jurassic fossils in the steel town of Scunthorpe, their owners no doubt plundering the famously fossil rich cliffs of Ravenscar, Whitby, Runswick Bay, Staithes,etc. I wonder how long the fossil trade will be permitted to continue. Museums i know, purchase specimens from these fairs, probably arguing but for the diligence of fossil hunters, much would be lost to posterity. But any fair exhibiting animal pelts, birdskins, butterflies and moths or pressed wild flowers would be quickly closed down even though there maybe no definite legal interdiction against it (excepting of course listed species). At the car boot sale I go to on a Sunday there was stall that regularly sold little glass cases of butterflies and moths-dead stock pinned down either singularly or in twos and threes. Last Christmas they were even advertised as novel Christmas presents! But that was the last time I saw the stall and maybe he was asked to shut up shop and go.

In fact the amateur geological society had something of the scrum of the car boot sale and something of a church bring and buy about it. Apart from glossy nature books for children, there was a stall selling rubber dinosaurs and other prehistoric monsters as stocking fillers. There was also a stall of home made jams and a woman selling butterfly cakes and what not- and tea at only 20p.

I did manage to purchase a book (second hand) The Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland by Gregg and Lettson. I think it must be one of the classic text books as it was first published in 1858, going through many subsequent editions and a comprehensive update. What is special about the book is that it does pinpoint where rocks and minerals are to be found. All recent books on mineralogy do not do this as if wanting to discourage the collecting minerals samples. I do wonder if mineralogy, in providing details of specific locations, was the first branch of natural history to actually do so, a practice that was to be followed by other natural history specialists like e.g. Edward Newman in his ground breaking book on British lepidoptera published in the 1850s. Of course the mapping of geological strata and mineral deposits was massively influenced by the development of industrial capitalism and the same cannot be said for butterflies and moths though it was influenced in less obvious ways (the non conformist scienticism of the 19th century seeking emancipation from scientific scholasticism) but also on a subjective level-the hunt for variations and the most striking possible variety-an anesthetization/sanitization of the Victorian freak show and a desire to escape from increasing uniformity and deadness through the cult of natural marvels.

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Above: Liesegang ring photos from Bradford city centre deploying the new Rajasthan stone having discarded Elland flags.

Random photos of leisegang rings in 'york' stone (i.e. Rajasthan stone) laid around a signature bus shelter erected in 2011 to much fanfare and wide open to the elements. This anti-shelter with a roof so tall it affords no protection whatsoever from the slanting rain marks the southern boundary of the precincts of Bradford City Hall. Laid for aesthetic effect, the rings that ripple across the paving stones are most visible after a shower of rain. The stone slabs are about as substantial as sliced bread and, in due course, the pedestrianized area will resemble crazy paving, for the thin slabs crack under the slightest pressure. Not included are outstanding examples of leisegang rings I noticed around the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, on returning home from a violent student demonstration in late 2010 ostensibly against a rise in tuition fees but really more against the destructive totality of the capitalist present. I missed the best shot of all when, examining the leisegang rings in Bradford, a well worn Eid shoe on the foot of an Asian girl appeared in the view finder of my camera. On the embroidered leather tongue, the word 'rebel' had been stencilled.

The varied and warm palette of the leisegang rings is a reminder of the origin of life on earth and the chemical exchange between the organic and inorganic. Leisegang rings, minus the CO2 are the truth of Gaia writ in stone. How very ironical to think the effects of this exchange, and once the mark of corrupted stone, are now at an aesthetic premium, and an adornment of power at the very moment life on earth is so threatened. The showcasing of something beautiful is the harbinger of death here, just as it is in every other instance where display is paramount.

A definitive explanation of banded iron formations is still wanting but most agree it is the product of photosynthesizing bacteria in the oceans, the oxygen from which combines with weathered, 'black' iron washed from continental rocks at a time in earth's history when there was little oxygen in the earth's atmosphere to redden it. Ruskin was the first to fully appreciate the unadulterated purity, the pale gold, of Bradford stone. Yet he was also fascinated by the several stages of rust, its ceaseless, transforming power the promise of a more varied, industrially 'fantastic' future in which the organic is given its due, a view that goes someway to explaining why sites of industrial dereliction are so liberating and inspiring-and not only in Bradford. An enzyme amongst metals, rusting iron was the coral of mineralogy, though the state of geological knowledge was not then sufficiently advanced for Ruskin to adequately link the high grade magnetite ore that dazzled him in the barges plying the Bradford Canal with the oxidized iron shales moving in solution between the joints and bedding plates of sediment laid down 900 million years ago. Fors Clavigera was partially the outcome of his uphill, almost non existent contact with the working people of Bradford and Bingley in which he called for an end to free market liberalism and its replacement by a high Tory Bolshevism. The book concludes "There is no wealth but life". Perhaps he also should have added but for rust there would neither be wealth nor life.

Stuart Wise: August 2011 (Additional notes and photos, July 2012)

A Few Introductory Notes on Edmund Newman's 'The Natural History Of British Butterflies and Moths' which may be useful

E Newman FES. FZS. finished his classic work in the late 1860s. By then, Newman was advanced in years and it was the culmination of much study and experience. He attempts a broad classification of Lepidoptera - a branch of study pretty much then in its infancy. Some of this may appear idiosyncratic today though Newman always gives good reason for classifying an insect this and not that. For example, under the Fritillaries he places the Camberwell Beauty (which he signifies as 'The White Bordered') the Peacock and the Red Admiral. This is followed by the 'Angle Wings' under which he includes the Painted Lady and White Admiral.

Also, the Latin classification is invariable a little different - mainly the first designate - though the second is largely similar to those in use today. There are exceptions however: The Small Blue for Newman is Lycaena Aisus and not Cupido Minimus (which even in Latin evokes the butterfly more accurately) and the Meadow Brown is Epinephale Janira and not Maniola Jurtina as today etc.

E Newman was a passionate researcher and during his life made discovery after discovery in the field: (e.g. The Large Blue at Barnwell Wold, Northants in the 1820s). His obvious enthusiasm over-rode his egoism and he frequently and without rancour, states his fellow entomologists objections to some of his classifications.

Following on from this disarming and democratic approach (so rare in these times) we must therefore pay attention to the information he collected over the years from particular entomologists he corresponded or, was friendly with. It seems Newman didn't take fools gladly and one feels he was conscious of wary of the proclivity to wild imaginings amongst field workers. Thus in his introduction to 'Natural History', Newman only mentions four entomologists by name whom he was particularly indebted to. Apart from a certain Mr. BOND (originally in block caps) - a friend who had collected the most unusual varieties some of which are illustrated in the book, Newman often refers to a Mr. BIRCHALL (again in caps) who in the localities list provided much information on butterflies in Yorkshire. Some of the findings in retrospect, are quite amazing - but more about that later.

The sheer eloquence of Newman's prose in particular his recourse to analogy to more securely anchor an observation cannot fail to impress. Hence his scientific descriptions have an added liveliness all the more necessary because of the poor quality of the book's engravings in an age when 100 words were generally worth more than one picture. (As ever Thomas Bewick was the exception in this recalcitrant media - his illustrations remain more telling than the greater flexibility afforded by lithography). However, throughout Newman's book there is an attempted life-size consistency of scale together with the odd visual record of a variety that compensates for poor quality and which was to set the pattern for insect illustration. But, there is no denying that Benjamin Wilkes hand-coloured illustrations in 'The English Moths and Butterflies' over a century earlier (1749) were much better.

Cumbersome though Newman's volume is, it could pass in its day for a field guide tailored to a growing mass market unlike in Wilkes' time. Moreover, wood engraving could be printed alongside type in one operation thus making production a lot cheaper. In comparison, bird illustrators, working on stone before the invention of photo-litho, were still looking for patrons and their work was sold as folio editions. We need only mention Audubon, Gould, Keuleman, Gronveld and Edward Lear. The latter, for instance, spent much of his life under the patronage of the 13th Earl of Derby illustrating birds from the aviary at Knowsley.

The extraordinary power and keenness of observation in romanticism must have influenced Newman. As a scientist however, emotional appeal had to give way to increased descriptive accuracy pursued relentlessly in page after page. In this endeavour he was only surpassed by the brilliance of John Ruskin's methodical jottings particularly on flowers. But Newman's scientific temper cannot restrain his lyricism and he writes of butterflies 'making love and sipping honey'. This may prefigure the sentimental effusion of late Victorian nature books (when a Lepidopterist stretches our incredulity when referring to a lone Scotch Argus as 'looking for a lost love') but the glorious innocence of this phase of Newman's adds a childlike charm to this monument of serious inquiry into Lepidoptera. If only we were so able to forget just for the moment our scientific adulthood.

Better than anyone before or since, Newman compiled some of the best English literature on the subject of butterflies and moths in a kind of foreword exquisitely titled: 'Prelude to Mottoes' (inevitably calling to mind the sensation caused by the publication of Wordsworth's early poem 'The Prelude' a year after the poet's death in 1850).

In the first paragraph of Newman's introduction, Philipe de Commine is quoted:

'It flies and seems a flower that floats on air'

And further on the caterpillar:

'Once a worm, a thing that crept,

On the bare earth, then wrought a tomb and slept'.

Always erudite, E Newman somehow turned up the finest poem (perhaps not excluding John Clare in the early 19th century) in English on butterflies and written by Edmund Spencer in Elizabethan times (well before the fledgling Lepidopterist Moses Harris and the Aurelians got going). it's probably worth quoting in full simply because it appears long forgotten and probably most people know nothing about it.

"Round about doth flie,

From bed to bed, from one to t'other border;

And take survey with curious busy eye,

Of every flower and herbe there set in order.

Now this, now that, he tasteth tenderly,

Yet none of them he rudely doth disorder.

Ne with his feete their silken leaves deface

But pastures on the pleasures of each place."

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"And evermore, with most varietie

And change of sweetness (for all change is sweet),

He casts his glutton sense to satisfie,

Now sucking of the sap of herbs most meet

Or of the dew, which yet on them doth lie

Now in the same bathing his tender feet;

And then he percheth on some branch thereby,

To neaten him, and his moist wings to dry"

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"And whatso else of virtue good or ill

Grew in the garden, fetched from far way

Of every one he takes and tastes at will;

And on their pleasures greedily doth prey

That when he hath both plaied and fed at fill

In the warme sunne he doth himself embay,

And then rests in riotous sufisaunce

Of all his gladfulness and kingly joyance."

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"What more felicite can fall to creature

Than to enjoy delight with libertie

And to be lord of all the works of Nature'

To reign in the aire from the earth to highest skie,

To feed on flowers, and weeds of glorious feature'

To take whatever thing doth please the eye'

Who rests not pleased with such happiness

Well worthy he to taste of wretchedness."

EDMUND SPENCER

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Newman's scholarly, wide-ranging introduction citing Greek myth, Ovid, Spencer and so on were meant to impress upon the Victorian reading public with its pronounced bias towards 'the classics' that entomology was a fit and proper subject in its own right. In that sense, Newman's classicising can get a bit heavy-handed as, for instance, when he describes chasing a Clouded Yellow assisted by a 'multitude of female Hibernians in the healthful pursuit of horticulture' adding, the scene must have been an exciting one and would have minded a classical spectator of Meleage, or Orestes, or Oedipus pursued by the Furies!

This straining for effect however is a mere entre to a still dubious sequel: the study of Lepidoptera is an end in itself ''a history worthy the study of every rational being'. The study of plants and birds had long enjoyed a measure of respectability. Aristotle for instance had long been regarded as the founder of Ornithology and his bird notes had been preciously guarded by the Medieval/Renaissance Church scholastics. But an interest in insects and especially butterflies and moths was pretty much the province of fools and eccentrics. Lady Glanville's will (her name was given posthumously to the Glanville Fritillary) was not contested in court on the grounds that anybody who collected butterflies could not be of a sound mind. In a very real way, Newman was a product of scientific non-conformity questioning all received opinion until sure of its veracity.

Significantly, Newman some ten years after Darwin's 'The Origin Of The Species' shrank back from evolutionary apostasy. However, in all fairness, the most unprejudiced mind of the time would have found it hard to believe that butterflies and moths have a history. 150 years later and we are still unable to supply the missing link and it will probably stay like that.

William Paley, who 'deduced' the existence of a god from nature's providential design was clearly a major influence on Newman. On that account alone he is closer to the spirit of Wordsworth who had dipped approvingly into Paley than to Darwin. Without a moment's hesitation, Newman speaks of a "creative wisdom' at work in the transformation of caterpillar into butterfly. However, in the hands of Newman, the point is a serious one and still worthy of our respect. 'Everyone now knows that a butterfly was not always a butterfly, probably everyone then knew it but there is little trace of that knowledge in the standard work of Linnaeus and Fabricus or in that of our own venerable Haworth'. Newman's close attention to describing in detail the various stages of a species life history was not only fairly untypical of its time but, also, had a symbolic intent beyond that of arguing in favour of a more naturally based system of classification which took into account the various stages of an insect's life. The metamorphosis of a butterfly was also that of death and resurrection and aside from the saccharine church warden piety of 'regions of bliss', the words Newman chooses suggest a more earth-bound liberation: 'Lastly comes the butterfly bursting from its prison house, and borne from place to place on beautiful wings'.

From the epoch of the French Revolution onwards, the butterfly far more than the bird (the Sans Culottes on occasion destroyed exotic collections of birds as aristocratic appendages even as the eagle was presently to become the national insignia of America and Germany) comes to embody the potential for change and becoming. In this remarkable piece of nature with such humble origins is concentrated the dialectic of movement and development and ultimately, the transformation of man. A single thread unites Goethe's 'Ecstasy and Desire' (the moth to the flame ''die and become', the German word for butterfly - schmetterling ' is used) Keats' 'Ode to Psyche' and Charles Fourier's 'Butterfly Principle' which is far more concretely grounded than the others in the novelty of his still inspiring approach to the division of labour. Newman was unaware of this powerful undercurrent yet from time to time it still bursts forth unrestrainedly with an artless lack of affectation. Such outbursts are today entirely lacking and it is only scientific self-censorship that is to blame. For conservation to be effective it can only be judged so from the standpoint of totality.

The following is a near verbatim account - and in the same order - of those relevant parts in Newman's classic relating to the butterflies of Yorkshire. Not all butterflies are mentioned here and most of the common ones have been left out. A few italicised comments by us are added with the intention of further clarifying information.

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Localities of Butterflies in Yorkshire

Silver Washed Fritillary (P. 22-25)

"...the Silver Washed Fritillary is decidedly a wood insect, and I imagine occurs in almost every extensive wood south of the Tweed..."

"It is more or less abundant in all the English and Welsh counties, from which, through the kindness of correspondents, I have received lists, and its non-appearance as a native of the others implies rather the absence of observers than the absence of the butterfly ...it occurs not uncommonly in our northern English counties, Northumberland, Cumberland and Durham."

Sadly, Newman makes no mention of Yorkshire localities most likely deeming it unnecessary probably because it was fairly common everywhere.

Dark Green Fritillary (P. 25-29)

Yorkshire: near York: Robert Cook.

Abundant on moors and open ground above Cloughton: J H Rowntree.

Scarborough, Wakefield, Sheffield, Leeds: E Birchall.

Common in oak woods about York, Scarborough and all the southern parts of the county: T H Allis.

Queen of Spain Fritillary (P. 32-35)

Yorkshire: One specimen on the west side of Oliver's Mount, Scarborough in September 1869: J H Rowntree.

One near York: Edwin Birchall.

High Brown Fritillary (P. 30-35)

Yorkshire: Near York: Robert Cook.

Yedmondale, and on moors near Cloughton: J H Rowntree.

Scarborough and Sheffield: Edwin Birchall.

Pearl-Bordered Fritillary (P. 35-37)

E. Newman makes no specific listing but makes a broad and interesting comment: 'It is included in every county list I have received through the kindness of correspondents, except Derbyshire, and in a very ingenious table compiled by Mr. Jenner Fust, and published in 'The Transactions of the Entomological Society' it appears in all the numerous sub-provinces into which he has divided Great Britain.'

So perhaps from this it may be concluded that the Pearl-Bordered Fritillary in the 1860s was to be seen in all the vice-counties of Yorkshire.

Small Pearl-Bordered Fritillary (P. 37-39)

Yorkshire: near York, plentiful on moors and in fir plantations near Cloughton: J H Rowntree.

Scarborough: Edwin Birchall.

It seems impossible to imagine now but the North York Moors where the butterfly must have been abundant in the 1860s was largely terra incognito prior to the building of the railway line from Middlesborough and York to Whitby. Until then, Whitby was a place of land-locked mystery. A book 'Forty Years in a Mooorland Parish' by the Rev. Atkinson garnered a measure of popularity, thanks largely to William Morris and Co, following its publication around 1870. To leaf through it for hints concerning the natural history of the region could be instructive. He does mention, for instance, that a squirrel within living memory could go from Kildale to Commondale 'wivoot once touching groond' It is now sparse moorland.

Small Pearl Bordered Fritillaries at Lawkland Moss, Cravendale, N Yorks early June 1997. The day was dark, and cold with heavy drizzle but the butterflies were to be clearly seen resting on the ragged robin opening their wings whenever there was a brief respite in the weather. Even then they were so comatose it was possible to lift them on to the fingers.

Marsh Fritillary (P 39-42) (Newman refers to it as the Greasy Fritillary)

Yorkshire: Near York : Robert Cook.

Comma (P. 48-52)

It's worth remembering that Newman was commenting upon this butterfly when it was declining rapidly everywhere throughout Britain. It would seem that the Comma is now more abundant in Yorkshire than for centuries.

Yorkshire: Common at York:T H Allis.

(Formerly taken at Raincliff Wood, near Scarborough, but not of late years: J H Rowntree ).

Huddersfield, rarely and singly: G T Porritt:

Halifax, Sheffield, Wakefield, Leeds: Edwin Burchall.

Large Tortoiseshell P. 55-58

Yorkshire: Near Scarborough, Huddersfield, York, Sheffield, Wakefield and Halifax: Edwin Birchall and others.

Incidently, Newman classifies the Small and Large Tortoiseshell under Fritillaries.

White Admiral (P. 67-71)

Lincolnshire: Common in the south of the county in fine seasons: T H Allis.

Even in Newman's time the White Admiral was never a Yorkshire species. In the meantime, look how this species has slowly moved north - well into mid and north Lincs and perhaps hovering on the Yorkshire borders.

Purple Emperor (P. 71-77)

Lincolnshire: About Lincoln, Bardney Wood and in south Lincolnshire: T H Allis.

Nottinghamshire: Occurs occasionally at Ollerton; in 1859 I had a fine female given me alive. It was taken inside a pigsty near the edge of Willow Wood, three miles from Ollerton ' R E Bramwell. Occasionally near Newark: George Gascoyne.

It hardly needs to be pointed out that both Ollerton and Newark are no distance from the Yorkshire border (especially Ollerton) so possibly at some point in the early 19th century there may have been a glint of the Purple Emperor in that part of Sherwood forest that passes across into Yorkshire. For the not too far-distant future it must be remembered that the range of the Purple Emperor, has extended considerably. Is there any northern extending breakout from the expanding south Notts populations?

Marbled White (P. 77-78)

Yorkshire: Near York, Robert Cook; Scarborough and Sheffield - Edwin Birchall; Common in Yorkshire ' T.H. Allis; it used to be found in Melton Wood near Doncaster, but has been extinct since a field that bordered the wood was ploughed; I do not think it is ever found now near Doncaster ' Alfred Ecroyd.

Scotch Argus (P. 82-86) (Newman refers to it as the Northern Brown)

Yorkshire: Colne: Edwin Birchall.

Common at Grassington, above Settle: T H Allis.

Colne is on the Lancashire/Yorkshire border and considering ever-changing county boundaries Colne must have been a Yorkshire town in the 1860s. One wonders where the Scotch Argus colony was near Colne and what happened to it? Most likely its demise wasn't to do with any kind of urban development as much of the landscape between Colne and Keighley is still fairly wild and uncultivated. Did the Colne Scotch Argus go the same way as that arresting, dark variety with indistinct eye spots which inhabited the semi-limestone pavement at the top of Grass Wood? Incidentally, we heard recently of a long lost colony of Scotch Argus on Eston Nab near Roseberry Topping on the North York Moors. True or false?

Speckled Wood (P. 87-88)

"I believe it occurs in every English and Welsh county"

No further comment or specific addition from Newman's Yorkshire field trip contacts.

The Gatekeeper (P. 93-95) (Newman refers to it as the Large Heath!)

Says it occurs in Yorkshire "without note of abundance or rarity"

Large Heath (Davus Form) (For Newman characterized as Rothlieb's Marsh Ringlet)

Yorkshire: Thorne Moors, near Doncaster: Alfred Ecroyd;

Hadfield Fens: E Birchall. "I took it on Thorne Moor, but wasted and had specimens given me from Cottingham near Hull. In visiting this latter locality, I find it different from Thorne Moor, which is mossy or spongy: but the Cottingham locality is rather like those spots where I have taken Davus in Scotland" J C Dale 'Zoologist.'

In the 1860s the Latin names for the sub-divisions of the Large Heath were rather different from what they are today and all were referred to as Davus, 'Davus in Scotland' would now, of course be 'Scotica'. The nearest Scotica colony to Hull would probably be north Northumberland or that isolated colony south of the Solway in north Cumbria. Also, Newman makes no mention of the North York Moors population so possibly they hadn't been discovered by then.

Duke Of Burgundy (P. 102-105)

Yorkshire: Abundant near Pickering in 1868: J H Rowntree.

Scarborough, Sheffield, York, Leeds: Edwin Birchall.

Doncaster: Alfred Ecroyd.

Interestingly, Newman tends to note a certain abundance in the northern counties: N Lancs, Cumberland and Lincolnshire and Westmoreland in contrast to the south west of England where he concludes the Duke of Burgundy to be 'rare'.

Green Hairstreak (P. 105-6)

"In England it occurs in nearly all the county lists I have received and when absent may be supposed to arise from want of observation."

Purple Hairstreak P. 106-108

Similar to previous report. Unspecific.

White Letter Hairstreak (P. 108-10) (To add to confusion Newman names this butterfly the Black Hairstreak!)

Yorkshire: The caterpillar is common on wych elm near Doncaster: Geo. T Porritt

Near York and Sheffield: Edwin Birchall

Edlington Wood near Barnsley: J Harrison

Very numerous near Doncaster in 1860: Alfred Ecroyd

Sheffield at Warncliffe Wood: Edwin Birchall.

Black Hairstreak (P. 110-111) (Newman refers to it as the Dark Hairstreak!)

It may be said that E Newman in 1828 identified the Black (Dark) Hairstreak as a distinctly different species to the White letter Hairstreak having become a recipient of an example purchased by the entomological club from a Mr Seaman. The butterfly was actually caught in Monk's wood, Huntingdonshire but no sooner was it declared to be a 'new species to Britain, than the locality became a mine of gold; and Mr Seaman very judiciously concluded to remove the mine to a greater distance, even to ultima thule of his geographical knowledge, Yorkshire.'(Newman)

It seems many entomologists made trips to Yorkshire but, of course, no Black Hairstreak was to be found. However, Newman in his localities guide reports that the butterfly thirty years later 'seems confined' to five counties one of which is, remarkably, Derbyshire!

Derbyshire: In a box of insects captured within a few miles of Chesterfield I find this very local species ' J. R. Hind. 'Intelligencer' Vol 1X P. 27. 'I believe the 'Entomologists Weekly Intelligencer' commenced publication in the mid 1850s to....'''

As we know Chesterfield is but a mile or so from the South Yorkshire boundary. How interesting!

Brown Hairstreak (P. 112-114)

E. Newman notes that the butterfly can be seen in Lincolnshire at Grange and Silverdale in N Lancashire and in Barron Wood, near Carlisle but no mention is made of Yorkshire.

Silver-Studded Blue. (P 119-121)

Newman surprisingly makes no mention of the Yorkshire localities around York, Pickering and Scarborough. However, in his countrywide survey, he mentions the N Yorkshire Lepidopterist, J Sang's observation that the butterfly is 'very common at Darlington'. Also, near Manchester ''common at Chat Moss, S. Lancs and Solwick Moss near Preston. Also, occurring in Lincolnshire and in Westmoreland and Witherslack and Faraway moss' J.B. Hodginson.

By way of an aside, it is the Darlington example which interests us here. Some of the railway cuttings particularly on what is now referred to as the Heritage line from Darlington to Wear Head were, in our youth in the 1950s, particularly rich in Lepidoptera like Dark Green Fritillary and big colonies of the sex-linked, var hospita of the Wood Tiger. E B Ford said this day-flying moth could be found on the hilly slopes of west Durham but not on the east Durham plain. As schoolboys we passed our discoveries in a letter to a Durham lepidopterist in 1956 but never received a reply - the information probably regarded as erroneous. Now we find that recently some of the shale ground north of Heighington station has been made into a protected Durham wild life site. However, the var hospita was to be found just south of Heighington station on a bankside known as Codlings bridge. Does this glorious place remain?

Brown Argus/ Northern Brown Argus (P. 123- 128)

Newman finds the differing 'species' all very confusing but makes no mention of either Argus in Yorkshire. He considers there are three different types: the Brown Argus, Castle Eden Argus and Scotch Brown Argus but they 'are nothing more than geographical races of one species'.

Chalk-Hill Blue (P. 130-131)

After reading Newman one cannot help but speculate that the Chalk-Hill Blue probably once - before records began - bred in Yorkshire.

Although Newman says: "It appears to be abundant everywhere in England on chalk, but generally absent where there is no chalk", he then goes on to somewhat contradict himself by listing northern areas where the butterfly could only have resided on a limestone base. Apart from Lincolnshire where T. H. Allis notes that it is: "common in Lincolnshire on Chalk" there's some facts which seem quite astounding.

Cumberland: Grisedale near Saddleback: Mr Hope of Penrith, told me he had taken it repeatedly ' J B Hodgkinson.

Lancashire: - Grange "Alfred Owen; abundant at Arnside in Siverdale more especially about Arnside Tower" J B Hodginson. (Does he mean the Tower area proper as now it's covered by green pasture for grazing or rather the Knott itself rising up 200 metres away').

Westmoreland: Rough fields, near Beetham and Milnthorpe, in August: J B Hodginson.

Small Blue (P. 134-135)

Newman does not specifically mention the Small Blue in Yorkshire but whether through an error of omission or not tantalizingly suggests it is there.

"It does not appear in my lists for Berkshire, Cornwall, Cheshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Northampton, Nottingham, Shropshire, Surrey or Warwickshire but is present in all the other county lists."

The Large Blue (P. 137-140)

Although obviously never a Yorkshire species, Newman mentions G T Porritt's contribution towards unravelling the secret of the Large Blue although even Newman was unaware of just how elusive that final unravelling would be. In his book, Newman mentions Porritt only infrequently and one suspects there was little or no personal contact between them.

However, either Porritt's field reports or diary are erroneous or it's Newman's laxity or else there is a serious typographical error but; 'He informs us at page 166 of the same journal that on the 4th of May two young caterpillars emerged' (surely this must be July') A few sentences later and the same caterpillars 10 days on, "were about to undergo their final moult" (Surely this must mean first or second moult)

Swallowtail (P. 149-153)

Newman notes that single Swallowtails were captured in northern counties. "One taken at Gilsland about 15 miles from Carlisle and one brought along to an entomologist in Lancashire having been caught on a turnpike road in 1856. Newman acknowledges that he doesn't know if they'd been bred or escaped. Breeding and releasing Swallowtails quite arbitrarily was much in fashion at the time and it seems, some were released at Grassington on the Yorkshire Pennines !

Newman though leaves his most interesting note on Yorkshire.

Yorkshire: On page 27 of the preface to Haworth's "Lepidoptera Britannica" we find the following passage: "I know Machaon, the common Swallowtail Papilio, breeds near Beverley yet, and my brother-in-law, R Scales of Walworth, near London, possess a specimen of it which was taken there seven years since."

Haworth published in 1803 so the Swallowtail in the collection of R Scales must have been caught at Beverley in 1796 and seeing Haworth is so venerated, it's possible that R Scales' collection might be in a museum somewhere.

A further note of interest. In the Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield, in the room exhibiting the varied collection of that excellent worker naturalist, Ben Morley, there's an exhibit of a Swallowtail supposedly caught at Horbury in West Yorkshire in 1840 and later presented to him. Of course, Swallowtails at Horbury in 1840 must be extremely unlikely though at the time, (as indeed, somewhat remains) there is a long stretch of very marshy ground beginning at Horbury going on and downwards through the lower Calder and that may, conceivably linked-up once with the fenland around Beverley. This though is pushing things. If the Swallowtail had been caught in 1740 - well perhaps!

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Note added in December 2004 (Extracts from a letter to Howard Frost 27-10-04 - on requesting the photo of Morley's Swallowtail for the forthcoming book on Yorkshire butterflies)

"Perhaps there may be something else I find rather more fascinating. I have a feeling Beverley wasn't the only place where the Swallowtail flew in Yorkshire up to the last decade of the 18th century. Although the early developments of the industrial revolution like canal building along with mills etc related to that form of transport would probably have finally put paid to presumably small Swallowtail colonies around say the early years of the 19th century some may have lingered on in areas where any interest in Lepidoptera would have been scant indeed and up river from Beverley. I suspect before the industrial revolution that a lot of Yorkshire rivers like the Ouse, Wharfe, Aire and Calder in their long approach to the Humber estuary had large flood plains which presumably merged at times into peat bogs on which milk parsley may have flourished. (In this respect rather like the River Yare's relationship with Strumpshaw Fen near Norwich which hosts a Swallowtail colony). Most likely these bogs were given a rudimentary drainage system and maybe covered with topsoil or possibly early pit spoil heap landfill as a basis for industrial building. I doubt very much if the peat would have been first extracted despite being a valuable fuel.

Obviously Horbury in 1840 was probably part of West Riding coketown and I suspect even a primitive version of Healey Mills Marshalling Yards was already up and running not so much for the transport of wool as a depot for coal. In fact coal used to be heaped up in these yards merely six years ago. Although large-scale capitalisation of coal didn't really take off until about 1850 in Yorkshire, the area to the immediate south of Horbury was riddled with small drift mines in the often deep, gorgeously wooded ravines that characterise the Netherton/Overton/Flockton area. These drift mines in such beautiful scenery had a scenic topography second to none. It's hardly surprising therefore that in the 1990s, Caphouse Colliery ' a combination of pit winding gear and drift tunnels ' was selected to be the heritage site for the National Mining Museum in a setting so picturesque it's like a miniature Appalachia. On visiting the museum you half suspect you'll run into Johnny Cash, guitar in hand singing Hazard Hollow! But it's precisely this ambience of stinking industry and natural beauty, which gives a certain aura to Horbury Bridge".

Morley's Swallowtail: Second thoughts!

"Could Horbury in the 1840s have retained a small patch of old peat bog that was favourable to a released Swallowtail or even an indigenous leftover that had travelled upstream rather than from Derbyshire' Reed beds are in any case reasonably common on these reaches of the Aire and Calder. Today on the recently created great lake of Fairburn Ings - only a few miles away and almost down river - and product of old pit water, if you close your eyes and simply look at the thick reed beds you can imagine you are somewhere on the Norfolk Broads. Alas though the banks are made up of former pit spoil heaps and any peat bog which once may have nourished milk parsley is something long gone never to return. However historically in the mid 19th century we cannot absolutely discount the possibility that our glorious Morley butterfly may have clung on somewhere around here. I think it's worth raising all such possibilities in a footnote to Ben's puzzling contribution." (Letter to Howard Frost)

Grizzled Skipper (P. 169-170) Dingy Skipper (P. 170-171)

Newman says of both butterflies that they occur in every county list.

Silver-Spotted Skipper (P. 172-173)

Yorkshire: Scarborough, York: Edwin Birchall

Fascinating! Remember Birchall was one of the few entomologists Newman particularly singles out in his preface so such a recording is probably not speculation or wish-fulfilment!

David and Stuart Wise.

April 2000

A critique of E O Wilson shall form an integral part of my hoped for book on butterflies. His early passion was for butterflies switching a little later to ants. He now describes himself, as a "small organism biologist" no doubt finding the term entomologist too constricting. So in his chosen field he is already pushing at the limits.

This enhanced scope, which ultimately derived from an early interest in insects, must have enabled him to crash other barriers like political economy (though he never uses the term as such) and aesthetics. He makes a hash of both failing to realise that each are in far greater crises than entomology ever will be. But the fact that he felt propelled to bring in other dimensions is what matters. It must reflect the fact that the life sciences are beginning to feel the heat. Yet it is not a good synthesis. In fact it is anything but a totalising movement. Rather it is interdisciplinary in aim and does not seek to transcend either political economy or aesthetics and which would put small organism biology on an even firmer footing, enriching it immeasurably.

He wrote an article for The Washington Post in 2000 entitled "Wings across two Cultures" in which he is shown holding a butterfly. In it he critiques the narrowness of much scientific work doubting for example if more than a dozen co-workers had read his essay on the discovery of cera pachyne ants in New Caledonia. Important though this was to the mycology elect, "preoccupied with their own sectors of the frontiers" he needed to contact a wider audience, a lay public and other scientists, even perhaps to secure the future of a highly specialised subject. And so he had to employ a different more imaginative approach, less constrained by strictly scientific rigour. And this for Wilson is where the "art" and the mistake come in: "Only later did it occur to me to write about these early efforts as a personal history, in a narrative that includes motive and emotion. When I decided to try it in Biophilia (1984) and Naturalist (1994), I discovered how difficult it was to compose this sort of literature." But why call it "literature"? Why not enhanced science? Literature is an embarrassingly naïve term one that is falling out of use and which cannot be rescued by bringing science to its aid. (The same is happening to Freud's highly problematical insights where Freud the litterateur i.e. his spellbinding ability to express himself and narrative powers are viewed as the be all and end all. In this sense science then becomes the last true refuge of the artist). But Wilson also realizes that classes in artistic appreciation for scientists ("merely playing the cello or admiring modern art") miss the point. Though he does not say so explicitly the aesthetic has to become integral to that of the scientific point of view. Only then can the false dichotomy of the two cultures, reminiscent so of C P Snow, be overcome and yet despite his artistic illusions this realisation comes creeping through because, in a significant turn of phase, it is a "frontier on its own". He then betrays the potential of this new frontier by evoking what has perished: "Among its greatest challenges, still largely unmet, is the conversion of the scientific creative process and world view into literature."

Wilson even implies that the evolution of science has outstripped human evolution and that its desiccated approach and presentation, in particular, is anti-human. The demand that this aridity be overcome is also a plea for the restoration of humanity and the fully evolved human being. However as we shall see Wilson's schema is also highly contradictory.

Following on from the aforementioned article Wilson gave an interview to The Guardian some two years later entitled "The Ant Man". As an evolved human being he has no qualms about giving interviews that just show how retarded his take is on the media and its immense capacity to distort the truth. However in this interview it is the socio-biologist that easily takes precedent over the social critic. In fact the two terms are to Wilson one and the same and so he blunders into the same trap as all other biologists, living and dead, great and small, have done. Quite simply they are lacking in any appreciation of Marx other than as a crude caricature and Wilson's pseudo-intelligent dismissal -"wonderful theory, wrong species"- cannot be bettered. Though the remark was hardly meant to be taken seriously what other species could it have possibly applied to? Ants have no history other than an evolutionary one. But for us "history is the natural history of man". And so we must remain highly sceptical about Wilson's claim that we are burdened down by our archaic past that is in every way different from the nightmarish past we are trying to awaken from. Wilson's past is that of the two/three million years we spent as hunter gatherers and which hard wired us to behave in a short term manner geared toward immediate survival. Hence long term strategies such as are required by conservation are alien to us. And so by implication are abstractions, generalities and universalities. Within this schema there is no place for ruling ideologies being those of the ruling class or that modes of thought are also modes of production. And so capitalism is not the problem, it is "man "or more precisely the cave man in each of us. It is to that far distant past Wilson's notion of an inborn love of nature - biophilia - harks back to. It certainly is an arresting notion and has to be taken seriously but this paleo-romanticism is something rather different in reality from swinging out of the forest to stand upright in some inviting Claude Lorraine like landscape, Most likely it would have been a dusty hot dangerous place in which to live and our biophilic instincts must have been subtly shaped over the countless millennia since. By the same token we are struck by the archaic nature of phobias - water, heights, thunder, snakes and so on. And yet it becomes too crude an instrument when he claims our instinct is to chop down trees and kill wild animals. A landless peasant will be more predisposed to cut yet more of the remaining Amazonian rain forest than an urban city dweller in London but that is not because one is more biologically evolved than the other. And there is every reason to think wild animals now fare rather better in urban than in country areas because to the general population they are very welcome. The notion of a raw, unmodified instinct becomes nonsensical and eventually even common sense is left out of the frame. A starving person kills to eat but they would rather steal from the local supermarket than kill the neighbour's cat.

Wilson and Thoreau: In Wilson's book "The Future of Life"(2001) there is a prologue to Thoreau. It could be said to mark Thoreau's coming of age within the scientific community which up to now, has held him at arms length as little more than a curiosity, at best a scientist in waiting. Yet Wilson's introductory letter to Thoreau (meaning that he is still very much alive) fails to grasp the essence of Thoreau although, quite rightly, he says, "you searched for essence at Walden Pond". Of a remembered generation that included Emerson, Whitman, Melville and Hawthorne, the most consequential is easily Thoreau even despite the enormously influential, though incomplete anarchism, of "Civil Disobedience". (Emerson said, correctly, he was "almost for abolition of government"). After reading a few paragraphs of "Walden Pond" my powers of perception really are improved, if only temporarily. I take note of the most insignificant things like the raindrops on a bare hawthorn bush. But I do not want to write a poem or compose a novel: that kind of activity belongs to the pre-history of essence.

Wilson has barely introduced himself, apologising for calling Thoreau by his first name, Henry (because his "words invite familiarity") than he describes "Walden Pond" as a "work of art" able "to reach across five generations to address the human condition accurately. Can there be a better definition of art'" Wrong. Art is of its time and therefore constrained by time in a way "Walden Pond" is not. And though Thoreau is never completely specific on this point, it is clear from reading "Walden Pond" that he is very much opposed to artifice. Wilson, for instance, calls his log cabin a "toy house" but if he had read the pages on "Economy", which describes the building of his 'house' he would know Thoreau was making a fundamental statement about architecture, building and related trades like carpentry and plastering. He was a utilitarian with a difference, an essential utilitarian, challenging the origin of the division of labour in each of us. Hence he was not a utilitarian in the specifically historical sense of the term that was predicated on an increasingly useless division of labour and coincident with the rise of industrial capitalism.

It is true that after "Economy" (which is really about paring the necessities of life down to the barest essentials to free up the rest of his life - he reckoned to work only six weeks a year - and not about the abolition of Political Economy) and describing, "where he lived" he devotes a chapter to "Reading". And though he might come across as a narrow classicist devoted exclusively to Homer and a sprinkling of other classical authors, do please take note: whilst building his cabin "when my hands were much employed, I read but little, but the least scraps of paper which lay on the ground, my holder, or tablecloth, afforded me as much entertainment, in fact answered the same purpose as The Iliad."

But as the next few pages under the heading of "Sounds" makes clear, the essential cannot be found here: "We are in danger of forgetting the language which all things and events speak without metaphor, which alone is copious and standard." What Thoreau means is actually obscure but it is also compelling: "Much is published, but little printed. The rays which stream through the shutter will be no longer remembered when the shutter is wholly removed". But we do get the gist even if it is wreathed in a haze of meaning. Literature is not just laid aside because of the need to work: " I did not read books this summer; I hoed beans. Nay, I often did better than this". And thus Thoreau gives the lie to Wilson's superficial judgement that "Walden Pond" is artistic in aim. And what follows is not just about the joys of idleness but the forgetting of time as measured by days of the week and the passing hours. It is in such passages that the oracular quality of "Walden Pond" is most potent. Though little actually happens (a bird, for instance, flits noiselessly through the house) once read it leaves an indelible impression.

The section (I object to the word chapter) is called "Sounds". And we can be in no doubt these sounds are superior to the written word which he has just described in "Reading" as "the choicest of relics. It is something at once more intimate with us and more universal than any other work of art". But not as evocative as "sound" and Thoreau really did listen: the timbre of distant bells, he believed, was subtly changed by the leaves and pine needles. Nature had its own melody it imparted to every sound. But in natural scientific terms this striking auditory perception went no further: he did not pause to wonder if the tronk, tronk, of bullfrogs were just that bit different as to suggest the presence of similar but separate species. And it is on this score that Wilson ceases to be laudatory and accuses him of scientific mediocrity. There is some substance to this accusation because as a naturalist he is so unique as to be almost unrecognisable. But he actually had read Darwin's "Voyage of the Beagle" and bought one of the first American copies of "The Origin of the Species" when it came out in 1859, scribbling notes in the margin. He certainly was becoming more of a natural scientist prior to his premature death at the age of 43 and occasionally in "Walden Pond" Latin nomenclature appears beside vernacular names.

But was Thoreau aspiring to be only a naturalist scientist or was he seeking to redefine natural science, to propel it along a different path to remake it without loss of accuracy? Did he aspire to be the parallel Darwin of a new world, to make good what Darwin failed to satisfy in otherwise receptive people? I say this in the hope of shaking from within 'science' that is E O Wilson's techno-scientific dogmatism without falling into the abyss of scepticism.

E O Wilson is an important, possibly major, entomologist, but he never succeeds in bringing out Thoreau's breadth, his decision to "interrogate every custom". In shrinking Thoreau his enviable grasp of many branches of natural history is very apparent, though I would argue this enormous knowledge has been gained at a great loss elsewhere. Wilson opts to call himself a small organism biologist in preference to an invertebrate biologist that suggests he finds the term entomologist an encumbrance and a hindrance. Creepy crawlies are small but beneath them is an even smaller world inhabiting extremities where only recently it was thought life could not survive. In Wilson's opinion Thoreau was a large organism man and his gaze only fractionally veered from the horizontal "first upward to scan the canopy, then down to scan the ground". He knew little of the world beneath our feet and the pressing necessity to develop a different optical slant if we are ever to come to an understanding and appreciation of this subterranean world without which we cannot survive. Scientists hitherto have all but ignored such a change in perspective in ways of seeing and it is to Wilson's credit that he challenges such deadening oversights. In fact the beauty of the microscopic intrigues him, which he gratingly refers to as a "micro-aesthetics". But if he is implying Thoreau was restricted to the conventions of his day he fails to understand the why and wherefore of Thoreau. His gaze was not directed exclusively at nature: potentially it was a total vision and in terms of either the very small or large, a neutral one. In fact his viewpoint is not all that different to Darwin's in "The Voyage of the Beagle" where, in this most exemplary of scientific travelogues, observations on the behaviour of indigenous populations vie with those on flora and fauna - with this essential difference the former is not held up to the same degree of critical scrutiny. In Thoreau's view how we looked was of no value if we did not see other things as well and which could equally apply to astronomy as to the budding science of microbiology: "to discover new satellites to Neptune, and not detect the motes in his eyes, or to what vagabond he is a satellite himself; or to be devoured by the monsters that swarm all around him, while contemplating the monsters in a drop of vinegar." Whether purely coincidental or not there is a prescience about Thoreau's observations: we cannot be sure exactly when he wrote the above but if he did so in the 1840's it strikingly anticipates Pasteur's voyage into the world of the "infinitely small" and his discovery in the early 1850's that fermentation is caused by living beings as in the spoliation of wine i.e. vinegar. Which underlines that Thoreau must be thought of as more of anticipation than a realised individual, a shadow cast from the future alert to the slightest suggestion.

This narrowing of viewpoint Thoreau attributed to the manner of education and, rather more than his friend Emerson, had a hearty dislike of college professors. Rather he was for a heuristic approach to learning, which was so extreme that it left little room for an instructor and might have toppled over into the educator becoming educated thus transcending the pragmatism of, learning-by-doing. Thus hostility to education as practised and its attendant hierarchy was inseparable from Thoreau's critique of the division of labour. Maybe because education was in the 1840's still in a half-formed gelatinous state Thoreau was more able to go one better. But for E O Wilson 'education' is not a problem never mind the wholesale capitalisation of knowledge, which Thoreau could not name because it was still in its infancy. So whatever critical reservations Wilson has about the term entomology it does not lead to a fundamental questioning of the compartmentalisation of knowledge or whatever is meant by knowledge in the first place. His reservations are of an interdisciplinary nature rather than marking the beginning of a critique of the knowledge industry.

In his intro, Wilson uncovered a sentence of Thoreau's which he paraphrases as: "In wildness is the salvation of the world". I have been unable to find the original but, even so, it is an arresting statement. And it is immeasurably more relevant today than 150 years ago. Yet Wilson is able to twist it into anticipating a branch of capital, and the mouth-watering profits to be made from nature by the valorisation of the wild masquerading as a conservation ethic. He tries to put a figure to it by asking, "How much is the biosphere worth" quoting from a team of scientists who in 1997 came up with the figure $33 trillion. This did not make economic sense to me at all and I wondered if that meant the likely cost of replacing these natural systems. In any case why go to the bother of doing a cost benefit analysis of nature at all? To do so implies argument only has a value if expressed in economic terms which immediately puts one on the same terrain as the opposition by accepting without quibble the terms of the debate. Besides it is simply not feasible to even think of replacing natural systems by a manufactured prosthesis along the lines of oxygen pumped from a cylinder. It amounts to saying only by first asking "how much" will it cost for humanity to be saved. There can be no more deadening triumph of economic man even if, to be charitable, this is not the intention of these marginal utility eco economists - (the value of a thing rises or falls on account of a subjective measurement of its worth not because of the expenditure of labour time).

Since the Romantic Movement nature has been surrounded with ambiguity and in one form or another its immediacy has been that of a vested interest. Increasingly it has come armed with a price tag. This marks more of a victory for commerce than for life and Jean Jacques Rousseau's natural man - the equal exchange between two contracting parties - was also the basis for unequal exchange and exploitation. Hence Wilson's plea for bio-diversity is also plea for economic self-interest and seeks to draw all of life, even down to the microbial, into the sphere of the commodity, a term, which like all other biologists, he does not have even a rudimentary understanding of. The pharmacological explosion essentially is the spin off from the increased sophistication of molecular biology and the discovery of DNA in the early fifties. 40% of all prescribed medicines either come directly from living tissue or are analogues of the same. Wilson mentions GMO's and, despite adding a note of caution, never once sees fit at the very least to say it is a world war waged by a few companies to gain control of world food production.

However as a major field naturalist, Wilson also knows that pharmacological breakthroughs rarely come purely and simply from within the laboratory. Invariably they are preceded by a complex history in which the field naturalist plays an essential though much overlooked part because it conflicts with the dominant techno-scientific-industrial rationale. Field workers are alerted to the properties of living things from observing local practises, reading old herbals or listening to old wives tales. They can also become embarrassingly implicated in bio-piracy thus further compromising the disinterested innocence of the field naturalist. By not raising the issue of bio-piracy and the patenting of analogues, Wilson is guilty of an oversight comparable to that of GMO's. He is also silent on such issues as the stripping of the bark from the Pacific Yews, which is endangering their survival, because it contains Taxol an ant carcinogen. No drug company is prepared to invest in manufacturing an analogue because, as a naturally occurring substance, it cannot be patented.

To Wilson the industrial expression of biodiversity is good business. And given the high percentage of pharmaceutical products derived from living organisms (world trade in plant extracts amounts to $84 billion a year) this is tantamount to giving the drug companies a clean bill of health. But to me this is only the bare beginnings of the story and I would love to read an in depth analysis which starts from the premise that as an industry it cannot but involve workers and capitalists and whose essential interests must conflict not only over wages but over the meaning of the work they are engaged upon. I would very much like to know more about the laboratory technicians (and not just the "hands") and why they are so quiescent. How deep do their criticisms go both of the company and what they are employed in doing? And, in general, is their "ecological footprint" every bit as bad, or even worse, than the stereotypical car worker? And what of the divided souls of field workers employed to hunt out new species that have the potential of becoming the next wonder drugs. Are some less conscience stricken than others when it comes to inveigling their way into primitive farming communities offering them a pittance for the surrender of their living pharmacopoeia? Wilson has nothing to say about any of this and still he has the cheek to call himself a follower of Thoreau. At the very least such an overview could revise the version of history as told by the conquerors. Just as we now believe proto-telescopes existed prior to Galileo so we now must humbly look afresh at the proto-science of the herbalist who lived better than the lab technician though probably not as long.

Having named many ant species new to science Wilson errs on the side of taxonomy. In his perspective knowledge of the species is power. In practise nature's riches become the riches of capitalism. Though a convinced evolutionist much of Wilson's work is a clarion call to the naming of the species. Almost messianic in tone (rather than "scientific") the "future of life" hinges on that task alone which is also the future of the bio-engineering and pharmaceutical companies. Three centuries ago the Swedish biologist, Linnaeus, was possessed by a similar urge to name the species. For him it was divinely ordained and his assistants in this heavenly task were "apostles" not lab assistants. In the intervening years money has replaced natural theology with evolution tacked on as a pre-capitalist formation.

Taxonomic description today and particularly if it were to fulfil Wilson's purpose, would be more than just precise English. It would be likely to carry a whole range of chemical signatures, which cannot deceive to anything like the same extent as words. In contrast Thoreau's nature is picked out only here and there with actual names and, occasionally, Latin names. In this Emerson marking a shift away from a panoramic nameless literary romanticism to a natural scientific 'romanticism' possibly influenced him: that is towards a more responsive complex, wider, different science. Species in Thoreau evoke fantasies and he is childlike enough to record these as worthy of interest. The Tawny Owl's screech brings to mind "the spirits, the low spirits and melancholy forebodings of fallen souls that once in human shape at night walked the earth and did the deeds of darkness". We may sneer condescendingly but who has not involuntarily shuddered when that blood-curdling scream has perked close by, the dark night. There is no scientific remedy to ward off our instantaneous recoil. To separate the outer from the inner is to cleave nature in two and we cease to be part of nature. The one approach does not have to sacrifice scientific accuracy, rather it can enrich it: "So much of nature as he is ignorant of, so much of his own nature does he not yet possess" (Emerson, "The American Scholar").

I can't say for sure what sparked my interest in nature at such an early age. By the age of 12, I was a passionate Lepidopterist and though now far more cognate I bemoan the passing of that passion, despite being an educational reject attending a sink sec' mod. Even then I would refer to the Vannessid family by its Latin name. I also recall the day when visiting a local quarry in the smoke-blackened West Riding of Yorkshire. I was told the names of several species of butterflies and day flying moths by the children of desperately poor parents. Little did I know but on that very first day I had been helped in making an important discovery. The Common Blue that was flying on this site in considerable numbers was unknown apart from rare singletons in West Yorkshire at that time. And where due to recollections of the 1950s the extremely rare Grayling butterfly was found in 2002.

I also still have my old butterfly and moth books and sometimes when drink has blotted out the day I will look at the selected colour plates and try to recapture how I once felt. For a fraction of a second I just about manage to do so. And to think this feeling once never left me. In particular there is a plate of Yellow Underwing moths that adorned the cover of Vol 11 of Richard South's work "The Moths of the British Isles" published around the turn of the last century. I cannot describe what affect this plate had on me. Though the moths appeared to stand off the page to describe it as having a 3D effect is to delimit it. It was in a dimension, perhaps several dimensions, all of its own. No other visual representation before or since has made this impression upon me.

I also greatly admired the colour plates in E B Ford's volumes on Butterflies and Moths and, even at that early age, felt they displayed a purpose that went beyond the mere beauty of the plates. They have withstood the test of time, not just with me but others also. Some three years back I recall meeting a young college natural science lecturer from Balliol College in Hell's Coppice near Oxford. Conversation turned from lamenting the absence of the Black Hairstreak butterfly that day to Lepidoptera in general and I asked him about Ford's current standing in Oxford. He appeared not to appreciate what I was driving at when I asked him if he thought Ford was influenced by the Oxford of his day. Though I did not say so directly for fear of appearing too political I had in mind the "leftward" shift which plainly effected one of his great mentors, E S Haldane. He had amusing tales to relate, particularly how Ford opposed the admission of women to senior common rooms because of their "shrill voices". And also that on his death Ford's eagerly awaited folder labelled genetics the contents of which had remained private, contained but one sentence. His research into genetics had started and finished with butterflies and moths. But - oh- those unforgettable colour plates. And what other major scientific work ever began with something so apparently unrelated as the Fall of Constantinople? This surreal detail, mentioned by the Fellow of All Souls College, had totally escaped my notice.

None of my early butterfly and moth books were ever fully closed. Even when shut they remained open. They had come to life in a more positive manner than nursery rhymes, and yet far removed from the dead adult world of bookshelves. In my early 20s', I came across a spontaneous, perhaps unsought, expression of Nietzsche's that probably he could not explain but which summed up my feelings exactly, "child-sized butterflies". Others responded in a similar fashion. Beyond the strained, somewhat biblical, presence of Lions and Serpents there is, throughout Nietzsche's work, the more meaningful neighbourhood of insects and single celled animals. As the introduction to the "Genealogy of Morals "says: "We all aspire to be winged insects". And yet, possibly aware of Nageli's cytological studies, he also narrows that world down to the microscopic even as he superimposed on single cell life an extra aesthetic rhythm and a will to power (cell division in fact). He was, before his time, a small organism, anti-philosopher confusedly requiring action before all else though finally it is hardly less confusing than Wilson's pragmatism.

In addition to being a historian of morals Nietzsche was also a genealogist of language doubting if we could ever achieve precision in language. But his radical empiricist view of language did not blind him to the role of language as a social enforcer. A "primal" language also accompanies the primal crime in the "Genealogy of Morals" and liberation also depends on a liberated word order. In this respect he is prepared to wholeheartedly give in to the metaphorical function of language, pushing it to extremes. And without falling back onto past mythologies we must commit ourselves to believing what it says. Remy Goncourt in Andre Breton's time tried to explain Saint Pol Roux's symbolist poetry in entirely pragmatic terms. Breton rightly responded by scathingly saying that a line of Saint Pol Roux's "The morrow of the caterpillar is the ladies ball room gown"- was not another way of saying a caterpillar becomes a butterfly.

Above: Andre Breton

Above: Fredrich Nietzsche

In fact from Linnaeus onwards the scientific naming of the species has been in thrall to classical mythology. Quite consciously, in the naming of some of the strange creatures found in the Burgess Shale dating from the Cambrian seas, the tradition of Latin and Greek derivatives was ignored. The same could be said of the naming of the components of the quarks with its several "flavours" - up, down, strange, charm, top and bottom - which have nothing to do with taste. By deliberately (and affectedly in the case of quarks) choosing different words, to the point of absurdity even, the crises of expression is posed but not expressed with anything like sufficient clarity. Change is restricted to the word order itself and within science, the crises of avant-garde 'literature' is partially recapitulated - but without the radical consequences.

This had long been the case with the naming in particular, of moths in 19th century Britain. That there may be something of real interest here has only recently being suspected. (C/f Emmett's book on names). Rarely if ever has taxonomy been so extravagant - at least in the vernacular i.e. English mode. This language fest was in marked contrast to the sobriety of the Latin designates and directly reflected what was happening to English as a functioning everyday language and as a literary tool. G M Hopkins engagement is almost entirely with words. Short of pushing language to the brink of disintegration he cannot find the order, or disorder of words, he needs. As a Jesuit priest he is debarred from opening up other fronts even though he has some contact with William Wallace, the translator of Hegel's "Science of Logic". He is also sympathetic to the Paris Commune. Yet finally words become invested with a weight they cannot support. We lose our way within the maze of words. I wish, whenever I see a Kestrel Hawk, I did not have to see it through Hopkins eyes: "The Wind Hover", the genuinely vernacular title of Manley Hopkins poem, says far more and with a far greater economy of language. It also takes a similar liberty with the word order, changing the second designate from a verb into a noun. The unfettering of the word order and a "low science" including a nascent animal ethnology were once not that different.

We are more familiar with the names of moths than the moths themselves. The "Concolorous" moth has been known by name to me since my earl teens but I still cannot say what it looks like. With the intensifying interest in varieties that changed, as words lost out in importance and appearance gained the upper hand, I am able to vividly recall many a variety that I cannot hope to put a name to. This development may help to explain why a colour plate of moths had such an impact upon me. It was invested with critique and promised a new world. It just was and needed no further explanation. This most artless of natural scientific symbolism was also the most successful.

The cult of varieties shattered the unnoticed links between systematisation and industrial standardisation. The near mesmeric effect of the uniqueness of some, if not all varieties was a living riposte to a mass produced, mechanised world. "Everything counter, original, spare, strange" could now be complimented with a natural scientific fact. Yet also, hidden from view in the cult of varieties, there lay the search for the laws governing inheritance. In fact that honour should have gone to a butterfly or moth with pronounced phenotypic characteristics, that bred more or less continuously throughout the year. For by now the structural richness of the insect world, in particular the extraordinary mimetic capacity of some insects, was recognised as a product of the rate of reproductive capacity, vastly accelerating the process of trial and error by natural selection. Instead the examination of annual crops of peas were to provide the key to the understanding of genes. But once Mendel's paper was generally known about, almost immediately the fast breeding fruit fly became the chosen object of study to establish, in part, the rate of mutation. By entering the laboratory, entomology had come of age. But it had lost its innocence, leading up to that time, a natural existence unspoilt by use. Apart from silk worms and bees, insects were not generally farmed, bred or cultivated. They were still unworthy objects of study as lacking in scientific merit as the growing number of people taking an interest in them. But because it had so little prestige and was subject to such ridicule, entomology was also an open door through which other properties appeared. Lady Glanville was declared mad and her will invalid because she collected butterflies. E Newman, the noted Victorian lepidopterist, found this low status difficult to live with and overcompensated by larding his acute observations with literary references. But it is the beauty of his descriptions that have survived not the wealth of his literary allusions / illusions.

Like the accompanying proletarian movement, entomology had to fight for its recognition. Everything challenging could find a refuge there, which may explain Nietzsche's numerous references to insects. The meanest invertebrates demanded the equality the French Revolution had promised, but their growing enfranchisement clipped their wings. Set against the bleak backdrop of the industrial revolution, the insect world offered an escape, if not from despoliation and an alienated existence, then into a diminutive new world.

But not before the caterpillar on a cap of Fly Agaric in "Alice in Wonderland" had pointedly demanded of Alice: "Who are you"? The long drawn out, increasingly sophisticated, examination of insects throughout the 19th Century was also an interrogation of us. In putting questions to nature we also were put on the spot, until now the birth or death of humanity is the question that haunts, or should haunt us. To get his point across E O Wilson argues humans no longer breed like primates but like microbes. He could have said exponentially, meaning the population grows by the same percentage each year and will double in the next 40 years. But numbers do not make the skin crawl as does the mutation of the human into bacterial growth. Entomology always did have a sting in its tail.

Without intending to do so, entomology relativized our existence. However in changing our spatial conception it did nothing to sharpen our understanding of historical time. As we grubbed about lifting stones and peeling back decaying bark, our dimensions became uncertain. To better comprehend the insect world we became insects and insects us. Nowhere was this better expressed that in Julian Huxley`s paragraph on ant parasites. When I obtained a copy of Wilson and Holddoblers, Pulitzer Prize winning book on ants, I scanned the bibliography for any mention of Huxley's short, exceedingly well written, introductory synopsis. I am not expert enough to say why it was omitted. Perhaps after all, it was too much of a summary and lacking in original research.

Focussing ever downwards the microscopic opened out, over the course of time, onto the cosmos. In the past 15 years our understanding of extremophiles - species that inhabit the extremes of the biologically tolerable - has grown by leaps and bounds. They are invariably small creatures - algae, bacteria and exceedingly small arthropods - adopted to withstand extreme heat (300 degrees and more), immense barometric pressure (37,000ft down) and even 1million rads of radioactivity (1000 can kill a human in days). Some amazing creatures are able to metabolise sulphide far beyond the reach of organic molecules from the photosynthetic biosphere. In a chilling remark Wilson wonders if they have an evolutionary future in the "post-catastrophic photosynthetic era". That life may have come from outer space (panspermia) is no longer thought preposterous. And if Dinococcus Radiodurans bacteria are anything to go by, the inferno of the "great bombardment" may have nourished similar creatures, pushing back the beginnings of life to a near molten period of earth's history.

Largely unfolding in a world dominated by industrial capitalism, the otherworldliness of entomology has now entered space-time. I get the impression the extent and significance of the world of small organisms has only recently been revealed to a highly receptive and enthusiastic E O Wilson. However it was his interest in butterflies in the first place, and then ants, that finally led him to this remote region guided by a succession of ever-smaller invertebrates. Eventually the world of the infinitely small became the infinitely large.

I also have been almost dragged along a similar path going from Lepidoptera to a revived interest in astronomy. (When I was young I was interested in both, but stars could not be collected and no one possessed a telescope to get a better look at them). I then went through a rich development that sought to change the world and life (a kind of situationist revolution) and I have never doubted this is the only secure hope of mankind. I returned to my childhood interest in butterflies (which never rally left me) because of revolutionary defeat and yet bringing with me what I had learned in the meantime. Immediately they became "dialectical", entering the arena of political economy, which meant they were no longer just butterflies. I now saw them flying against a backdrop of capitalism and it was blindingly obvious to me conservation measures could not be legitimately separated from the ownership of land, industrial farming, urbanism and cars. My transition to an interest in cosmological theories came about for many reasons. We are not that far off from knowing if life exists elsewhere in the solar system. In fact it is possible we shall know by this time next year, if the Mars probe is successful. Life could also exist on Europa and Callistro, two of Jupiter's moons.

But what kind of life. It is highly unlikely it will be anywhere near as evolved as life on Earth and small in comparison. But even at a near microscopic level it could result in the discovery of previously unknown phyla. We have had to come to terms with the fact evolution of life is far more random than even Darwin suspected. It is now generally accepted that it was meteor that finally brought the age of dinosaurs to an end. Though Darwin maybe was right in thinking there is an evolution in the direction of greater complexity, it does not mean the age of mammals had to succeed that of reptiles. This random event also changed the way we think about the solar system: if there is not a planetary giant like Jupiter somewhere in the outer solar system pulling debris from outer space, then the chances of complex life developing on an earth-sized planet is small. I have also been much impressed how geological studies have become extra terrestrial and what is learnt on earth can be applied to the heavens. Photographs of melting ice sheets here on earth indicate that the ice bound surface of Europa is thin in parts, suggesting the presence of a slushy sea beneath. And probes in the vicinity of Lake Vostok some two miles down under the Antarctica ice cap have revealed an array of living organisms. They do not tell us how life might have evolved on Europa, only that life is possible.

I also confess to being fascinated by the renewed interest shown by engineers in insect motility. And I had thought technology had reached such a degree of abstraction it had no need to refer to living things, as did Leonardo in his aviation studies. In fact I had argued in a pamphlet on "The Common Blue" butterfly that if Leonardo had examined butterflies rather than birds he may yet have arrived at a solution to the problem of human flight - no matter that part of his ornithopter, based on a study of birds wings, was a near perfect aerodynamic foil and not at all dissimilar to today's aeroplane wings. So imagine how surprised I was to learn that dragonfly wings and their flight mechanisms, were being examined afresh to create a short hop vehicle suitable for the Martian terrain. And also, that the independent movement of a cockroaches legs, rather than the wave motion of a millipedes, might provide a solution of how best to move a vehicle across rocky ground, supported only on tubular legs, without fear of it falling over. I was no less surprised by the ease with which I had been drawn into this rebirth of technological innocence, when I was choking on car ads, the latest luxury in plane travel or innovation in sound engineering, when all I wanted to do was shut my ears against noise. Perhaps we should look no further for the reason than both machines are destined to function in another world.

So much else besides has both a terrestrial and a sidereal content nowadays. Our increased understanding of animal sounds, even possible "language" might be of benefit in deciphering an alien language. We wonder also if this animal language has a structure beyond the mere naming of things i.e. one we haven't put there, which is always a danger with "signing" monkeys. And where exactly are the boundaries of intelligent life? The discovery that Honey Bees have a body language capable of transmitting a billion messages was one of the most remarkable finds of the 20th century. The bee will never be quite so humble again and when biology went astral, we began to ponder on the possible forms an alien intelligence would come wrapped in. The sci-fi humanoid insect, popular throughout the 20th century, expressed a typical dread of the insect world. It might now be seen as one of several options.

My further investigations into modern cosmogony revealed to me that our universe is a biophilic universe. That is one favourable to the development of life. If just one small feature had been slightly "out", life would never have developed. We are stardust built up out of the carbon generated by second-generation stars. But from our reduced perspective despair lies at the heart of every star burst.

Fascinated as I am by the contemporary cosmological theories, they pale besides those of the Ionian cosmogonists. There is, in the greater accuracy of the former, the same wonder as in the latter but the complete human being is not there - and more than ever it should be. Theory becomes a mere function of a particular type of brain and "life" increasingly comes to mean the possibility of "intelligent" life as conceived by this particular brain. It is all leading up to the moment the planet has to be abandoned because uninhabitable and these inhuman brains leave earth in a rocket because they have abandoned the struggle long ago for a better life. Whatever future remains they find it in the second law of thermodynamics, the gradual dissipation of energy as heat flows from hot to cold. In this red shifted twilight of the universe the brain thinks as little as possible to conserve energy. Most of the time is spent sleeping forgetting that, whilst asleep, we also dream and the brain remains active. But what do these theorists know about dreams seeing they can so happily stand aside from this nightmarish world?

Stuart Wise (incomplete notes. Spring 2004)

Part of a campaign to save Woodhall Quarries, Bradford, from redevelopment as car park and land fill

Above left: The Tutsan plant on the quarry floor
Above right: Woodhall Quarries from The Blue Pig direction

17th August, 2003

Dear Susan,
On a cold, overcast day in early January of this year (2003) we decided to visit Woodhall Quarry. We were prospecting possible sites in the Bradford area that might suit the Grayling which is only just beginning to make an appearance in West Yorks (Storrs Hill in Ossett, Healey Mills marshalling yards). By the time we arrived at the quarry snow was falling, yet despite the cold we noted the quarry was palpably warmer than the surrounding lanes and fields. We moved closer to the rocky face of the quarry, which was warmer still, and there I espied a plant in a thicket of bare Goat Willows which I was convinced must be Tutsan.

I resolved to go back in mid summer, when the plant would be in bloom and on the off chance I might find the Grayling, for the conditions in the quarry were ideal for the butterfly.

So on a lack lustre day (July 10th 2003 to be precise), for want of something better to do, I returned to the quarry. On the path leading from the Blue Pig pub to the entrance of the quarry my attention was caught by a butterfly flitting nervously around a bramble bush. By its flight I "knew" it was a Ringlet but until it settled I could not be 100% sure. But settle it would not. And so I gave up for the moment and entered the quarry instead to look for the Tutsan. I crossed the stony quarry floor to the grassed over hillocks at the far side and it was here that I noticed my second Ringlet. This time there was no doubting it. I had unexpectedly stumbled upon a colony of Ringlet butterflies.

I was nonplussed. However had the butterfly got here? I had, over the past few days been searching for the Ringlet along the banks of the Aire on the approach to Shipley upstream from Leeds. I duly found a few (and I mean a few, numbering six at most) and all were within 3 metres of the riverbank. I knew these to be the scouts of the southern invaders slowly but surely advancing up the Aire as they have done up the Wharfe. Once established they then tend to fan out and will migrate across fields, colonising field margins and lanes some distance from flowing water. We first became aware of this pattern some years ago at Wetherby where the butterfly could be found in lanes and hedge backs two fields distance from the Wharfe. However the further we went upstream the narrower the habitable area became and the more the butterfly tended to hug the water margin. Watching the butterfly fly upstream against the current we came to the conclusion the river was the main highway to further colonisation.

Nothing we have observed since has caused us to change our initial conjecture. By mid July of this year we realised the butterfly had conclusively arrived in Shipley (we saw one lone insect on the Denso Marston reserve). But we were left pondering the question how long would it be before the butterfly managed to overfly Shipley? We had been here before some years back, asking the self-same question when we found the "new" Ringlets in some numbers east of Otley but none to the west. Between the Denso Marston reserve and the first congenial stretch of territory at Saltaire alongside of the playing fields on the banks of the Aire, there lies at least a mile of very hostile terrain to the Ringlet. In fact it is not all that pleasant to us humans and includes new and old factories, mounds of rubbish tipped carelessly down the bankside, heaps of gritting salt, retail parks, a builders merchants, fitness clubs, car parks. plazas bedecked with Heineken parasols, three bridges and the busy Otley Rd. In our opinion, and baring a freak occurrence, numbers will really have to build up before there is even a remote possibility of the butterfly chancing it across this no-fly zone.

We had long known about the unique colony of Ringlets at Ben Rhydding gravel pits and my first photos of them in the early 90s' clearly show the remarkable range of variation going from the arete to the caeca (almost "blind" form). We also knew about the efforts to find the "other" colony that in our minds took on almost mythic proportions. We felt there just had to be another within the vicinity but all our efforts, and those of others, to locate it were in vain. We were also alert to the slightest variation amongst the new arrivals. But of the many hundreds we scrutinised we only found one where one of the spots on the hind wings was slightly pear shape, a characteristic of var lanceolata. This was fairly late one evening midway between Poole and Otley and confirmed our suspicions that the new arrivals had pushed up the country from the south. According to Thomas, the var lanceolata is more likely to be found in the south whilst the arete and caeca are generally restricted to the north. The co-authors (Heath/Emmett) of "Butterflies of the British Isles" also claim the Ringlets in the north are lighter and fractionally smaller adding "also there is an increased frequency in the north of forms with reduced occelli with ab arete and ab caeca occurring commonly". Imagine then my huge delight when on taking a closer look at the Woodhall quarry population I began to notice the presence of the arete and caeca forms of the Ringlet. Then like a flash it occurred to me that this was the second colony, the one we and others had been looking for all along. And here it was in the most unlikely spot imaginable, high on the hills overlooking Shipley close to Bradford Moor and the choking fumes of Leeds Rd. Returning up Woodhall lane, which comes out onto the Leeds Rd. and just past the old demolished railway bridge on the Leeds/Eccleshill line (where I had noticed a Ringlet though I had ceased to look for them) I turned to look back. There, directly opposite, in the blue distance was the confluence of the river Washburn and the Wharfe. Some three years ago the existence of the Ringlet in Lindley woods in the valley of the Washburn had been established by David Howson who on receiving a report of a likely sighting had promptly taken a look for himself. Though I have not found time to take a look myself, I do know it is a variable Ringlet population. What the ratio of variable to normal forms is I cannot say. At a rough guess I would hazard it is, at Woodhall Quarry, around 20%, though I was so excited I never once thought of counting. What mattered, above all else, was to take photos of them: good, bad or indifferent it did not matter for the time being. Just so long as I had some sort of proof because it was becoming evident to me this was a significant find. I cannot say how big the population is but everywhere I looked in and around the quarry I found Ringlets. It is my conviction it has been there for years, longer even than the Ben Rhydding colony that goes back to 1987 on a site much visited by naturalists.

I had a degree of familiarity with the Ringlet prior to visiting the site at Ben Rhydding on an annual basis in the 1990s'. But we were immediately struck by the behavioural peculiarities of this colony. We began to employ subjective terms like "inward looking"- even "neurotic"- to best characterise these unusual traits. An invisible boundary as transparent and as impenetrable as glass seemed to hem the colony in. The butterflies would, for instance, never go anywhere near the busy "Highway to the Lakes" between Burley and Ilkley. In the south to find Ringlets on roadside verges is not that uncommon particularly where there are ditches. However it seems to me if the ancestral colony of the Ben Rhydding and Woodhall Quarry colonies are the same (i.e. Lindley Wood in the Washburn valley) then the Woodhall Quarry colony has been able to overcome the "self-imposed restrictions" of the Ben Rhydding colony in ways which have yet to be determined more precisely. (It is for one thing much more able to adapt to drier conditions: to walk from the roadway to the centre of the Ben Rhydding colony can sometimes feel like suddenly passing from a desert into a mangrove swamp so appreciable is the increase in humidity on a hot day. Likewise the Woodhall Quarry Ringlets are not that fazed by the tormenting presence of dirt track riders and their infernal machines. However an underground spring issues from the quarry floor and it is often very damp under foot, conditions which suit the Ringlet perfectly).

In late spring 2001, a very interesting article appeared in 'The Naturalist 'published by the Yorkshire Naturalists Union (issue number 1037. Volume 1260). It was called "A Century and A Half of Change in the Butterfly Fauna of the Huddersfield area of Yorkshire" and written by Geoffrey Fryer and Ms Jill Lucas. Apart from anything else the historical details are very good, particularly as the survey is not restricted to Huddersfield but includes Bradford as well. There is a fascinating entry on the Ringlet in the Bradford area. "The Ringlet was also reported from Great Park, Low Moor, by W. Barraclough in 1949, the single individual being described as "almost v. obsoleta" (Dearing 1950). On the relevant NYU card Hewson noted that this was only seen and not taken, and C.R. Haxby regarded it as highly suspect (Bradford NS). The reason is unclear as Barraclough as an experienced lepidopterist, must have noted the reduction of the under-surface ocelli, and would hardly confuse even a variant Ringlet with any species". We would concur with Fryer and Lucas on this. Interestingly, sometime in the autumn of 2000, we had noted the same card when leafing through lepidoptera records in Cliffe Castle Museum in Keighley whilst engaged on research for a forthcoming book on Yorkshire butterflies. We were likewise puzzled by Haxby's comment who was a distinguished lepidopterist from Great Horton, Bradford. Perhaps what Barraclough saw was a v. obsoleta escapee from the Woodhall Quarry Ringlet population which had been blown by the wind across to Low Moor some two miles away' The case can never be proven but the likelihood that Barraclough did see an extreme variant of the Ringlet is now more probable than before. Remember also that an interest in butterflies in 1949, particularly in a heavily industrialised city like Bradford was, in comparison to today, an esoteric preoccupation so the chances of a colony of Ringlets remaining undetected is therefore higher.

We are entering a plea that every effort is made to preserve Woodhall Quarry. Apart from the Tutsan, the Early Marsh Orchids and a colony of Gatekeeper butterflies the real clincher must be the Ringlets. We have reason to believe that it forms part of the original Ringlet population, which existed in Northern England and the Scottish Lowlands prior to the industrial revolution. According to some authorities (e.g. Heath/Emmett) it was either forced out of, or destroyed, in industrial districts to lead a fugitive existence elsewhere. The following remarks by the co-authors of "Butterflies of the British Isles" are of considerable interest. "There is a scarcity of records from the Midlands and northern England; evidence indicates that it was formerly widespread in these areas (Harrison, 1959) and together with the retraction around London and in central Scotland, points to declines mainly in industrial areas (Heath et al, 1984)". Richard South in one of his classic volumes (1906) on British lepidoptera claims it "seems to have disappeared from districts in Lancashire and Yorkshire where it was once formerly common". South was indefatigable in his pursuit of local records and very much in line with the tradition first laid down by Edward Newman in the mid 19th Century. The Woodhall Quarry colony is, we maintain, a relic population from the pre-industrial era and one that has yet to be diluted by the influx from the south. It is the sole remaining pristine survivor from this era and therefore its value is inestimable. The same cannot now be said of the Ben Rhydding and Lindley Woods colonies. In the former the ratio of variable to normal forms has drastically declined. Four years ago we estimated the variation to be as high as 70% to 80% which is extraordinary by any standards. This may sound as if the tendency towards variation was increasing over the years and unfortunately the statistical proof is lacking. Our own recording was far from rigorous and looking back we can only kick ourselves for being so lazy and blind to the impending threat from outside. This golden opportunity has now become a lost opportunity. In our opinion the Ben Rhydding population was unique: it came as a surprise to learn that the Fords, father and son, put the percentage of variation within a graded series going from the arete to the caeca at only 5%. This was in a colony they kept under observation in Cumbria throughout the 1920s'. In the Tolson Museum in Huddersfield in the Porritt/Morley collection there is also a similar graded series all caught, it appears, around Castle Howard. We do not know if either Porritt or Morley left any relevant notes as to the incidence of these varieties and if the task of amassing this graded series proved to be a hard one. But they were, for certain, all caught in the 19th Century. Further research is needed to establish if these old populations in northern England and the Lowlands were subject to variation. And did these variation arise because the colonies were (or became) isolated over time and therefore favoured random genetic drift as distinct from the more rigorous selection pressures of larger populations? Or it may turn out it was the variations that were selected for in the majority of these discrete colonies, which would severely dent the argument supporting random genetic drift. Thus once more we find ourselves on the field of battle with, on the one side, the geneticists armed with equations ultimately derived from Mendelian laws of inheritance and, on the other side, field naturalists who come in peace armed only with the needles of close observation. We can say that a couple of years ago inspecting the Ben Rhydding population we noted that the variants tended to be more dished than the normal forms. Maybe there was some sort of hidden selection pressure at work manifesting itself in different emergence times and leading eventually to sympatric speciation. If this were the case then the chances of the variants mating with one another to produce a pure strain would be greatly increased. On the other hand it may only indicate that the "relic survivors" are more adjusted to the local climate. E B Ford thought the genetic factors controlling the arete/caeca gradient were fundamentally different to that of the var lanceolata because the "various mixtures" between the arete and normal forms is "quite in accord with the supposition that the reduction of spots in the Ringlet is controlled on a multi-factorial basis" (see the chapter "Genetic Interactions" from "Butterflies"). The contrast with the genetics of var lanceolata is particularly striking. Here the number in the second filial generation brackets out into a fairly typical Mendelian quantity. The multi-factorial nature of the arete (and presumably caeca form) could mean there are significant alterations in other aspects of the insects physiology which enable it to adapt to local conditions. I can remember occasions when the Wharfe in late winter, would violently overflow its banks at Ben Rhydding gravel pits even reaching the roadway. The young larva approaching their third moult would have been submerged under the turbulent water until such times as the flood receded. Have they the means to trap air allowing them to breathe as from a natural bell jar? The caterpillar is not hairy so the chances of them trapping bubbles of air in much the same way as fur does under water, is non-existent. Is it possible the spiracles have evolved in the direction of gills allowing the caterpillar to breathe under water?

Possibly the answers to these questions will never be known. If for instance the two populations are timed to emerge at different intervals it may only mean a line of possible evolutionary development amongst many others, has been discontinued - one that was specifically adjusted to conditions that prevailed prior to the warming that has undoubtedly been a factor in the spread of the Ringlet from the south into the north. Such "theorising" will forever remain on the level of speculation but of a kind that cannot just be dismissed as belonging on the wilder shores of speculation like the alleged existence of the Unicorn or Griffin. (The possibility of a balanced polymorphism cannot be discounted but to say why a balance might be advantageous as distinct from outright dominance of one form or the other is, in our present state of ignorance, impossible to demonstrate) However the discovery of the Woodhall Quarry population means if we are on the right track lepidopterists have been granted a final chance to study a colony that in all probability has its origins in pre-industrial times. It will be several years before the southern invaders, present in only ones' and twos' in the Aire valley directly below, will be able to scale the heights to Woodhall Quarry. For that reason it is imperative to do everything possible to preserve the quarry just as it is.

I did eventually find my hopeful Tutsan. It was flowering deep in a shady grove of Goat Willows. A garden escape quite possibly, but I have yet to see the plant in a Bradford garden. In the late afternoon I left a message on my brother's answering machine: "I have found a large colony of Ringlets at Woodhall Quarry that contains the arete and caeca form. I have also found a colony of early Gatekeepers. And it was Tutsan after all. Beat that if you can!"

Cheers,
Stuart Wise

Above left: Obsoleta Ringlet, Woodhall Quarries, Bradford, 11th July 2003
Above right: Possible obsoleta Ringlet in the long grass. Woodhall Quarries. 11th July 2003

Above left: Minor Ringlet lanceolata
Above right: Woodhall Quarries, Fagley, Bradford. 2004

(Next Letter)

22nd July 2004

Dear Susan,

In view of the on-going fight to retain Woodhall Quarry we think it exceedingly timely to raise the possibility of the site hosting a colony of Grayling in the not too distant future. We know of no other place in and around Bradford that is so eminently suited to eventual colonisation.

As you well know apart from the Pearl Bordered Fritillary, the Grayling is the rarest Yorkshire butterfly. Only four years ago (or thereabouts) this large and beautiful butterfly was almost officially pronounced extinct in Yorkshire. In fact the funeral service to mark its passing had hardly been announced when a miracle happened. It had arisen from the dead and was flapping its wings over the graveyards of smoke stack industry. News came that the Grayling had been found in the old marshalling yards around Haverton Hill between Middlesborough and Stockton. 40 years ago the place was an industrial desert of red oxide dust, choking fumes and blackness and at night the blast furnaces could be seen glowing in the night sky like beacons from hell. It was both horrible and awesome, as though all life roundabouts had been either burnt by fire or suffocated in soot.

Close on this discovery the butterfly was found on Storrs Hill, a disused quarry on the outskirts of Ossett, West Yorkshire. The next year (2003) following a hunch we discovered a huge colony in Healey Mills marshalling yards just below Storrs Hill. Again our minds went back to what the place was like well over forty years ago. Though not quite in the same league as Cargo Fleet and Haverton Hill for sheer awfulness, it was enough to deter industrial urchins like ourselves and other kids. Not only was the place inhospitable and unyielding to childhood games, we also felt it was dangerous and if we stayed there too long we would all end up with a terrible disease.

This site is pretty much off-limits and an exhaustive study of the distribution of the butterfly in the yard will not come easy. Nonetheless we were able to establish that in some areas of the yard, like close to the bridge on Storrs Hill Road, the butterfly is to be found in considerable numbers. Despite visiting the colony on two successive days we failed to establish the perimeter of the colony. But we have every reason to think that it may well extend westward into Wakefield following the railway lines to Wakefield Kirkgate and the banks of the River Calder where the terrain is very suitable, due largely to the mounds of bare earth left by a sand and gravel extraction plant. Further west between Dewsbury and Huddersfield there are similar workings close to Ravensthorpe and Mirfield railway stations.

Other potential sites also exist. We could mention the disused quarries at Soothill, Batley which, unfortunately have now been turned into heartbreaking landfill (see enclosed letter to Sam Ellis, Northern Butterfly Conservation Officer for Durham and Northumberland). For those with an eye for local geography in the near distance lies Storrs Hill, a similar disused quarry, though not on the scale of Soothill.

Where next? Why, Woodhall Quarry! It is close to both Storrs Hill and the marshalling yards as the crow flies and the Grayling is a large butterfly (the female has a wingspan of 60mm) and capable of powerful flight. The various grasses on which the larvae can feed, the rock faces, the bare earth and stony floor make it an ideal location. Though fairly high up and very visible from certain vantage points in Bradford like Fagley, Eccleshill, Ravenscliffe etc, the quarry is a sun trap possessed of a micro climate. On a cold winter's day the difference in temperature once inside the quarry, especially close to the rock face, is very noticeable.

Up to now the Grayling has tended to be a butterfly of the southern heaths or coastal margins elsewhere with a marked preference for sand dunes, cliff faces and the like. These recent changes in its location and habitat are of great importance. The Grayling is also a variable butterfly, a fact that was noted way back in the mid 19th Century by E Newman in his epoch making 'Natural History of Butterflies and Moths'. Interested though Newman was in the geographical distribution of lepidoptera, it only later became apparent that there were several distinct sub-species of Grayling in these islands. These variations have been called, rightly we believe, 'eco-phenotypic' reflecting in various ways the difference in habitats, even if the whys and wherefores are still awaiting elucidation. By the 1900s it was recognised that the lighter forms of the Grayling were to be found on chalk, whilst darker forms tended to be restricted to acidic soils. But since then a more complex picture has emerged. There are now 5 distinct sub-species beginning in order of time with sub-sp. Scota 1911 (Northern Scotland), then Thyone 1944 (N.Wales), Atlantica 1946 (Hebrides) Clarensis 1952 (Co Clare), and finally Hibernica 1971 (Co Kerry). To which, one day, a sixth may be added, Industrialis (W Yorkshire)! However if phenotypic change is already occurring, it is made all the harder to detect by the obstinate refusal of the butterfly to ever open its wings.

Particularly in South and West Yorkshire we are witnessing several striking example of eco-morphing. With the Dingy Skipper, the Grayling has become a butterfly of industrial dereliction which, are very different to typical sites like that of Morecambe Bay. But in the meantime railway sidings have changed, large parts of them falling into disuse as road transport has increasingly replaced that of rail. Unlike colliery spoil heaps in the wake of Aberfan, no attempt was made to prettify or, where possible, obliterate them as happened in Durham and Northumberland. Today, just as in Healey Mills marshalling yards, wagons lie abandoned on broken track with young birches thrusting up between couplings and bramble twining around rusting wheels. On a hot day the place burns like an oven with Grayling gliding between the petrified rolling stock, hopping as if in a dream from old wooden sleepers oozing molten tar, to briefly settling on a thistle. For this is perfection to this reborn 'industrial' butterfly.

Last year on a pre-arranged wild life walk along the Aire canal near Shipley we got talking to someone who had seen the Grayling in sand and gravel pits close to Doncaster in the 1970s'. They then disappeared. We then asked him if there were any railway sidings nearby. There were and we all wondered if they would be found somewhere in that massive confluence of sidings that surrounds Doncaster railway station. Earlier in the day one of us had visited the railway sidings at Raw Nook near Cleckheaton and within the Bradford municipal boundaries in the hope of finding the Grayling there. In fact it was too late in the season - a season which had been dominated by very high temperatures.

The Wakefield lepidopterist Roy Bedford also believes the railways are playing a major role in the expansion of the Grayling in West Yorkshire. We personally believe that the epicentre of this truly remarkable expansion was the old coal marshalling yard at Wath on Dearne near Barnsley. Evidently they were once the biggest in Europe. From here - we would suggest - the Grayling went on to Worsborough between Wath and Barnsley and from there to Healey Mills - with how many stops on the way still awaiting to be discovered?

When we lived in Ossett there were many railway lines in use then than now. As we criss-cross the countryside we mentally note where the old lines used to be and speculate on the potential wild life on the overgrown embankments and cuttings wherever these are visible. The line from Wakefield to Bradford that once passed through Ossett is all but untraceable thanks to the M1 and the acres upon hideous acres of suburban sprawl. But the line from Dewsbury that connects directly with Healey Mills and runs through the Spen Valley is still clearly visible for long stretches of the way. And this corridor may one day be used by the Grayling. Daily we become more convinced that in time it will eventually make it to Woodhall Quarry. Butterflies have little understood powers of discernment and recognition and once wafted off course by a strong breeze what happens next is not mere chance even if the butterfly is not by any means fully in control of where they set down. A tarmac quarry bottom (the future for Woodhall?) with rows of parked cars gleaming in the sunshine will not from the air be a welcoming spectacle to our butterfly.

Further research into the Woodhall Quarry Ringlets this year has strengthened our conviction that it once was the hub of an isolated pre-industrial colony that had retreated into a warm, damp, sheltered spot on high ground as far above the industrial pollution as possible. We maintain it is an historic colony and for that reason (never mind the incoming Grayling) it should remain just as it is. Forensic science is becoming an ever more subtle tool and what it is now able to tell us about the past was unthinkable even 20 years ago Who nowadays would be prepared to categorically deny that such conjectures as we have put forward will never be proven?

The closer one gets to the quarry, the greater the incidence of variation. We do not know the reason for this, only that it is an observable fact. Examining the many and varied European Ringlet populations we noticed that the reduction and elimination of hind wing spotting characteristic of the caeca and obsoleta form of 'our' hyperantus Ringlet was a feature of montane species. And where the hind wings were similar to the hyperantus form like in the Dewy Eyed Ringlet and the Dalmatian Ringlet we read that these butterflies are to be found on lowland pasture and along coastlines. Which seems to imply the absence or presence of hind wing spotting is there for a purpose and is the product of natural selection.

The turning over to 'productive use' of these derelict sites has been termed by some the 'new enclosures'. And the same arguments though suitably modified in their favour still apply as they once did to the old enclosing. The land lies fallow and though some of the former pit spoil heaps became agricultural land (one can see this at Dinnington and Cutsyke in Yorkshire, Markham in Derbyshire and a number of other places) dereliction generally implies no one is making any brass out of this potentially very lucrative muck. Not only are these sites an eyesore but an unexploited asset as well and therefore a running sore of criminal waste and neglect in an age in which money has become the only necessity. But take heart, salvation is at hand in the form of a chocolate box aesthetic of a pseudo-downs landscape, sanitised mock Tudor estates, manicured lawns, the commonplace 'exotic' of garden centre horticulture, car ports and entrepreneurship.

A growing proportion of these sites have tended to become informal commons in which one is free to roam and even graze an animal. This is now the custom, whatever the law may claim to the contrary, and local people increasingly resent their further enclosure by housing estates, factory units and the like. For they then become closed off or 'hedged-in', to use a time honoured expression that has its origin in the original agricultural enclosures and then spread throughout society to denote an imprisonment without bars because that was and still is the final outcome. Once these places have fallen into disuse they tend to become recreational and play areas and how many children in large urban areas like Bradford owe their awakening interest in nature to places such as these? Forget the dirt-track riders and their infernal machines for they are easily beaten back, despite their posture of aggression. We have noticed how on warm spring days Woodhall Quarry is used as a picnic area with towels spread out on the rock floor like on a beach. And sun bathers will climb the precipitous rock faces to find a sheltered ledge on which they will doze for hours occasionally raising themselves to look around, their eyes opened as never before to the beauty of the place. Bands of children also are to be seen exploring the quarry floor rock pools and carrying dime-store nylon fishing nets and jam-jars with handles made of string fastened around the rim. It is a very touching sight and gives one hope for the future all is not lost. For it was in just such a place that our interest in butterflies and moths was first stimulated at the age of ten on Storrs Hill in Ossett, now home to the Grayling.

POSTSCRIPT:

We have been so impressed by the bio-diversity of brownfield sites that bit by bit and almost accidentally we found ourselves with the makings of a video on the subject. It began with footage on the Dingy Skipper and then went on to include other butterflies like the Common Blue, the Brown Argus (yes!) and the increasingly threatened Wall. Our aim eventually is to make a nature film with a difference. Having long maintained there is too much nature in nature films we deliberately set out to give prominence to the actual habitat, the encroaching suburban glaciation, passing trains, motorway traffic, bikers and so on. We want a fidelity that is altogether lacking in modern nature films even if the final result is hard on the eyes and ears, For we want an end to comfortable viewing and narrative film making in which all the tricks of the trade from rigged sequences to endings in which all the separate threads of the plot are securely tied up to be relegated to a shelf out of harms way, are taken from the past of literature. In this final triumph of fiction it is as if Aldous has come to prevail over Julian Huxley, Lawrence over Gerard Durrell and most importantly of all, Dickie over David Attenborough. For in no other country in the world were the seeming polarities of 'art' and 'science' so closely united in families as here. And finally with such devastating effect as the history of 'virtual' nature films for TV audiences demonstrates.

Yours sincerely,

David & Stuart Wise

For the past two centuries urban dreamers and some with a proclivity for creating nightmares have been looking at the city in both fascination and horror. A minority wanted to abolish the city seeing only in its walls, streets and sweatshops, the misery of the oppressed whilst others wanted to aesthetically strengthen these features finally making these streets safe against insurrection. Thus Baron Hausmann's Paris freshly reconstructed in great boulevards nonetheless failed to prevent the Commune of 1871. Most wanted to ameliorate the conditions of the poor like Ebenezer Howard's late 19th century Garden Cities movement. It was a woefully naive project. It was followed by projects such as Le Corbusier's Unite de Habitation where a supposedly utopian project on the architect's drawing board merely masked the horror of its realisation. Those who wanted the city abolished in one way or another retain some interest. For instance Los Angeles first saw the light of day ironically as a radical Fourierist commune and we can never forget some of the imaginative whimsical fantasies deriving from aspects of Russian Constructivism between 1917-25 like Khlebnikov's lakes of soup and others who proposed zoned city climate areas to satisfy different aspects of a liberated social life.

Everything failed. Liberated zones became the stuff of science fiction or a film by Francois Truffaut when it wasn't Disneyfied in a celebration of a trivialised commodity cornucopia endlessly celebrating money and greed. In the early 1950s a more serious practical experiment evolved in the shape of psycho-geography which, investigating the ambience of existing city neighbourhoods as shaped by their often poor inhabitants, helped provide a core of radical revolutionary subjectivity through the activity of the International Lettrists and subsequently, the Situationists. This passionate quest initiating a search for an ever greater subversive totality, found expression in the French uprising of spring 1968. It was however, an experiment that could not survive as it was born in the lacunae between a city of memory, (often ad hoc, and based on peoples' everyday movements) and environmental planning as an adjunct of the spectacular commodity economy and where people are only of consequence as consumers. (Incidentally Thomas De Quincey's drift through the rookeries around London's Clerkenwell is, if you like, a foreshadowing of psycho-geography). At this highest point of historical becoming again everything failed.

Now we must try and make another great effort. It will probably be humanity's last chance. Is eco-city a possible solution? Though ecological critique must be an essential part of the critique of contemporary urban redevelopment, sadly the paradigms of eco-city - predicated on the social relations of commodity production - are lamentable.

The recent catastrophic floods in Europe (said to have cost £30 billion over the past six years) and elsewhere is leading to a change in the mechanics of water technology as significant as Leonardo's epochal plans to divert the Arno between Florence and Pisa in order to create what is recognisably the world's first business park. Though in his day Leonardo was the world's leading hydrologist, his plans to channel the movement of rivers was based on a conception of water flow which owes more to plumbing than a fully worked out appreciation of the very being of rivers from source to river mouth. Thus it was unlikely he could even begin to understand the importance of water meadows, marshes, upland drains, culverts even aquifers (if they were known about then) etc as a means of regulating flow. For this to happen Leonardo's vision had to become progressively more concretised through the urban geography of flood plains whilst inevitably the economic function of rivers as the main transport artery was set to decline. That we understand more about how rivers function and the necessity of returning them to their natural state, in so far as that is possible is solely due to the growing awareness the very nature of rivers has been violated and now threatens the violators.

Leonardo viewed his plans for the River Arno from, as it were, the air, thus anticipating aerial cartography. His cartographic innovations cover a territory controlled by renaissance princes not by the people, thus whatever control exists is illusory in the last analysis. The map is not the territory as defined by the likes of you and I. There is no map for that and hence all maps up to now are an abstraction of man and nature. Likewise the new thinking on rivers, the need to create porous urban spaces to prevent the inhabitants from being overwhelmed by periodic flooding on an ever more frequent and devastating scale takes place amidst increasing powerlessness. This solution in essence is technocratic despite its not incorrect claim to be more ecologically sound. It deliberately avoids dealing with the social relations of capitalism and cannot pretend therefore to be a lasting solution. The new relationship between man and nature necessarily implied by this superior understanding of rivers will forever be a pious dream because the only practical force capable of implementing it - that of an aroused, conscious populace - is discounted from the outset. At best it will remain a mere palliative.

The response of river engineers has been to get rid of the water fast, draining it off the land and down to the sea in tall-sided rivers re-engineered as high performance drains. Progressive planners are tearing down banks, dykes and levees to return the rivers to their flood plains. They are putting back meanders and marshes to slow the flow and even encouraging flood waters to percolate underground. Formerly when rivers meandered to the sea flood waters would lose their impetus because of wetlands, inland deltas and flood plains that did flood. By trying to turn the complex hydrology of rivers into the simple mechanics of a water pipe engineers have intensified the floods.

The Rhine is Europe's most engineered river. For two centuries German engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The river has now lost 7% of its length and runs up to a third faster. Four fifths of the lower Rhine's flood plain is barricaded off so the water rises ever higher doing ever greater damage to the homes offices and roads that sit on the flood plain. After the 1995 floods Germany now intends to lower the level of the Rhine by 70 centimetres by 2020. The plan is to reinstate 1500 sq kilometres of flood plain on the lower Rhine. Drained fields will be replaced by water meadows and reed beds.

Above left: Drought and drying-up. The Rhine, 2004
Above right: The opposite - a drowned car

Hydrologists are increasingly insisting on a new approach to engineering not just rivers but the whole landscape. The UK's environmental agency says 'the focus is now on working with the forces of nature. Towering concrete walls are out and new wetlands are in" (The floods of 2000 cost 1 billion pounds). The agency is breaking the Thames banks upstream and flooding 10sq kilometres of ancient floodplain at Otmoor outside Oxford.

A tenth of all Europeans live on the flood plain of rivers

Today's eco-cities are yesterdays living cities envisaged by Archigram/Cedric Price etc - both evading the central question of town and revolution though suburban dispersal tends to make the latter formulation archaic and vague. Even in their day in the 1960s these Little Englander technicists had hardly heard of psycho-geography. The hopeless idiocies of Will Alsop and other architects with schemes for uninterrupted techno cum heritage cities - like a proposed link up between Liverpool and Hull - point to Archigram with knobs on. We have lost all conception of what a 'new city' might be like in terms of a liberated social space whilst the idea of a even a liberated 'edge city' appeals to no one because it suggests limitless sprawl and the continued devouring of greenery as the inhabitants in turn are devoured by privatised consumption. For the moment a limited, compromised, eco pragmatism is all there is, absorbing the ideal within a practical, narrowed down, utopianism entirely acceptable to sectors of capitalism. Berlin is their shining example. In the Potsdamer Platz a huge commercial development by Daimler Chrysler drainage has been limited to 3 litres per second per hectare which is just one percent of the potential run-off during a big storm. Architects have designed buildings to divert rainwater from roofs to flush toilets and irrigate roof gardens. This high-tech urban development can store a sixth of its annual rainfall.

New housing estates across the city are adopting a similar technology. In the Zehlendorf suburb, rain from the roofs, gardens and drives of 160 houses is collected to irrigate local parkland. In Harzahn there is a drain free estate of 1800 homes packed onto just 30 hectares and features cobbled roads that allow rainwater to percolate through to the soil beneath.

There are even far fetched plans to turn Los Angeles into an eco-city but in the present harsh anti-environmental climate it is unlikely to get far. Impervious surfaces cover 70% of the metropolis and la la land has spent billions to speed water flow after intense storms by digging huge drains and concreting river beds. An LA environmentalist reckons the city receives half the water it needs in rainfall. A number of citizens groups have appeared like 'Friends of the Los Angeles River' and 'Unpaved LA' that wish to hold on to the city's flood water. The expense involved is huge and besides conservation measures are increasingly deemed subversive in the States today. So a traditional solution whatever the expense is more than likely to overrule the limited rationality of a cost benefit analysis favouring the latter. The latest plan in LA is to spend $280 million raising the concrete walls on the Los Angeles River by another two metres yet the city lays out millions annually importing water from hundreds of kilometres away.

By the time the world is forced to adopt an eco solution to city planning it will already be too late. The planetary practicality of the ecologists is only likely to be fulfilled in a situation of overall nightmare but by then it will totally ineffective against the destructive forces that have been unleashed. We only have a short time left and unless the mass of the population begin to see through the unfolding catastrophe we are truly living without any hope of a future. Forlornly the chances of this happening are getting slimmer by the minute.

Stuart & David Wise 2004

Preamble concerning E.B. Ford

After completing several books and papers on hereditary, genetics and eugenics (for it was all the rage) and two enduring ones on butterflies and moths E B Ford, (a.k.a. Henry) conscious of his growing reputation, would ostentatiously carry with him into the senior commons rooms in Oxford a thick binder labelled genetics. Everyone was anxious to see the great man's scribbles and on his death the binder was eagerly opened and to every ones astonishment it contained---nothing.

However stuffed inside the blank pages under the title 'A Memorable Fancy' were the following notes. Perhaps they were for a book he intended to write but like every other naturalist never dared even contemplate doing. Had he done so it would have been dismissed as philosophy and not natural science. And this bare outline does sound like a lot of hot air but we feel the florid language has a basis in fact if turned right side up and made more concrete.

Hegel's chapter on the Absolute Idea gives us a final comprehensive demonstration of dialectical method. Here it is presented as the objective process of being, which preserves itself only through different modes of the 'negation of the negation'. It is this dynamic that eventually moves the absolute idea and makes the transition from the Logic to the Philosophy of Nature and of Mind.

However it is dialectical thought and thus contains its negation; it is not a harmonious and stable form but a process of unification of opposites. It is not complete except in its otherness, as object.

The absolute idea is the subject in its final form, thought. Its otherness and negation is the object, being. The absolute ides now has to be interpreted as objective being. However being is a different being from what began Hegel's Logic. For being now is a concrete totality wherein all particular forms subsist as the essential distinctions and relations of one comprehensive principle. Thus comprehended, being is nature and dialectical thought passes on to the 'Philosophy of Nature'. Hegel says that 'the idea freely releases itself' into nature' or freely 'determines itself' as nature. It is this statement putting the transition forward as an actual process in reality that offers great difficulties in the understanding of Hegel's system. (I had the greatest difficulty getting J B S Haldane to understand this but what could be expected from a Stalinist with a bourgeois conception of nature as something completely external and other. It must be remembered he was a firm friend of that notable crystallographer, Bernal who, as a faithful Stalinist and follower of Lysenko, denied the existence of genes in his 'Science in History' when it was first published in 1954. In the Penguin reprints in 1965/69 these embarrassing passages were nowhere to be seen. In this work science and the appliances of science are treated as an unequivocal good, especially once stripped of their capitalist wrapping as in the Soviet Union! It is an erudite, though very banal, interpretation of science in history and one that completely disregards essential concepts as alienation, praxis, the total human being, abolition of the state, money etc and is therefore little different from western fanfares to science. The two continued to remain good friends but the brilliance of both was much diminished by their appalling social conceptions. Bernal, using his knowledge of crystals, ventured into biophysics determining the structure and composition of biological molecules by X ray diffraction, a line of research that was not only closely followed by Haldane but which eventually led to the discovery of the double helix model of DNA. However let's continue...)

Nature achieves its truth when it enters the domain of history. The subjects development frees being from its blind necessity, and nature becomes part of human history and is increasingly shaped by human history and reflects therefore historical stages and social relationships.

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Hegel and Political Economy

Hegel's Philosophy of Nature in regard to evolution (Griffin)

Evolution in the direction of greater plasticity and autonomy. The unprecedented digging up of the earth's crust with mines and canals and the insights it brings into rock strata and the fossilised remains peculiar to each strata is not specifically mentioned. Earth's "history" (a term which has to be used advisedly in this instance - but only in this instance - in Hegel's work) is chiefly concerned with establishing the point the inorganic becomes the organic and rejecting in so doing an evolutionary perspective (however he calls Lamarck "a gifted Frenchman") "Argillaceous earth and coal formations become transformed unmistakably into peat, where mineral and vegetable are no longer distinguishable; for peat has a vegetable origin and yet all the same still belongs to the mineral kingdom." In fact it is the other way on: coal is derived from peat which is soil mingled with half decayed vegetable matter which then becomes lignite or "brown coal" and, continued further, becomes coal. "Argillaceous earth" must mean clay which can be transformed into shale consisting of thin layers and then, under great pressure, into slate.

Hegel then goes on: "it is the limestone formations which, in their ultimate formations, tend towards the osseous nature of the animal (passing over) into forms of which it cannot be said whether they are mineral or animal (molluscs)". They are not yet shells which could be regarded as the remains of an extinct animal world; although that is one explanation of the petrified animal forms - "(This is the key bifurcation: Hegel, the supreme historicist denies evolution in plants and animals - even the best biologist will subsequently deny it in human terms: "the struggle for existence" is also that of the war of one against all (Darwin): a bees nest is also a piece of real estate (Gould)". "Rudimentary organic forms in the geological organism, are also found in the coal measures in which the tree form is very often distinctly recognisable." Hegel also maintains fossilised remains are to be found in the boundaries of rock strata which would be logically consistent with his view of the organic proceeding from the inorganic and which he calls "playful essays in organic formations"). But, crucially - "these organic forms - are not to be thought of as having once actually lived and then died: on the contrary they are still born". He likens the process to that of a sculptor or painter who produces "forms which represent life but are not themselves living: Nature, however, does this directly, without needing such mediation". Hegel's conclusion here is similar to that advanced in the "Philosophy of the Fine Arts" that nature is superior to the arts even, it may be said as petrified nature. Actually, a few pages previously, Hegel, unaware of the inconsistency, was less tendentious in the situating of fossil remains when probably precising a standard works on geology. Of fossil remains in mountainous regions (he cites the Pyrenees, the Andes and the Alps) he says they "are not scattered throughout the whole mass of the mountain but occur only in individual strata, often in the greatest order, as if in families etc." Though he accepts geological time running into "millions" of years (a huge underestimation but daring for then) it is essentially of little interest because "the interest is confined to what is there before us". Earth history comes to a standstill in the bourgeois epoch with Europe and especially Germany as its epicentre: "the earth spirit- awakes (from) the movement and dreaming of one sleep, and receives its consciousness in Man, and so confronts itself as a stabilised formation". Henceforth nature everlasting becomes a given, like wage labour and the commodity. The shorelines of continents and the human species are here for all eternity. The present transcends geology and biology and the battle with nature is won. Global catastrophe can only be a retrograde fantasy because natural (i.e. unconscious) history is at an end. Catastrophe then tends to become the province of representation, something one views or reads about and not experienced directly until engulfed oneself.

Hegel's standpoint precludes any further empirical investigation into geological epochs because it is wanting precisely on that account. "To explain the geological organism usually means to make the order in which these different formations succeeded one another the chief business; but this kind of explanation is only external. This mere happening, which involves only a difference of time, this temporal succession of the strata, does not explain anything at all; or rather it completely ignores the necessity of the process, the comprehension of it" We soon learn that this necessity is a pre-formationism: "Nature's formations are determinate, bounded, and enter as such into existence. "The Mosaic story of creation is still the best in its quite naive statement - Man has not developed himself out of the animal, nor the animal out of the plant; each is at a single stroke what it is". Hegel is very insistent on his anti-evolutionist stance and his need to combat these theories which stemmed in particular from Lamarck. (As mentioned Lamarck is acknowledged in his "Philosophy of Nature" more, surprisingly, as a systematist than as a proto-evolutionist. The anti-evolutionist Cuvier is also cited but not the quarrel between the later and Lamarck) Hegel describes the monkey as "a satire on man". One could almost claim the same for his funny anti-evolutionism, which is more of a satire on creationism because of his obvious awareness of opposed arguments, which are more in keeping with Hegel. That he felt extremely threatened on this account is food for thought. Perhaps he feared he could not arrest nature with the ease he could immobilise dialectical thought in the Prussian State and in that sense his fears are also ours.

And now for Findlay's comments:

"Hegel's view of nature ' is to be understood as throughout working towards an end which will ultimately carry it beyond itself. It is arguable that this immanent teleology is a better and less prejudiced foundation for empirical investigations than the half-formulated absolutisms current in natural science."

And "Hegel: a re-examination"

"But though Hegel remains within the world of common sense and science, and does not underestimate its reality, his approach to it is neither commonsensical nor scientific; he sees the facts of that world in a revolutionary manner, which is not that of any other philosopher. Hegel, as we made plain, sees things in terms of a "principle of Idealism", which is not the principle of Berkeley, nor that of Plato, nor Kant, nor any previous thinker. It is quasi-teleological or quasi-teleological principle, according to which things must be seen as if existing on account of, or as if tending towards, certain consummating experiences, experiences where there will cease to be a barrier between the self and other persons or between the thinking mind and the world confronting it. This principle ' may have certain remote, long term empirical consequences, which we cannot precisely locate or pin down". (P. 351)

For a philosopher Hegel's knowledge of nature was exceptionally detailed. Essentially a work of synthesis he was only surpassed by Aristotle who did make original contributions of his own particularly in the field of systematics which could be said to have its origin in him. Yet in spite of the empirical detail one cannot help but be irked by the philosophising which comes as an unwelcome imposition on the text, though not because of Hegel's unease with natural science as insufficiently explanatory and begging of further questions. It is just that the questions we want to put to science cannot be addressed within a philosophical framework we suspect is fantastical rather than "deep". But as regards the detail, there is so much Hegel has to be right now and again. Even blindingly so when, for example, with fortuitous prescience he judges fungi to be closer to animals than plants however erroneous his process of reasoning is: "inorganic-organic forms like lichens and fungi which one does not rightly know how to classify ' peculiar, tough substances coming near to animal life." (P298) DNA studies have shown that fungi are closer to humans than to trees though a need for a separate phyla has long been recognised from the days when Linnaeus bracketed them alongside plants.

Fungi appear almost as an aside in the concluding section of "geological nature" ' a bridge between the inorganic/organic and "plant nature" which is the subject of the next 45 pages. (Geological nature occupies only half of that and which is also grouped specifically under "organics"). Goethe's theories on plant life are much in evidence. Indeed Goethe's name crops up constantly in the "Philosophy of Nature" not only as regards plants but also in his treatment of colour (in which he sides with Goethe as against Newton) and animal morphology. Obviously Goethe esteemed him deeply as a scientist because Goethe's obviously satisfied Hegel's quest for wholeness. As he remarks "Goethe's Metamorphose der Pflanzen marks the beginning of a rational conception of the nature of plant-life, in that it has forced attention away from a concern with mere details to a recognition of the unity of life", adding "Goethe with his great insight into nature has defined the growth of plants as a metamorphosis of one and the same formation "noting that his has major botanical treatise published in 1790" has been "treated with indifference by botanists who did not know what to make of it just because it contained the exposition of the whole".

Stuart Wise (1998)

(PS. Findlay was Prof of Philosophy at Newcastle University in the late 1950s. His book Hegel a Re-examination is still regarded as one of the best there is on Hegel)

A WORD OF WARNING: What's presented here is necessarily unfinished and incomplete seeing few people are discussing the totality of the grave and impending energy crises. It could be construed as simply iconoclastic, even sentimental, for there is no way of knowing if the argument presented can be considered largely right or wrong for at least a decade. At the moment energy is on a wing and a prayer and the techies' mind set is always reassuring i.e. in a few years time it will be possible to drill 3 miles down in the oil-rich Atlantic; it will be possible to extract oil from the shale measures etc. But will we hack it in time....? The following is merely a modest contribution to a debate that has hardly started and we continually have second thoughts about what is stated here.

Ancient sunlight & thoughts of autonomous dinosaurs

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PART I

"Energy is eternal delight
But war is energy enslaved
All futurity seems teeming with endless destruction never to be repelled.
For this is the night of time."

(William Blake c.2004)

Domestic and industrial energy costs in the UK have never been cheaper but the situation cannot last. Electricity prices in particular are bound to rise. It must always be born in mind the amount of electricity generated by gas turbines in the U.K. is increasing and by 2010 could reach the staggering figure of 90%. The synergy of gas and electricity in the U.K. today, with ever more companies supplying both, masks the fact that gas is easily the primary energy source.

The break-up of these two hitherto state monopolies is just one of the momentous consequences that followed hard on the defeat of the miners after their year long strike of 1984-85. It marked an end to the ethos of 'public service' that began with the "gas and water socialism" of the late Victorian era (i.e. municipal enterprises paid for out of the rates and managed, at least in principal, by locally appointed officials). Post war nationalisations were in part a statist ratification and extension of the illusions of direct democratic control that surrounded these local enterprises. Though the miners' strike retrospectively can in a simplistic way be seen as a battle for retaining nationalisation, it unleashed far profounder social currents that could not easily be contained by it, and which had been gathering force throughout the 1970s' and before. Paradoxically, one of the unforeseen outcomes of the wave of privatisations was its capacity to hi-jack the search for individual autonomy through class struggle and the consequent questioning of everything that had formerly constituted 'socialism', by substituting "sovereignty of choice" that allegedly put the consumer – and share buying – in control. Packed into a period of 20 years, there has scarcely been a more concentrated and monstrous inversion in recorded history.

The trading of energy stocks is as complete today as it ever shall be.

Companies buy and sell quanta of energy on a short term basis and any surplus will be traded forward on the assumption electricity prices will rise. Gas was fully deregulated (i.e. "opened up to competition") by 1998 and the electricity supply market by September 1999. Though water has been privatised it has not been possible to deregulate it. (Note that the control of water is closely connected in hydroelectric schemes with the generation of energy). The absence of a national grid is the main stumbling block but that was no obstacle to Enron, a water company able to prey on the easily duped, and perpetrate the most notorious act of corporate fraud of modern times.

The model citizen that arose to prominence following the defeat of the miners was encouraged to buy shares in the many privatisations that followed. In that way they could 'buy a piece of the action', 'be in control', and 'be free to choose'. And in fact according to the latest figures, by March 2003, 8 million consumers had switched from British Gas to another gas supplier and 11 million to a different electricity supplier: in sum 37% of gas and electricity consumers. The job of state regulators has been to guarantee 'fair competition' and provide a price comparison to "churners", a term used by utility companies to describe the movement of those consumers who choose to switch suppliers.

Though the state regulators monitor power companies they do not control them. But the more the supply of energy approximates to the ideal of perfect competition the queasier a small but growing number of energy strategists are beginning to feel.

Two days prior to the 20th anniversary of the miners' strike a TV programme IF detailed the catastrophic consequences of a disruption to the natural gas pipe line from Russia in the year 2010 when the UK will, on present trends, be almost wholly dependent on Russian natural gas. The timing of the programme can scarcely have been left to chance and though only one energy expert dared argue for an increased use of coal, the absence of an overall energy strategy was repeatedly emphasised. But what does this euphemistic "energy strategy" mean if not a return to an "economically pro-active state" (no one dared mention the taboo term "nationalisation"). It was obvious that energy companies, locked in fierce competition with each other, could not support the cost of building new power stations. A clean coal fired power station able to trap sulphur and nitrous oxide and the all important C02 emissions could easily cost £500 million. These critical objections were smothered by a knee jerk consensus which only goes to show that ruling circles in the UK are still bingeing on the excesses of Thatcherism and more zealously committed to the god of globalisation than even the American ruling class, which is still able to show caution where energy supplies are concerned (see further on).

Only the direst national emergency is now likely to result in a shift away from free market dogma. But when it does energy needs will play a major role not only here but elsewhere. An energy famine will close the era of globalisation and with luck will help usher in a return to a kind of woolly peoples' internationalism. Then there will be a rapid rearguard action and a rewriting of history in which quite possibly the defeat of the year long miners' strike and the almost total destruction of the coal industry will be seen as vindictive and short sighted and damaging to the business community at large. Though of course couched in terms of the national interest, it will not forever be able to conceal the class question and the onslaught on capitalism that was at the heart of the miners' strike.

Since the industrial revolution the future of the UK's energy needs has been the future of coal. Apart from anything else the Thatcher government of 1982-87 was indeed favoured in its battle against the miners in having on hand vast reserves of North Sea gas a by-product of North Sea oil extraction. This was the origin of the "dash for gas" and it was entirely fortuitous and providential such a raw material was at hand. Since 1970, UK domestic consumption has more than trebled. The reserves of natural gas are now almost exhausted as over 80% of the accessible total has gone and what little is left will be consumed at an even faster rate than previously as the country becomes ever more dependent on gas. In the oil/gas fields of the North Sea compressors have been used to accelerate extraction. But as luck would have it there was now a free market Mother (fucker) Russia to make good the shortfall. And not only Britain but a good part of Western Europe will have to rely on a very long, and vulnerable, pipeline from Russia. Twenty years ago this would have been unthinkable and though raw materials (e.g. vast supplies of timber) were traded from the Soviet Union to have become energy dependant on a so-called 'communist' state would have been out of the question.

Meanwhile the free market has all but triumphed worldwide and the kind of knee jerk response that accompanies it: free market = security of supply. The number of economists who continue to believe in this rubbish is astonishing. But dissident voices are increasing and with that a creeping back door interventionism that dare not speak its name. The fear is growing that the UK is overly dependent on a single source of energy and that the "dash for gas" is now suicidal folly. A more balanced approach is needed and this is where the "future for coal" once more comes in.

The last coal fired power station to be built in the UK was in the 1970s'. This is an extraordinary fact in itself given the manifold increases in the price of oil following the setting up of OPEC in 1973. Though the effect of oil price rises was felt at the petrol pumps and throughout industry it was not the case domestically. The now fabled three day week and the disruption of power supplies were entirely attributable to the earlier, 1972 miners' strike. The situation could not have been more different in Denmark where the country was 90% dependent on oil. After the oil shock of the early seventies Denmark rapidly shifted to reliance on coal to supply its energy needs and quickly introduced wide ranging energy conservation measures before turning increasingly to renewables. The response in France was to build nuclear power stations which still continue to provide nearly all of the country's energy needs. Germany began to follow suit but even before the impact of Chernobyl there was wide spread protest and Germany is to close all of its nuclear power stations by 2015, a commitment it will find hard to wriggle out of.

The fact that no new coal fired power stations were built following the two UK miners' strikes of the early seventies suggests that already the need to defeat uppity miners at all cost was becoming the first priority, even under the two Labour governments of 1974-79. The idea was beginning to take hold that the only successful course of action was a root and branch destruction of the industry and all of its subsidiaries. Extemporising became the order of the day and luckily later in the decade North Sea gas came on stream. An energy policy that favoured coal would only have resulted in yet more power to the miners elbow.

Though it was known that CO2 was increasing in the atmosphere, climate change was not yet an issue and it was only from the mid 1980s' onwards that it became pressing. Prior to that it was the sulphur content of coal, the cause of acid rain that was the main focus of international concern. Though now there can be no doubting the catastrophic consequences of a build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere, there is no doubting either the ideological uses it has been put to in the U.K. In ruling circles in the UK if power stations were to be converted into crematoria it would be more acceptable than burning coal! This is not because coal is a dirty fuel first and foremost but because in Britain's post war history there has been no event that was more traumatic and consequential than the miners' strike of 1984-5. Even the slightest capitulation amounts to abject surrender and because of that energy policy is hoist on its own petard and the room for manoeuvre small indeed. The devil has been recast as a coal miner.

So coal has become the great unmentionable and in the next few years most coal fired power stations will be closed down and the last few remaining pits flooded for good. Britain for the foreseeable future will be completely dependent on Russian natural gas and pitiful supplies of electricity from renewables especially wind power.

But wait a minute. What's this about coal creeping up the energy agenda once more? On Feb.24th 2003 the Labour government published a White Paper entitled Our Energy Future - Creating a Low Carbon Economy. It is hoped that by 2020 a fifth of the UK's energy needs will come from renewables - which takes a heck of believing. However there is another very telling clause supporting cleaner coal technology and N.B. "establishing an investment aid scheme to help existing pits develop new reserves". This White Paper was widely hailed by the Greens as a breakthrough because it "turned Britain's energy policy on its head" The first priority was no longer security of supply (can we get enough oil?) or "social justice" (are prices too high?) Priority no.1 was to be the protection of the atmosphere which was to be achieved by producing a low carbon economy. There was no mention of nuclear power which to the Greens was a further recommendation. So now the Greens, interestingly, are beginning to discreetly whisper the word "coal". What could have occasioned this change especially as they were very unsympathetic toward the miners' strike? In fact in an article in the New Statesmen some three years after the defeat of the miners claimed it was necessary to defeat the miners in the interests of a safe renewable energy and the need to meet the EEC's planned reductions in CO2 emissions. In order to understand this surprising u-turn we need only run through the other energy options to see why.

Generically (but with the occasional rare exception) ecologists have tended to look askance on revolutionary interpretations of history involving rupture and mass conflict ultimately deriving from Hegel and Marx. Right from the start of the contemporary ecology movement in the 1970s it has been dogged by accusations of class bias. This was nowhere more evident than in a 1970s TV production called Survivors in which humanity was all but destroyed by a virus. It is at heart a story of how the English middle class set out to rebuild civilisation and middle class snobbery. The main clash is between a trade union leader, Arthur Wormley, and his band of louts (who could be Arthur Scargill and "his" flying pickets because this was the moment of successful miners' strikes) and an aggressive right wing woman (an anticipation of the new feminism) seeking to re-found free enterprise on earth first principles. However this naked class prejudice amid the Habitat eco-kitsch, had to give way to less insidious and obvious forms of class bias. Yet it continues to surface with unfailing regularity. The Greens latest proposal to tax aviation fuel will mean thousands of ordinary working people will be unable to holiday abroad whilst the jet set will continue to enjoy their "enviable" life style. But if they were to add all holidays are a holiday in another peoples' misery it would make all the difference in the world. But the unending misery of capitalism in all its forms forever seems to elude their grasp.

Really the Greens are the heirs of the 18th century Enlightenment, which also goes some way to explaining their often insufferable optimism as though the battle has been won already. Reason they believe will finally prevail and this abstract rationalism prevents them from grasping that vested interests based on private property drastically forbids the implementation of reason on the scale that is now essential to survival. Indeed this limitation prevents the Greens from seeing the obvious and they themselves become a victim of irrationalism, especially over essential questions like the state, capital and labour and what is meant by the commodity economy. Despite the Greens apparent stance of non-negotiability one invariably finds this is not the case and throughout, there runs a deep vein of compromise. Hence critiques of consumption are drastically narrowed down, tending to concentrate exclusively on the question of sustainability, particularly the energy consumed in producing commodities. When it comes to consumerism, real needs and false needs never enter the frame. The sole criteria is that of guilt implying consumerism is fulfilling and does just what it says it will do for you on the label. It is a temptation we must resist because it is energy sinful – not that it is empty as well as wasteful. Hence the readiness to strike deals with the unsustainable, destructive fury of today's commodity economy and a willingness to embrace the lesser of intrinsically damaging energy "solutions". In not being "class aware" in the broadest, most expansive sense of the term, the Greens are never green enough.

By the year 2030 at the very latest oil will be running dry and the end of natural gas will be in sight. Well before that date there will have been numerous energy spikes vastly increasing the costs of energy based on these raw materials. Come 2010 the oil producers will be in control and a seller's market will have commenced reviving memories of the OPEC cartel in its heyday. And that is the best case scenario minus any extra disruption to supply caused by "oil wars" and "energy imperialism". America's oil production peaked in 1971 and from that date the country became increasingly dependent on oil imports until it is now almost totally so. Securing the Gulf became an urgent object of foreign policy eventually to be enshrined in the "Carter Doctrine". The merest hint of trouble was enough to set off alarm bells in case oil supplies were disrupted. Islam was encouraged to disrupt a growing class unity cutting across national and religious boundaries (even in Israel) and as a foil against the Soviet Union – but only to turn against its western benefactors. Due to the Iranian Islamic 'revolution' of 1979, 5.6 million barrels of crude disappeared overnight. A year ago it was hoped to construct an OPEC busting redoubt in Iraq, which, if the oil were allowed to flow freely, could supply a tenth of global consumption. However the "Baghdad cake walk" as we are all now increasingly aware is anything but a walk-over and the Saudi regime has to daily perform a juggling act making concessions to western oil interests and 'radical' Islamist sects to stay in power. (The house of Saud incidentally is responsible for the sumptuous Sunni mosques springing up all over Bradford whilst the mosques of irked Shias – and they are very open about their anger - still retain their makeshift, half-built, scruffy look). Nor should the potential for serious conflict in the future between America and Russia be ruled out. In 2003 BP started work on the 1000 mile Azerbaijan pipeline from Baku via Georgia to Turkish ports on the Mediterranean. Russia wanted the pipeline to be rerouted through Russia so, in retaliation, began to destabilize the region.

(Footnote:This is not just a question of securing hydrocarbon energy supplies. Russia is rich in raw materials (its new oligarchs, like the oil baron Khodorkovsky now languishing in jail and stripped of his assets, have made their billions from the daylight robbery and export of raw materials) that are coveted by an increasingly raw materials starved, manufacturing West. The domination and eventual carve up (regional privatisation) of Russia is a distant US strategic geopolitical objective. It will lead in the long run to the increasing militarisation of Russia as a defensive measure against external predation. A new version of the cold war is to be expected with Russian military nationalism, military renationalisations and expropriations combined with Kremlin autocracy castigated as the enemy, in place of the spurious erstwhile "communism".

The local wars that are fought today over raw materials like in Burundi are amongst the scariest ever. We recoil before images of pre-teen, nobody's child, killing machines carrying Kalashnikovs, drugged up to the eyeballs with drugs supplied by local warlords and slaughtering without mercy in their tattered sportswear gear. It also has its resonance in the overdeveloped world in the guns / drug culture which foreshadows a uniquely different militarisation, a subjective militarisation of "I" "I" "I" "I", of narcissistic monologue and hierarchy, of dissing and bullying, one that "realizes" art as the war of one against all and which the military per se could well conscript to contain the social breakdown which is likely to ensue from an energy driven ecological catastrophe on a colossal scale.)

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Oil has justly been called "the tears of the devil" and the political cost of guaranteeing security of supply (war after war after mind-numbing war) may be just too high even before the last drop of oil has been pumped out. The global market economy is built on limitless, cheap reliable fuel – mainly oil – and free marketers are the victims of their own propaganda if they think the situation is going to continue unchanged for the next three decades. Interventionism will begin to shuffle back and in fact we are already beginning to see it in the interconnected domains of transport and energy. In the UK there are energy subsidies for renewables, indirect capital grants to householders wishing to install a wind turbine, coal subventions and the de-facto nationalisation of Railtrack. But all this is as a ghost on the political scene but a ghost that will eventually materialize into flesh and bone. And on that date the political opportunism of the anti-globalisation movement will be apparent for all to see.

Short of a miracle there is no way renewables will quench capitalism's insatiable thirst for ever greater quantities of energy. And by pretending somehow they will, the greens are doing themselves no favours. If they were to say renewables can never hope to satisfy the expanding energy needs of capitalism but that they could come into their own in a post capitalist society, they would avoid falling into the trap that has been set by the nuclear lobby. In order to avoid this, the Greens would have to insist that life must change with renewables as the energy basis of this changed relationship between the human species and the rest of nature. If not, then their opportunism will eventually be exposed as a hollow sham, and all that they will have achieved is to help deliver the world in to the arms of a second instalment of nuclear power, requiring many thousands of new nuclear power stations.

Innovations in the efficacy of photo voltaic cells can be expected but like the dreams of nuclear and cold fusion it is advisable not to hold your breath. Besides little is known about two of these three possibilities (cold fusion is still fakir science - see the Fleischmann/Pons experiment of a few years back) and there is also the question of unwanted waste. It seems likely that nuclear fusion would have its own safety and waste problems, like what to do with the unstable, radioactive, element of tritium which has a half life of "only" 12 years, which is admittedly a fraction of that of plutonium. Moreover temperatures to equal that of the sun would have to be repeatedly generated. On the sun hydrogen particles subject to enormous heat and pressure collide with each other and some stick together in a reaction called thermonuclear fusion. This fusion produces helium and nuclear energy just as Einstein predicted in his famous formula where a small loss in mass is converted into a large amount of energy. This formula that has cast the darkest of shadows across modern times both in terms of its warlike and "peaceful" uses leads us to suspect the only benign fusion generator is the sun! And as for PV power the manufacture of photo voltaic cells for use, for instance, in PV tiles, is a hi-tech industry using exotic and hazardous chemicals like baron and arsenic. Their mass production will involve many dangers not least for the work force and, at the end of their useful life; they have to be safely disposed of, which could be a major headache.

Apart from hydrogen there remains the nuclear fission option – which frankly is not an option even though the nuclear lobby is massively gearing up for a comeback. Despite producing no greenhouse gases, nuclear energy really is the dirtiest and ultimately most costly of all fuels. There are enormous problems connected with waste disposal and decommissioning costs are huge. There are also 'extra economic' costs related to security which are largely shouldered by the state. A garrison state is also an expensive state and goes against the grain of a cost paring free trade liberalism. We have entered the age of permanent state manipulated terrorism without any historical parallels (though the Italy of the 1970s' was the laboratory - see Sanguinetti's Terrorism and the State - available from BM Chronos) and today's spiralling atrocities would be as nothing compared to a well aimed missile or plane hitting a nuclear reactor. And given the escalating scale of the terrorist counter attack against the terrorist war against terrorism, better not put temptation in temptations way. Fast breeder reactors produce surplus plutonium which could well finds its way into the manufacture of a small nuclear device which will then be exploded in order to 'save' humanity. Plutonium is also exceedingly toxic and has a half life of 24,000 years. One thousand millioneth of a gram has been known to cause cancer in a dog and a 100 megawatt nuclear power plant manufactures 250 kilos of plutonium a year. None of this bears thinking about - and for that reason the nuclear option probably will.

And as for the energy potential of hydrogen, please read the lengthy note at the end of this section. Ecologists were quick to welcome it as an alternative, non carbon based energy source – but then paused for thought. Hydrogen is a secondary fuel and like electricity has to be produced from a primary energy source. One could get the crazy situation of a carbon (CO2) creating power source being used to manufacture hydrogen, which then provides 'clean' electricity whose only waste product is water. (There are however several serious catches and you are advised to read the section on hydrogen) The only exit from this absurdist roundelay is to imagine a situation in which renewables like wind/ wave/tidal energy provide the power source for the electrolytic production of hydrogen which when supplied to a fuel cell would then provide the desired green, clean energy!

It is for the technical reasons set out above that coal began to stage something of a comeback in the thinking of the Greens and crucially in other quarters. And it is beginning to concentrate the minds of governments worldwide especially in those countries with known recoverable coal reserves and who have become increasingly energy dependent. In the USA 20 new coal pits have been sunk in recent years and Bush's energy secretary, Spencer Abrahams, advised Bush and Blair to build 'clean' coal fired power stations. Given just how reactionary and essentially militaristic Bush's energy policy is, such a statement is arresting. It does suggest a faint but growing tendency towards improving energy self-sufficiency, more autarchy and even isolationism, not just in America but elsewhere, with energy and transport to the forefront of this return (if not in every case) to state interventionism. A retreat from present day globalisation may easily become a reality and it is at this juncture a revived coal industry becomes possible here, but this time, wonder of wonders, supported by the Greens.

Living plants are able to exchange CO2 for oxygen during photosynthesis but the thought of creating a gas guzzling techno-plant capable of exchanging vast quantities of CO2 for oxygen belongs in the realm of sci-fi. Though clean coal is something of a misnomer, CO2 can be converted in to liquid hydro carbons for reuse in an ever diminishing combustion cycle where the waste gas is consumed until all used up. It is a very expensive process but to date is the closest one will ever get to genuinely clean coal. What is meant by 'clean' coal today is coal from which green house and other polluting gases have been sequestered. It is possible to do this with the sulphur and nitrous oxide content of coal and the technology is now available to sequester CO2 through a variety of processes (separation membranes, fluidisation). However it is costly and would considerably add to the price of electricity produced from coal. Though that is an important consideration for energy strategists, the real problem is where to dispose of the CO2 gas. And it is this question that still makes coal an unsafe fuel. Unsurprisingly the response to global warming by energy consortia, car firms, etc. has been to go in search of a techno-fix holy grail which will allow things to remain as they are. The gravity of the crises need never then be acknowledged. Carbon sequestration relaxes the pressure on energy companies, industry and the state to reduce fossil fuel use. Just think about it: for governments it is a far easier option than attacking energy consortia, the car industry, suburban sprawl and a way of living (or rather dying) permitted by the reckless use of fossil fuel. But to believe any other response is possible, except within quite narrow margins, is to fundamentally misunderstand the nature of state power. The modern state is built on the victory of the bourgeoisie and has been fashioned to its own tastes. A "state of the whole people" is a myth but with the Greens and left social democrats an apparently unmovable one and which constitutes the basis of their teeth gritting harmony.

Oil companies have for some years been experimenting with the possibilities of pumping CO2 underground using a technique known as "enhanced oil extraction", which in plain English means the determination to squeeze every last remaining drop of oil from out of near depleted oil fields.. However, as Hitler well knew, concentrated CO2 is lethal and any geological fractures could release vast gas bubbles of the stuff into the atmosphere. During the 1980s' a couple of thousand people in Africa died as a result of a CO2 gas escape which, without warning, suddenly burst from the bottom of a lake. The same goes for pumping the gas into saline aquifers where it would eventually form carbonic acid which could then corrode the encasing rock and possibly vent the CO2 into the atmosphere. It is also possible to bury CO2 in the deep ocean where it dissolves and hopefully remains stationary. A joint research team from BP, Ford and Princeton is studying this process. But how stable is dissolved CO2 especially when faced with deep water turbulence or with potential changes to ocean circulation currents as a result of climate change? Experiments involve trial and error and unforeseen consequences are the rule rather than the exception. But the scale and the consequences of this type of experiment are such there is no room for error at all. As a climate scientist said: "If we tinker with the whole world, we only get one chance". The technofix approach to global warming is predicated on a narrow sequence of cause and effect. It may work for cars and aeroplanes but not where nature is concerned. A strictly linear approach is even too cramping for geological time scales involving scarcely to be imagined interactions between living tissue and inorganic matter. What is desperately needed is the humility to stand before nature and ask many, many questions involving a multiplicity of likely causes and effects before even daring to hazard a solution. This approach is totally alien to today's technologists limited as they are by the businesses they work for, their preparatory studies and the way they live. The scientist of Gaia – the paradox of a living earth - has become the latest convert to the philosophy of nuclear power like his illustrious forbear, the astronomer and physicist, Fred Hoyle, in the 1970s'. It is extraordinary these how two scientists (especially Lovelock, because the failure of nuclear power is now even more obvious than in the 1970s') who have added so much to our understanding of the way life was created and sustained on a tight rope stretched over an abyss of certain annihilation, cannot for the life of them imagine how human life might be completely transformed. It says more about the limitations of science today than the inherent limits of science. And finally we must never forget it will take decades for the world's climate to return to normal even if the reckless emission of greenhouse gases were to cease tomorrow.

At the end of the day it would seem coal is favoured by The Greens because despite everything it is the most attractive of less attractive alternatives that are presently available and can be modified. So it becomes a matter rather of the devil you know ---------. And one must remember the recoverable reserves of coal, in comparison to oil and natural gas, are practically inexhaustible.

There is yet another aspect which has barely been touched on by anyone. And that is coal's uses as a raw material besides that of energy. Prior to the discovery of the uses oil could be put to, coal extracts and the by-products of coal were the basis of the nascent pharmaceutical industry. These by products included dyes, medicinals, flavours, perfumes, synthetic rubbers, resins, synthetic liquid fuels, plastics etc. As a youth I well recall in the heart of the Durham coalfield a plant which produced a tough, but brittle, coal-based plastic called bakelite. The modern factory dominated the skyline and the choking fumes spread for miles. To us youngsters there was only one thing worse than going down the mines and that was to work at Bakelite! Given that the chemical and physical processes that produce coal, oil and natural gas are closely related it is not surprising that coal can be made to yield a broad spectrum of products comparable to those obtained from petroleum. At the very least the exhaustion of oil will mean coal's former uses will be investigated further, amongst which a coal-based plastic is a possibility. More organic forms of plastic that for example use sugar and cellulose as a base are known about. However bio-degradable plastics possess one major disadvantage: they have to be grown and the acreage of arable land that would be needed to satisfy capital's appetite for plastic would be awesome. If satisfactory organic substitutes were found it would go some way to solving the problem of the safe waste disposal of plastics as no-one can yet say what the possible toxic effects eventually will be from the millions of tons of "non-degradable" plastics (that will overtime degrade) now interred in the soil.

The same goes for the chances of organic fibre substituting for the steel or plastics used in the making of car bodies and which feature prominently in advertising campaigns as part of industry's effort to clean up its image. The purported 'greening' of technology particularly in the motor industry is especially noticeable.

A Daimler Chrysler car ad recently appeared showing a car shape cut into a field (a very large field, please note) in the manner of crop circles. Underneath it says "There's nothing strange about building cars from natural fibre" adding in smaller type "why not use natural fibres in our car parts, we thought. That way they will be stronger, lighter and more energy efficient to produce. And because the environment can regenerate itself, it'll help some natural resources too. And you see a virtuous circle forming?" Actually- no! The deceptive patter begs an awful lot of questions. How much natural fibre would be needed to make a car body? Would the fibre be genetically modified and how much energy intensive fertiliser would be needed to grow it? And would the car-crop be then sprayed with round-up or some equally deadly herbicide/pesticide? The end result could easily be worse for the natural environment than the present extraction and smelting of ore. Another Daimler Chrysler digitised ad. shows a Humming Bird supping water from a car exhaust like it was nectar from a flower. The caption reads "Just what the environment needs from a car. Water." And then again in smaller type : "If nature had one wish, what do you think it would be. A car that doesn't produce exhaust? We thought so too. That's why our hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicles emit only water". Not true. What about leakage of pressurised hydrogen which could end up contributing to the destruction of ozone or the as yet unknown effects of the build of hydrogen in the atmosphere should soil cease to absorb it? (See piece on hydrogen). With Daimler/Chrysler the sales pitch is aimed at the exclusive end of the car market but a few years back an ad appeared on TV advertising GM cars. No car was to be seen instead there were moving images of empty country roads, uncut hedges, trees and flowers and in the background the sound of songbirds. It lasted some three weeks before it was pulled. The chimerical absorption of manufacturing within nature had gone too far and was threatening sales.

Above left: "......Hydrogen powered fuel cells emit only water. Not true. What about leakage of pressurised hydrogen which could end up contributing to the destruction of ozone or the effects of the build of hydrogen................................................"

Above right:"How much natural fibre would be needed to grow it? And would the car-crop be then sprayed with round-up or equally deadly herbicide/pesticide? The end result could easily be worse for the natural environment than the present extraction and smelting of ore......

In 1957 the "Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs" was set up to raise the level of awareness of the extent of our dependency on oil and how good that is and must remain so until the rivers - not oil wells - run dry. It was an educational body largely run by women intent on capturing the minds of children and re-founding them on a petro-chemical basis. So what follows is a children's A-Z of oil products via some kind of Joycean flow with few commas or full stops.

A is for: adhesives air conditioners ammonia antihistamines antiseptics artificial teats artificial limbs aspirin. B is for: balloons bandages basketballs bin liners blenders boots bra's buttons C is for: cameras car batteries car bodies carpet tiles cassettes CD players celluloid chewing gum clothing cold cream combs/brushes compact discs credit cards condoms cunts (plastic) D is for: dentures deodorant dice diesel fuel dinnerware dishwashing liquid disposable nappies DVD dyes dolls and sex dolls E is for: electric blankets electricians tape F is for: fishing lines fishing rods floor wax food storage bags footballs furniture G is for: garbage bags gasoline gloves glue glycerine golf balls guitar strings H is for: hair colouring hair dyes hang gliders hearing aids heart valves replacement house paint I is for: ice chests infant seats inks insecticides insect repellent insulation J is for: jet fuel K is for: kerosene L is for: life jackets linoleum lip balm lipstick loudspeakers M is for: medical equipment mops motorcycle helmets motor oil movie film P is for: polish N is for nail polish nylons nylon rope O is for: oil filters P is for: pacemaker paint brushes pantyhose parachutes perfumes petroleum jelly photographic film photography piano keys plastic chairs plastic cups plastic fans plastic wrap plywood printer ribbon porn phalluses (mass produced) R is for: refrigerator seals roller blades roller blade wheels roofing paper roofing shingle rubber bands rubber boots rubber cement rubber glam wear S is for: spectacle frames saccharine safety glass shampoo shaving cream shirts shoe polish shower curtains slippers soft contact lenses stereos sunglasses surfboard surgical equipment sweaters syringes T is for: tape recorder telephone tennis racket tents thermos flask trousers tyres toilet seats toothpaste toys transparencies tupperware U is for: umbrellas upholstery V is for: vitamin capsules volley ball vibrators W is for: washing up liquid water pipes water skies waterproof clothing wax paper. And now, children, can you think of any oil based product for XYZ remembering that xylophone begins with an X and Zebras are animals. And when you go to chemistry class ask teacher how many of the above products could be made from coal?

Coal's second coming should not obscure the fact that coal still supplies around 30% of the world's energy needs. And even though the by-products of coal could one day be substituted for the petrochemical industry (let's call it a carbo-chemical industry) the new miners are likely to be rather different from the old because of increased mechanization, verging on near automation. The old mining industry had a totally different image to that of oil. There were never coal barons to match those of oil – a "Dallas", as it were, of the coalfields set in, say, Barnsley, filled with glamour, stretch limos' and starlets. The mere thought of it is ludicrous. And it was undoubtedly the class struggle that was unleashed wherever there were numerous coal mines that was, in this respect, decisive. In comparison to the oil industry the coal industry had been well and truly tamed – yet another reason why steps had to be taken to finish the coal industry off completely in the one country where it really had been brought to its knees. The extraction of oil was never that labour intensive – at least not in comparison to the coal - and only when the work did become arduous and the conditions dangerous, like on the rigs, did class struggle explode, as happened in Nigeria recently and to a lesser extent in the north sea (c/f the Piper Alpha disaster in the late 1980s').

Nonetheless, the oil workers' strike weapon or more is formidable as has been demonstrated on more than one occasion. There has been little enduring publicity on this and memory has been quickly suppressed. We can never forget the example of the oil workers' shoras (a form of workers' council) that ushered in the Iranian revolution of 1979 before the uprising was hijacked by fundamentalist Islam. Oil workers' shoras also played their part in the aborted Iraqi revolt against Saddam after the first Gulf war in 1991 Though not having the same impact, the huge oil workers' wildcat in the north sea was also the biggest oil workers' strike in history and ironically was influenced by the previous UK miners' struggle especially the contribution of oilmen's wives and girlfriends in occupations of rigs and off-shore facilities etc.

Oil's solidarity is spread thinly unlike that of coal. The bonds of solidarity between an oil extraction worker, a refinery worker and one in a petrochemical factory are tenuous. Trouble in one sector does not tend to spark off another. But in the mining industry as it was prior to 1985 in the UK there was close contact with other sectors of workers in the steel mills, the electricity generating industry, and on the railways. The former had earlier been part of the triple alliance but to which was now added a new, unpredictable and lethal wild card – the power workers. Something of this closeness is apparent from the photos. With a retreat from globalisation that an energy crisis would bring, a recombination of sorts is still possible.

The coal industry now has an image problem because of CO2 but it does not have a logo problem. Coal cannot be branded like Shell. There is a fundamental honesty about coal stamped on it by the struggle of the coal miners. It means what it says and what you see is what you get. The "coal interest" has never destabilised foreign governments or provoked conflicts other than class conflicts. In saying this one has also to be aware of the one huge exception proving the rule. The conflict between basic mineral resources (iron ore in Germany and coal in north east France) was a major contributory factor in the two inter-imperialist world wars marking the first 50 years of the 20th century and which later provided the raison d'etre of the present European Common Market.

There is an ersatz to the petrochemical industry one does not find in coal. It is shot through with fakery and the mimicry - of wood and wood grain especially -as it breathes ever more artifice into a polymerised chain reaction that becomes daily more convincing, deceiving even the trained eye. Buying influence like no other industry, the aim now of the petrochemical industry is total reproduction including the reproduction of nature. Short of a revolution, the goal of a virtual reality cannot be relinquished, because if it was, the reality of our shattered lives would be only too obvious. There were pit disasters in which people died but there was never a "plastic death", an entombment above ground in the products of the petrochemicals industry. The baton has to be passed on.

Coal as a raw material was never identified with artifice. It was the fuel which made mass artifice possible in the 19th century through the smelting of iron. However it was never directly employed in the production of artifice other than as a curio – a coal candlestick or carved crown - but that is set to change as it takes over from the petrochemicals industry.

Formerly coal miners were tertiary power workers. However they are destined to be reborn as also the tertiary artisans of coal. As most of Britain's coalfields were located in the countryside, the miners had a more direct relationship with nature than any other group of industrial workers. Their passion for nature tended to preclude art because that meant staying cooped up at home – and they already spent enough time like that underground. They wanted to be out and about. I know this was true of my own family. It also led miners into a direct conflict with farmers and the landed aristocracy in particular, made worse by the fact that the coal owners were also squeezed by the landowners into extracting maximum productivity from the miners. Lord Londonderry was hated in the Durham coalfield and calls for the nationalisation of the land meant almost as much as the nationalisation of the coal industry – though of course it meant something very different to working miners than it did to the politicians and union leaders who promoted these slogans. Though not rigorously worked out by any means it meant a new relationship to industry and nature, a relationship that is already loosely present in Shelley. It is ironic to think that coming generations of "miners" will be indirectly - and only indirectly – drawn in to the most sophisticated industrialised deception ever attempted, one that endeavours to do better than nature.

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PART II

The Hydrogen Economy: kill or cure?

The hydrogen fuel cell was invented as far back as 1839 by a barrister with an interest in science. It remained a scientific curiosity unto well into the 20th century and essentially came of age when NASA used energy derived from hydrogen cells for domestic fuel in the Apollo space craft's. Flammable liquid hydrogen is used, of course, as a fuel in rocket propulsion.

The flammability of hydrogen was first noted by the great alchemist Paracelsus in the 1500s'. In 1781, Henry Cavendish proved that water was the reaction product of hydrogen and oxygen. The name "hydrogen" derived from the Greek meaning "water producer" was given to the element by Antoine Lavosier (1743 – 1794). He quite lost his head over it, little suspecting it might well save the bourgeois order he fell victim to.

Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements and occurs in an un-combined form in only the minutest fractions in the normal atmosphere, some one to two parts of hydrogen in one and a half million parts of air. The abundance of hydrogen in the atmosphere increases with altitude because hydrogen's low density enables it to rise to great heights – where it can be very damaging to the ozone layer (see further on).

Hydrogen is by far the commonest element in the universe. The sun is about 75% hydrogen by weight. All the matter in the universe and ultimately life itself comes from a chain reaction from which the periodic table of the elements is derived involving first and second generation stars. Fred Hoyle was the first to detail this process, appropriating the title of the world's most popular tune, to describe humanity – unforgettably - as "stardust".

Though hydrogen is the commonest element in the universe it is not the case on earth and we earthlings, if we are to use it, must first make it. So from the outset the hydrogen economy is dependent on the production of hydrogen which is primarily an endothermic process requiring heat. (This contradictory fact has been touched on already in the section on coal and nuclear power). The largest production of hydrogen is through the catalytic action of steam on hydrocarbons. There is also the water-gas process in which steam reacts with coke at 1000 C. to eventually give hydrogen. The third largest source is through electrolysis procedures where an expenditure of 130 kilowatt hours is needed for the production of 1000 cubic feet of hydrogen. Under such conditions 7 gallons of water would be electrolysed. These facts alone must surely convince hydrogen zealots of the high temperatures that will have to be sustained over a long period of time if enough hydrogen is to be produced.

Vast quantities of hydrogen are used in the production of inorganic chemicals like ammonia and nitric acid and space agencies like NASA, ESA, and the Russian Soyuz, etc. use huge amounts of liquid hydrogen to power rockets. So a considerable hydrogen producing industry exists already but it is as nothing compared to what will be if a global hydrogen economy were to become a reality.

The hydrogen fuel cell is not a battery. It does not store electricity. However like a battery it is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy. The reactants hydrogen and oxygen (hydrogen acts as negative electrode, oxygen as a positive) have to be continually supplied to the cell for an electric current to be produced. It is from the need to have a continuous supply and particularly to store hydrogen under pressure that extremely grave consequences arise, never mind the bizarre contradictions involved in the manufacture of this "potentially clean" fuel.

The hydrogen economy is still a futuristic pipe dream and besides it is no longer turning out to be the devolved, co-operative, inherently anti-capitalist, panacea it was once cooked up to be. (See the ravings of its chief apostle, Jeremy Rifkin in the book, The Hydrogen Economy: his technicist approach reminds me of Lenin's dictum:"electricity will bring the revolution"). It could even lead to an increase in green house warming as one of the side products is methane gas (which is even more potent than CO2) if the hydrogen needed is made from natural gas. If made from the gasification of coal, essential to the production of coke for example, CO2 emissions would increase by 5% worldwide. Moreover leakage from fuel cells in cars and power stations could increase ozone depletion. Leaked hydrogen could end up in the stratosphere (because it is the lightest of all elements) and react with hydroxyl radicals to form water vapour which would provide a reaction site for halogens such as chlorine to deplete stratospheric ozone (Science Vol. 1300. p147). Higher up in the troposphere (15km from the earth's crust), hydroxyl radicals could be destroyed which is tough shit for the planet because HO is an environmental cleaning agent which removes all manner of pollutants, including the potent green house gas, methane. We also don't know what the likely consequences of increased amounts of hydrogen in the atmosphere will be. It is reckoned 77% from the troposphere is consumed by the soil (Nature Vol. 428 p.918). But if the amount of hydrogen increases then the amount of soil uptake could decrease proportionally. And if the climate gets wetter the soil would be less able to absorb the hydrogen and shut-off would occur. The Midi in France burned up during the summer of 2003, but come the autumn it nearly capsized under the kind of deluge and flooding typical of global warming. "The wild card is how, in the future, will the climate and the hydrogen sink change" (New Scientist. 15th Nov 2003). The hydrogen economy could turn out to be the worst of all possible worlds: not only will we continue to fry and then drown but we'll all have progressive melanoma as well.

One cannot help thinking the propaganda enveloping the hydrogen economy is similar to that which heralded the birth of the nuclear economy e.g. limitless supplies of electricity too cheap to meter to accompany the brave new social democratic "utopias" that emerged from World War Two. Now that times have changed the hydrogen economy will provide the bedrock on which consumer capitalism can rest indefinitely because in one essential aspect (energy) it might be sustainable. A limitless vista of guilt free consumption opens up and capitalism is reborn as a green child. At least that's what's implied by the propaganda but already the brute power of factual research is beginning to undermine its claims. Cal. Tech. has estimated 10% to 20% of hydrogen could leak from fuel cells that would increase industrial emissions by between 60 million to 120 million tons per year if just the 1993 fleet of cars were converted to hydrogen use! Though the fossil fuel companies bestride the world like a colossus and, in a terror campaign not unworthy of Stalin, have intimidated the US energy dept into altering facts on global warming, they are unlikely to have sunk their teeth into the Californian Institute of Technology with the same ease. So these estimated figures must be taken seriously. Sure, there is a possibility that hydrogen entrepreneurs will eventually be able to solve the pollution problems attendant on the creation of a hydrogen based economy but all that belongs in a far distant future....

And when the hydrogen economy eventually does come on stream, hydrogen use is likely to be restricted to cars, lorries and public transport. Several European cities have already introduced hydrogen powered buses with the bus depot serving as a hydrogen refuelling station. For the most part "publicly owned", it is a boon to the local state which in the face of an uncaring, selfish world can blazon its progressive credentials. But the real aim of the hydrogen economy is the private car market which must be maintained whatever the cost. If the private car were to disappear, practically the whole of life, not least the urban and rural landscape would change. And that the rulers of this planet cannot countenance.

One thing that we can be sure of and that is, come what may, the energy of the future will be overwhelmingly electrical energy which includes energy derived from hydrogen. Energy crops providing bio fuels for transport use or the short rotation coppicing of willows such as now occurs on the Plain of York and that are then fed into local power plants, will never replace electrical energy. The electrical industry is an industry entirely founded on science: it has no history as an energy source prior to the understanding and utilization of electromagnetism. The growth of electricity generation after 1880 is also that of growing monopoly power in industry and banking, controlled in the last analysis by the State. It is naïve in the extreme to think these power companies will readily relinquish their grip on power and that new forms of energy, like hydrogen and renewables, will of themselves put power back in the hands of the people. For this to happen it will, at the very least, require the abolition of State power. But the Greens, like social democrats, share at least one mistaken conception: and that is the dangerous ideology of the "peoples' state", above that of classes and capitalism, and which can be made to work if only the right people are in power. It does, however, mean that the foundation of any future collaboration is already in place and ready to join forces to suppress genuine revolt, should the retreat from globalisation suddenly accelerate in response to an energy crisis.

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Wind/ Wave /Tidal power

Throughout the ages and well into the industrial revolution water power was the chief form of mechanical energy. It must never be forgotten either that the factory system and the division of labour into repetitive, specialised tasks (a consequence of mechanisation) was driven in its early stages by water power. This energy was sustainable and it is to be hoped Greens blush bright red when they reflect on it because the exploitation it implied was brutal in the extreme. As kids in W. Yorkshire we always found there was something indefinably ominous about a disused mill race and dam and that clung to the place, even allowing for the racing sluices and the silent depths of the mill pond covered in a motionless green slime. And in the ancient world rebellious slaves were regularly worked to death, or broken on mill tread wheels. A fixture of the penal system until the 20th century, the technology was certainly sustainable but more because slaves were as expendable as donkeys.

However there is no denying renewable forms of energy exert a powerful grip on the imagination today. They acts as a stimulus to further experiment and can attract all manner of people from plumbers to computer technicians and that goes well beyond the confines of energy self-sufficiency and any individual cost saving that might accrue. It can involve taking another look at discontinued technologies to ascertain if, in a moment of inspiration, any further improvements are possible. There is more than meets the eye to this remodelling of the past. Despite TV programs like Salvage Squad and the steadily growing number of magazines devoted to this mechanical antiquarianism, hidden within it is a shadowy critique of contemporary society that aches to find a more meaningful application.

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Tidal Power

But the reality of renewables is very different and sufficient to dash the spiralling enthusiasm of the most brilliant 'amateur'. They are rapidly becoming big business and none more so than tidal power. So far there are only two major tidal barrages that generate electricity: one is near St Malo in Brittany, the other is in Nova Scotia. However several have been proposed around Britain's shores and the one in Swansea Bay is now under construction. The State had long been interested in the scheme and in 1977 the DTI in a joint venture with the big engineering firm Atkins and Parkers proposed a scheme for the barrage. But that was back in the days of unashamed economic interventionism and by 1983 the State had disappeared from the scene. Then another joint venture had been formed by Atkins (the engineering company) and Wimpey (the building company) to promote the scheme. Revealingly their brief was to "assess the commercial viability of a privately owned and operated barrage selling power to the public grid system". However come 2004 and the State is back in the frame once more and once again it is the Atkins engineering company, now the biggest in the country, which is to take charge of the engineering and construction side.

The "installation costs" of building a tidal barrage are huge. A Severn barrage has been estimated at £10 billion. But once built the operating costs are low. However as the actual height and time of high tide can vary considerably and may not coincide with the peak demand for electricity, there has to be, as the jargon has it, "system reinforcement". And in the 1970s' and 1980s' any "generating deficit" was to be made up by Hinkley Point nuclear power station! In 2005 that function will fall, presumably, to gas generated electricity. The same problem also applies to wind power which is even more intermittent than wave power and also requires back up. Existing coal fired power stations that are on standby and operating below their designed output emit more CO2 as a result and so what is gained on the swings is lost on the roundabouts. It can be countered of course that this heavily ironic malfunction can be overcome if only there were more wind farms, which assumes that wind speeds from region to region, will always vary sufficiently. A way out of this conundrum, which completely does away with the unintended CO2, has been proposed. And that is if – wait for it – wind power is used to produce hydrogen!

Tidal power has generally involved an upper and lower basin or pool, each with intake and discharge openings and gates. The upper pool is allowed to fill during rising tides, then to discharge in to the lower pool, which has been simultaneously emptied. The lower pool is then emptied once the tide has ebbed sufficiently. The turbines and generators are housed in horizontal units built into the dam and can be run in either direction, by the incoming and outgoing tides. Apart from the long term impact on estuarial eco-systems and wild life - not to mention the constant silting up - these mega projects for megawatts are, if Roncy is anything to go by, thoroughly soulless and monotonous possessing nothing of the romance of jetties and lighthouses. And when has a dam or barrage not carried some kind of a roadway for gas guzzling bits of tin on four wheels?

Ocean waves are a tertiary form of solar energy (as is wind power) in that unequal heating of the earth's surface generates wind and wind blowing over water generates waves.If modern tidal power is still in its infancy, wave power both on shore (the conversion of breakwaters and old jetties) and off-shore is fresh off the drawing board.Tidal power has many historical precedents (The Domesday Book records many examples of just such schemes) and similar principles still apply. Water turbines are the modern successors of simple water wheels which date back 2000 years and the system of sluices for channelling outflow is much the same today as yesterday. But wave power does not have a history. Until the invention of electricity the mere thought of ever converting the oceans off-shore energy into a utilisable source of energy was entirely out of the question. And besides there was no need to because of the availability of fossil fuels for the thermal generation of electricity. But once it was recognised what the build up of CO2 in the atmosphere could do, wave power came of age. It ceased to be a private hobby or the bath tub musings of a visionary inventor and became a business opportunity instead. The drunken boat sank beneath the waves.

The Labour government is launching a £200,000 campaign to encourage private companies to invest in wave power as well as constructing a wave hub off the north Atlantic coast of Devon and Cornwall into which manufacturers of floating generators can plug their machines. It is a bit of "pump priming", a concealed subsidy - and demonstrates the discreet changes that are beginning to take place away from leaving the supply of energy entirely to market forces.

Yet wave power still retains something of its numinous beginnings. In addition to electricity it also generates a buzz, despite its business wrappings. There is something appealing about the childlike simplicity of its basic principles which can be simply demonstrated (and is) with the aid of a plastic bottle which has had a hole cut in its side and a straw. These pumping devices are called oscillating water columns (OWC) and this pneumatic power is converted to electricity by turbo generators. There are two types: in-shore and off-shore – an off-shore requiring OWC buoys which can be moored in water depths up to 200 metres where energy levels are greatest.

Claims that off-shore installations could also act as artificial reefs for once may not be mistaken. And, despite the jargon, "the retro fitting of power modules" into breakwaters and coastal defences can never be as deadening as a tidal barrage. A wave harnessed for its energy is the same wave that thrills us as it breaks over a coastal defence.

A new found respect for the oceans is rapidly forming. It is a respect born of fear that has nothing in common with the ancient fears of seafarers. The ocean has been tamed by oil tankers, aircraft carriers and cruise liners only for its might to return in a much more formidable guise. Over the past twenty years much has been added to our understanding of ocean currents – in particular the role of the global conveyor belt which wends up through the Atlantic to the polar region then sinks and turns south rounding the Cape into the Indian ocean where it wells up then moves on into the eastern Pacific where it rises once more off Japan and Siberia. "Our" Gulf Stream, which is part of the global loop, exceeds by a factor of 25 the combined flow of all the world's rivers. It is vital in maintaining W. Europe's temperate climate and no one knows for sure what would happen if this global current were to switch off because of melting ice caps and increased inundation. At the very least there would be a drastic altering of weather patterns across possibly the entire globe.

Though the global conveyor belt energises weather systems, other currents are stirred by the wind to create a system of currents that echoes the patterns of prevailing winds. It is these currents, which have enormous power, that potentially could be harnessed to generate electricity as could "tide squeeze" currents between islands from the Shetlands down to the Channel Islands.

Lautreamont in The Songs of Maldoror saw in the "old" ocean a "symbol of identity" that hid in its depths "future utilities for man" – and he did not mean fish either. Perhaps he was even anticipating the exploitation of marine biology by the bio-sciences and bio-companies. But as Lautreamont also says "you [the ocean] do not easily let the avid eyes of natural science divine the thousand secrets of your oeconomy" (sic) - thus creating a new word combining the ocean and the economy: an oceaneconomy. The ocean, particularly in a violent storm, has long been a favoured sign of the natural sublime but one we can rise above on account of our natural intelligence. Lautreamont no longer buys this argument: "Man says: "I am more intelligent than the ocean. It's possible even quite true; but the ocean is more formidable to him, than he to the ocean." And so we are faced with the grim paradox that a dramatic increase in the understanding of how oceans work is closely accompanied by an overall abandonment of reason, which, within a matter of years, could easily result in the altering of ocean currents through global warming and create maximum chaos and devastation – though not the overthrow of capitalism. The beautiful rationality (ultimately) of wave power also floats on a sea of madness and once these currents are "switched off" they cannot then be just "switched on" again.

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Hydro-electric power

This clean power (but increasingly dirty business) supplies almost one third of the world's electricity though for some reason estimates vary falling to as little as 2%. But less than 20 years ago only 6.7% of the world's energy was hydropower. The increase has come mainly in China, the former Soviet Union, Latin America and India, which may explain why western dominated statistics are not keeping pace with the reality. It also indicates energy supplies are becoming steadily centralised. From the 1940s to the 1970s many small US hydroelectric facilities were closed down because of high maintenance costs – only for some to be reopened after the increase in fossil fuel prices following the setting up of OPEC in 1973. The building of dams arouses great hostility especially amongst peoples whose homes and land are about to be submerged under water: it is reckoned some 40 to 80 million people have been displaced by big dams. The obligation to resettle some disguises the ruin of the many, especially those living downstream who are prepared for and dependant on seasonal flooding, fresh water fishing and so on. Big dams are a major factor in the sweeping of indigenous tribal and peasant communities off the land and into the kind of megalopolis increasingly typical of the "underdeveloped" world. As mini-grids are shut down everywhere, there is, throughout the world, a steadily growing dependency on national grids and centralised power networks.

Also dams are not just there for hydro-electric power. They are multi-purpose creations and are used for irrigation, flood control, as well as reservoirs that vainly aspire to slake capitalisms' thirst for ever more water. The industrial use of water is set to double by 2025. In Iceland several dams have been projected in collaboration with a Norwegian hydro company solely for the purpose of the energy intensive smelting of aluminium from bauxite imported from Australia. Iceland like Norway is one of those countries that have been able to project a clean energy image, meeting most of its energy needs from geothermal sources. However the mania for energy burns everything in its path. Dams are also destined to become in the future a bargaining counter of colossal political weight as the earth dries up and water wars break out. For two decades India and Bangladesh have quarrelled over the right to extract water from the Ganges during the dry season. Turkey's Grand Anotolian Project, a vast irrigation and hydroelectric damning scheme on the Tigris and Euphrates, threatens to deprive downstream Syria and Iraq of water. Egypt fears the appropriation of Nile water by upstream Sudan and Ethiopia. And the list is growing – unlike the supply of tap water.

ON THE BRINK OF DISASTER?
These two contrasting though similar photographs of the same southern Chilean glacier were taken merely 15 years a part..........

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Wind Power

This is easily the most visible form of renewable energy and in hilly districts in the UK it is now rarely possible to turn a full 350 degrees without catching sight of a wind farm or at least a lone wind mill. In 2000 there were 15,000 wind turbines in Hawaii and California and their combined power rating of 1500 mega watts is roughly equal to that of a conventional steam turbine power installation running off fossil fuel or nuclear fission.

A turbine is a machine that converts the energy stored in a fluid (water, gas, steam, wind) into mechanical energy. A wind turbine extracts energy from the wind by the rotation of a propeller that then drives an electricity generator. The older term windmill is often used to describe this device although electric power generation, not milling, has become its primary application. The aerodynamic blades owe far more to aeroplane propellers than to the windmill sails Don Quixote attacked though the claims made in support of wind turbines are every bit as farfetched. In 1984 the total output of all U.S. wind farms exceeded 150 million kilowatt hours. This does sound huge but in fact it only amounted to 1/100,000 of total electric power generated in the US.

From around the mid 19th century windmills were used for pumping water in rural areas until some bright spark realised they could also generate electricity. In fact the old fashioned metal windmills have become a comforting icon of America's rural past. After the oil price shocks of the mid 1970s interest was rekindled but it was global warming that provided the final spurt of enthusiasm.

Initially wind power was seen as free energy, a myth that has continued to cling to renewables. As a raw material, wind, like waves and sunlight, come for free. As an energy source no human labour is involved. Wind, waves or sunlight cannot be hewed like coal or drilled for like oil. Its energy can only be captured, untouched by human hand, in its raw form. As far as the raw material is concerned the pricing mechanism is therefore imposed. The fact that it is manipulable probably recommends it to Greens who want a half-way house mediated by the state between the cost of production and price. And on the level of price, through the aid of government subsidies that distort the cost of production, they proclaim a victory. In essence this is what they mean by anti-capitalism. By being half a commodity the rest doesn't matter because the state is in control. And that's what matters. The production of clean energy ultimately destroys market mechanisms. Because if one takes into account installation costs, the cost of connecting to the national grid, the laying of underground power lines from very out of the way places, maintenance costs, the price of wind turbines is two and a half that of thermally generated electricity.

Wind Energy

Is it not a mistake to call it part of the green industrial revolution? Does it not serve ends that are very ungreen like supplying power to highly polluting industries? Is the greening of industry even possible? Is it not a contradiction in terms like the workers inheriting industry on the basis which capitalism has laid down? Few ecologists dare speak of the major revolutionary changes that have to take place if life on this planet is to become viable.

Wind like wave energy is seen as generating local employment and spearheading a new industrial revolution (wind and wave power will require a considerable degree of maintenance) in areas noted for their outstanding natural beauty and which are as remote from the conventional notion of industry as can possibly be and have therefore become the havens of the well off. Their specious defence of romantic, unspoilt beauty masks hostility to industry per se and a dislike of the industrial working class even a green industrial working class.

Objections to wind power have centred on the undeniable fact wind power, unlike wave power, is not a constant source of energy and that therefore thermal generators are needed on the days when wind speed is low. Existing coal fired power stations that are on standby and operating below their designed output emit more CO2 as a result and so what is gained on the swings is lost on the roundabouts. However new build clean-coal fired power stations could reduce this hazard. And besides the national grid has admitted that if wind energy were to rise to 20% of total energy output the problem of intermittence would be overcome presumably because surplus capacity in one part of the country would compensate for deficit elsewhere.

The renewable energy sector loves to point out, as part of their opportunist effort to gain acceptance, that the goal of energy supply should be national independence and that henceforth the country need never be dependant in future on "unstable countries" for oil and gas in particular. The same argument could well apply to a regenerated coal industry in the not so distant future. Behind their talk of planetary politics the localism of the greens ("think local act global") often masks a hankering after nation state autarchies and their internationalism is at best superficial and has more in common with global bodies set up in the wake of Bretton Woods. They are also keen to emphasize that the raw materials of renewable energy are free – wind, wave and the sun - and therefore are not commodities. Hence in theory it is possible for a greener capitalism to escape the business cycle because a commodities spike, particularly an oil price rise, has always heralded a recession. It is not easy to see how the "natural communism" of wind, wave and the sun can ever be valorised and so far the megalomaniac ambitions of capitalists have fallen short of claiming ownership. Water and the earth we live on - yes - but not the air we breathe though it is conceivable that purer air could one day be bottled and sold. Typically it shows how limited the Greens notion of de-commodification is and which could, given half a chance, actually aid capitalist reconstruction. Alison Hill the head of communications at the British Wind Energy Association, also believes that wind power has a capacity equivalent to several times the countries energy needs, though she does not specify just how much of the landscape would be covered in wind farms and if wind generators would be attached to office blocks and urban high-rise.. The advocates of wave energy claim that the tidal surges of the Bristol Channel are sufficient to generate 20% of the country's energy needs.

PART III

The Greens hailed the Feb. 2002 white paper on energy as breaking at long last the link between energy generation and cost. Henceforth cheapness would not be the sole criteria. The opponents of renewables point to the fact that wind power for example is expensive at about twice the wholesale price of electricity. The electricity has also to be fed into the national grid and that means running power lines from the sometime almost inaccessible country locations of wind farms, which further adds to the cost. On the other hand the price of thermally generated electricity in the long run is bound to rise – in which case opposition to EEC legislation, i.e. the Renewables Obligation and Climate Change Levy, will decrease. There has recently been a significant increase in wind power energy ads in "quality" newspapers requesting customers to switch to wind power energy companies. Their marketing strategy is directed at middle class consumers with a bad conscience who are prepared to pay more and self consciously use recycled paper, envelopes etc. And their ecological footprint tends to be greater than most if one takes into account air travel. For the first time the state is subsidising a domestic wind power generator that can be attached to roofs and chimney stacks. However the savings are far from dramatic at around 30% of average domestic use. For the moment it is little better than an expensive toy and only likely to appeal to people with money to spend and a point to prove. Solar ceramic roof tiles are even more expensive and only the well-off will be tempted to go in for a re-roofing job with no guarantee of success. At this point the energy question starts to encroach on eco- housing, eco-build and the greening of cities. There is a "green calculator" software package for the construction industry called "Life Cycle Analysis of Design". Unlike other databases that calculate economic costs it calculates environmental ones, in particular the amount of energy and water consumed in the production of materials like cement, bricks, steel etc (New Scientist. 31st Jan.. 2004). It would be helpful at some point to go into how eco-build has taken over from the autocratic modelling of pointless urban utopias like play cities. At once more pragmatic and corresponding to a very pressing social need, eco-build does not even pay lip service to the question of mass praxis that redefines social space and the built environment. Also, unlike the play cities, it no longer connects with the revolution of modern art and the modern art of revolution and everything that implies. Instead of deepening critique with a wealth of scientific information, it only succeeds in narrowing down the totality of the transformation that is so desperately needed.

Technologically, architecturally and scientifically the ideology of living in harmony with nature masks the reality of the end of nature as a cyclical, more or less predictable, continuum. Climate has never remained stationary but it has generally changed sufficiently slowly to allow living things to adapt and evolve. But even in the best case scenario what is likely to happen will be just too fast for human plant and animal populations to adjust to. But as mankind nears extinction we are subjected to an increasing amount of imagery and word play (and not just through advertising) that suggests a return to nature. This techno romanticism grotesquely parodies the genuinely liberatory technology of all things made anew which may just one day come about.

Rather than calling it the "greening of technology" which would be a spurious claim and easily exposed as a lie, it is better served by calling it the arielization of technology after the figure of Ariel in The Tempest. Accompanied by a background of sound both musical, non-musical and somewhere in between (this advertising "noise" is an eerie travesty of the stage directions in The Tempest) we are meant to metaphorically take flight or become one with nature on contact with the "new" consumer technology whether it's a car or a bottle of water: we become pilots of the elements and techno-nature sprites, setting wrongs to rights and vindicating the mistakes of the past. Words become an integral part of the image and like in The Tempest the metaphor is abbreviated and resonates on different levels, for the new technology is also social engineering on a grand scale. Though suggestive of a new word order that would accompany a genuinely liberatory technology, it is one big lie. The latest diesel ads depict a breaking wave (an oil gusher in this day and age would never succeed in selling the poison) on which is boldly imprinted "Diesel Energy: New Wave of Diesel". Britain's biggest energy producer, "Powergen", sponsors TV weather reports in which only wind turbines are featured. Underneath their gently rotating blades there is to be seen a figure of fun, a new age clown, a guru wannnabee with a base ball cap who variously throws straw into the wind only to have it blown back in his face, sits cross-legged awaiting enlightenment or clumsily attempts to fly a kite. Each episode is meant to impart a live feeling of playful optimism running through the atmosphere, analogous to that of an electrical current Hence the layered words after each weather report: "Positive Energy – from Powergen" or "Positive Energy: Power in your hands – from Powergen".

(Though not directly state managed this artful advertising therapy ecospeak lends itself, especially in the hands of the Bush administration, to shameless newspeak. In response to the wild fires that swept American forests recently and which released yet more CO2 in the atmosphere, the Bush administration came up with the "Healthy Forest" initiative which is in fact a cover for the logging of old growth forests. And his "Clear Skies" project though suggesting a cleansing of pollutants from the atmosphere permitted, on the contrary, more emissions by repealing key provisions of the clean air act.)

Romantic technology is made to appear as if it had grown. Rather it is designed by nature and not invented or made by man. It enters our life like an airborne seed and the language that glides with it is the opposite of the unmediated pile driving of the paleo industrial era of 80 years ago - no "Triumphs of Invention", no "Wonders of Transport" or "Conquests of Engineering" implying a definitive conquest of nature. And should you think this is exaggerated well just take a look at an interview with one William McDonough, an eco architect, in New Scientist (March 20, 2004). To the question what would your new world look like? he answers "Why can't I design a building like a tree? A building that makes oxygen, fixes nitrogen, sequesters carbon, distils water, builds soil, accrues solar energy as fuel, makes complex sugars and food, creates micro climates, changes colour with the seasons and self replicates." Such claims are just asking for it and when we learn that he designed the GAP offices in California they are gone like morning mist. The "principles" on which the GAP offices are based he learnt from analysing a Bedouin tent made from goats' hair. The "factory" producing the raw materials walked on all fours and ate everything in sight. GAP devours human beings both as consumers and producers and to dare to suggest the largely manufactured raw materials that went into the building of the Californian offices were just as ecologically sound as a Bedouin tent is outrageous. Materials can be "reincarnated" (i.e. recycled) just as human beings can be re-produced. Knowing this he bonds more firmly with the cycle of life and his child. When asked where does he most like being, he answers "I like being on my back with my child on my stomach – in the woods, in the city, wherever. So long as we're both laughing". Typically this utilitarian eco-conservatism blinds him to the fact neither will be laughing for long and if they do continue to laugh it will be like Rimbaud's "the hideous laugh of the idiot".

Historically nature has been an antidote to tragedy. To understand the cycle of renewal is finally to transcend individual suffering absorbing it in the reality of the evolving species. Once history was seen to have an end (the end of pre-history) history and nature complimented each other as never before. Only a non repressive future could annul the horrors of the past and natural renewal was an inevitable part of that process.

The much lauded End of History appearing in the late 1980s and coincidentally complimenting the fall of the Berlin Wall had little to say about nature other than as a conservation side issue. Since this announcement the bourgeoisie has increasingly promoted the fullness of nature as if that too was part of the end of history but in order to deny the end of nature. And yet on its own admission the fullness of nature has inescapably included the destructive superlatives of The Perfect Storm, Superfire the force five Twister and more recently, The Day After Tomorrow, etc. We tend to remember the titles but not the movies but whatever the case we are meant to sit still and remain impassive at our own execution, the perfect audience - until the moment the torrent, or fire, bursts through the screen.

What is true of aspects of Hollywood (and hence art) is increasingly true of science where we are confronted with even greater mind unravelling paradoxes. Global pessimism and a blanket anti-humanism scientifically spun as "post humanity" or "enhanced humanity" (Stephen Hawking's term) coexists with genuine capacity for wonder and a baffling contentment with the status quo. Worst of all, these extreme contradictions are passed over in silence as if to say there is no contradiction and only our lack of scientific comprehension makes it appear so: "much weirdness but no contradiction" as Martin Rees said of Godel's theory of time travel deduced from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. After writing Our Cosmic Habitat which, amongst other things, cogently argues from a providential physics, the case for a biophillic universe, Martin Rees ("Sir" Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal) then goes on to write, post 9/11, Our Final Century in which he states that the games up here on earth and that the only out for humanity (i.e. an engineered "post humanity") is to leave the earth for another planet and start afresh. In these books sci-fi "fact" and a cosmic ecology reflect a more mundane reality. Neither are sci-fi or ecology in the commonly accepted sense of the term (implying storytelling and conservation measures) and yet they share their common presuppositions: acceptance of the world as it is and the social relations it engenders – those of capitalism. At no other point in history has the prospect of imminent annihilation and a smug complacency complimented each other as they do now. But such is the bewildering level of contradiction in today's world. A concern for the welfare of humankind that once might have inspired The Rights of Man has been reduced to that of the survival of the few – and with little complaint. The hazardous seeding of the universe with human life will be predicated on the death of mankind here on earth. And the popular ideology that will legitimate it will be science fiction and futurology.

In The Final Century the right honourable Sir Martin has much to say about energy. He is unambiguously against nuclear energy because it is vulnerable to terrorist attack. However he would like to see energy economies in rocket propulsion fuels even going so far as to propose a nanotube lift which would do away with the rocketry necessary to escape the earth's gravitational pull. The future of space travel and exploration is, he thinks, that of private capitalism as distinct from state capitalism which initially put people into orbit but whose usefulness has now passed. Of course he does not employ such crude terms but that essentially is what he means. In fact it is highly unlikely any venture capitalist could possibly fund a nanotube lift into space. And if it ever does come about it will be a state venture and in that sense the economics would be no different to the wave hub presently being constructed in the Bristol Channel with private enterprises and the very rich renting use of the space lift. And who is to be saved in this our final century? Why the very same rich, silly! – the same, one might add, who are largely to blame for the terrorism in the world today. So in fact the chosen few would be carrying the weapons for their own destruction with them. But such reflections are beyond Sir Martin's undialectical imagination.

Sir Martin's fellow student, Stephen Hawking, has little to say about energy in the sense in which we are using the term here except as a flippant aside typical of the suave humour designed to relieve the tedium of the lecture hall and raise a smile amongst a captive student audience. In his book The Universe in a Nutshell he says

"if the population growth and the increase in the consumption of electricity continue at their current rates, by 2600 the world's population will be standing shoulder to shoulder and electricity use will make the earth glow red hot".

He has done the maths so he knows. But we are left in doubt as to the basic premises. Was he extrapolating from the current demands of the average American citizen as Fred Hoyle did in his 1970s book Energy or Extinction in which he arrived at a total energy flow requirement of 400 million million kilowatt hours should "we seek to raise the standard of living of everybody in the world to the American level". That this "standard of living" or, better, dying, had recently been questioned and attacked as never before had obviously escaped his notice. This dismal lack of a social imagination and of a responsiveness to genuine social movements may yet prove to be the undoing of the scientific community - or rather the general absence of one.

In a few years time the energy question will come to occupy centre stage and everyone in the world will to a greater or lesser degree be conscious of it. The life or death of the human species will hinge on it. However there is no doubting that if present upward energy trends are to continue Hoyle's book would have been more appropriately entitled Energy and Extinction not Energy or Extinction!!!!!!!!

Above left: Rancy in Brittany. Tidal barrage generating electricity across an estuary. A road runs across the barrage top

Above right: Sellafield Nuclear Power Station, Cumbria

Footnote: IGCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

This UN panel is now in a state of despair, the victim of its statist illusions.The Kyoto protocol has largely proved a sham and has done little to reverse CO2 emissions, especially since America has not signed up to it. Secondly there is a growing fear climate change may happen more quickly than conventional models of climate change predict. Unable to even begin to find the subject of global change that could halt global warming or even pose the question other than in terms of global state craft and political good will, members of this panel are starting to take a serious interest in mega engineering technology to combat global warming. So in Jan 2004 a conference was held in Cambridge UK to discuss the proposed technologies. It is interesting to note that until recently climate scientists dismissed the idea out of hand of engineering the way out of the problem on the grounds of costs and, more importantly, because the potential ecological impact of such schemes was unknown, and probably unknowable, until in place.

But predictable political inertia, surprising only to politically disingenuous people who make up such panels like the IGCC and who take the ideology of democracy at face value, has driven them into becoming reluctant futurologists. Space age engineering ventures beckon on a scale that may easily dwarf the dimensions of Starship Enterprise and that have all the crass simplicity of a Schwarznegger movie script wherein the world is saved by tea time. The most outlandish of all the schemes suggested so far is a diaphanous mirror a 1000 kilometres across, parked between the sun and the earth to reflect solar radiation back into space. Other schemes include reducing the earth reflectivity, its albedo, by putting shards of metal into the stratosphere or improving the reflectivity of white clouds by increasing their size with the aid of “cloud condensation nuclei”. But all these proposed schemes will do is actually encourage greenhouse gas emissions which some even see as a bonus because plants will grow faster One of the proponents of reducing the earth’s reflectivity was Alfred Teller, father of the H bomb, and who notoriously shopped Robert Oppenheimer. Hounded by the American secret service and his own conscience, the scientific disillusionment (and not to be confused with disillusionment with science per se) of Robert Oppenheimer who helped develop the A bomb and worked on the physics of black holes before they became an established scientific fact, may well repay a much closer look than has previously been the case. That climate change scientists are now ranged alongside such people as Teller is not comforting news. After having explored all options it may look like an act of desperation only we know they haven't begun to explore the only real option, that of the social overthrow of capitalism. And if for the moment they are definitely not capable of that, then a paralysing despair may well have a more fruitful outcome than the gimcrack remedies now being proposed. It could act as a springboard to adopting an entirely different strategy one that goes over the heads of governments to appeal directly to the mass of the people, because it is they who will be the first to directly experience the consequences of global warming.

Of all the possible options stripping CO2 from the atmosphere will likely be the one most favoured by the IGCC for the simple reason that methods of capturing and burying CO2 are better developed. But it will mean aligning themselves with previous hate figures like Julio Friedman, a former geologist from Exxon Mobil, and his grandiose plans for thousands of zero emission fuel plants that would burn cheap fossil fuels but capture the CO2 from the stack. From small scale beginnings he sees it becoming a billion tonne industry within a decade. Other suggestions are for a hasty burial at sea. Ken Caldeira of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California and a close associate of Teller’s at the laboratory have suggested encasing it in giant plastic bags on the floor of the deep ocean or injecting it under the floating ice of the West Antarctic icecap!

Up to this point, as knowledge about climate change grew and grew, the warnings coming from the IGCC were ever more apocalyptic. It seemed to peak with the direst warning yet: that average temperatures were set to rise 8 to 10 degrees over the next 100 years. It was however left to others to draw attention to the fact that temperatures arose by a mere 8 degrees for the period of the Permian Extinction, the greatest mass extinction of all time.

The moment of the IGCC most devastating insights became that of their most craven submission. As a consequence they risk becoming a laughing stock, a parody of their ineffectual former selves though attentively listened to by those without power. Worse than that even: they are seen as belonging to what they once opposed. There is no madness more insidious or more likely to wreck destruction on an individual or body in the long run than this degree of capitulation.

We can see this in the case of James Lovelock of Gaia fame and who now believes “the cure to man-made climate change lies in engineering not in abandoning it”. If this means macro engineering on a scale grand enough to modify the planet's climate, well, so be it. In fact he wants a “Hippocratic oath for macro engineering”. But all mega-build projects today obscenely claim green credentials whether it's James Stirling's “Gherkin” in the city of London or the proposed plan to build a 12 mile long bridge across England`s most continuous on shore wild life haven in Morecambe Bay. The structure would be the world's first “green bridge” according to its promoters because it would incorporate sub-sea technology to harness tidal energy.

Lovelock is well known for designing exquisite instruments like his almost thimble size Electron Capture Detector for sniffing out trace elements which was to be crucial to the advance of environmental science. To go from Tom Thumb instrumentation to the Gargantuan in the name of reading off and then protecting, it is to be hoped, earth systems, is an indication of how Lovelock is morphing into an unrecognisable pastiche of his self. His conversion to the cause of nuclear power as the only effective way of combating global warming reinforces the impression of panic, as if Lovelock has weighed the anchor of his sanity and is now all at sea. He argues that the radioactive zone around Chernobyl is now one of the richest eco systems in the region. The wildlife doesn't worry about the radiation and natural selection will get rid of the inevitable mutations in plants and animals that would neither know nor care. He goes on to say he would quite happily accept the full output of one of the big nuclear power station and then he "would get free heat from it" and use it to also to "sterilize the stuff from supermarkets, the chicken and whatnot, full of salmonella". And he is not joking. As admirable as the Gaia hypothesis is - the paradox of a living earth that redraws the frontiers of life by merging the organic and organic – such comments are merely a lunatic homologue of the inspired brainstorm behind his original conception.

STUART WISE: Completed Spring 2004

See the following webs on the Revolt Against Plenty site:

A Destroyed Yorkshire Miner

M-m-m-miners

The Miners: Jenny Tells Her Tale

Kingsnorth 2008/Lisbon 1982. Miners and ecos. Monbiot & Scargill

Energy and Extinction 2004 [here]

Filmscripts. Miner/Butterfly Destruction. Part 1

Filmscripts.Miner/Butterfly Destruction. Part 2

Filmscripts.Miner/Butterfly Destruction. Part 3

In passing: a further contribution to the energy debate

Lines written in a state of depressed inertia on the physicist, Freeman Dyson (and branching thoughts). From letters to Jenny (2004)

Dear Jenny,

Of all modern physicists it is Freeman Dyson who has tackled the energy question in the most comprehensive manner both in its terrestrial and cosmological aspect. The link between the two is not stated explicitly because the carbon cycle is a particular form of energy derived from photosynthesis and for all we know - though it seems improbable - may be restricted to this planet unlike gravitational and electromagnetic energy. If there is a link it is in the reductionist way Dyson views mankind.

However there is no denying his ruminations on the carbon cycle has had an immense influence on the system of carbon credits now in place world wide. Prior to Dyson, scientists had been at a loss to explain how come atmospheric carbon dioxide was considerably less than it should have been. Millions of tons were somehow being subtracted from the atmosphere and Freeman Dyson guessed it must be because the contribution of trees and plants ('root to shoot ratio') to this process had been considerably underestimated. This credible explanation was seized on as a quick fix remedy: just plant more trees and forget about reducing carbon emissions. However that was before tinder dry forests began to burn with increasing frequency releasing vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. And because it was a natural act and therefore unpredictable this would not affect the system of carbon credits. So theoretically every tree in America could burn but the country would still be in surplus provided enough trees had been previously planted no matter they were now only fit for providing charcoal for barbecues.

Though Freeman Dyson's speculations provided an escape clause for the world's major polluters to make maximum use of, it also implies a return to a more sustainable form of agriculture with far less emphasis on double or even treble crop yields per annum, which, with each ploughing prior to planting, results in yet more atmospheric carbon dioxide from the decaying roots. In one telling instance he even says it is more environmentally responsible to burn coal than wood. Where he is grotesquely at fault is in believing that the problem can be solved through political means provided the goodwill is there. How often have we heard that old saw before?

This naive political idealism morphs into an even stranger scientific 'idealism' somewhere between fact and fiction - fiction because it projects the givens of the present into a future trillions of years hence but sparing us the tedium of a sci-fi narrative. The increasing entropy of a system means everything to Freeman Dyson and pursuing the second law of thermo-dynamics to its logical conclusion foresees a universe which must eventually lose its gravitational and electro-magnetic energy.

But in the meantime what happens to us 'humans'' This is the interesting bit. We survive as 'intelligent life' - which means the brain though a much truncated brain - but as brains consume energy how then will we be able to best conserve energy? By energy efficient dreaming rather than through rigorous thought which requires an increased expenditure of energy. In the twilight of life and the universe this cosmic surrealism is the coldest of dreams unheated by unrealised desires. It is more a memory of things past, a long drawn out reiteration of past theorems, an eternity of academic dialogue uncorrupted by human emotions or endeavour. As such it profoundly reflects the world we live in, the mutant offspring of a science that has lost its anchor in humanity. It is the minus sign of intelligent life, a brain whose link with a sensory apparatus has been severed. It is a constructed, computerised brain - not even a robotic brain because a robot has at least crude sensors. As a 'scientific' abstraction it is embarrassingly close to the spiritual essence of the theologians. We are reminded of Rimbaud's exclamation: 'By intelligence one goes to god. Heart-rending misfortune.' Amongst today's physicists there is a sly rehabilitation of god that has come out of the search for ultimate causes - the origins of the universe - and a hyperbolic 'grand theory of everything'. Also the cosmic numbers don't add up to anything other: either that or our universe is just one of many, the multiverse being the last refuge of the atheist. Again a comment of Rimbaud's is extraordinarily apposite, the oracular Rimbaud he was never at ease with (because it confirmed fate, as it always has) except as a remarkable, very materialist, 'seer' of tendencies within capitalism: 'Geography, cosmogony, mechanics, chemistry------------Science the new nobility--------It is a vision of numbers. We are moving towards the Spirit.'

It is also a conception that privileges the human species in the guise of a weak and strong anthropomorphic principle.You takes your choice depending on your reading of the relevant physics. The sole purpose to life is then to understand - a passive registration of the facts and nothing more. However it smartly side steps the central question: how can we seize control over our lives and begin to make our own future? It is also profoundly anti-evolutionary and not only in terms of how the brain might have evolved together with the eye and the rest of the sensory apparatus, the opposable thumb, and our bi-pedal posture. The teleology behind the physicists mentioned is highly problematical when judged from an evolutionary standpoint: sight has evolved several times in the history of evolution as has, for example, winged flight in some insects. Why should 'intelligent life' be any different? But at this point it is very hard to disagree with Ernst Mayr's view that intelligent life has evolved only the once, unlike eyesight and wings.

In fact the increasingly sorry state we find ourselves in is characterised by an utter lack of intelligence and the dawning realisation this universe is indeed a habitat favourable to life has unfolded against a more general background of systematic, unrelieved cretinisation. Rather this points to the immanent demise of intelligent life not its consummation due to the fact that as highly evolved stardust we have been able to figure out where we came from, which a dog never could.

What role does modern cosmological theory play in the moulding of public opinion?

For there is no doubting that modern cosmologists are listened too more keenly than at any time since astronomy, theology and mathematics were combined as a cosmic legitimation of temporal power. The key to the power of modern cosmogony resides in its decisive refutation of a 'commonsense universe', not just as regards space and time but the number of exotic objects that have come to light since the early sixties like quasars, pulsars, supernovae, black holes - even, perhaps, quark stars. Weirdness today is an essential aspect of social control and draws its strength from the increasingly humdrum nature of social existence and the resistance to the 'ordinary' it inspires, whilst emphatically evading the question of everyday life. Formerly a 'new star' (like the supernova above Bethlehem 2000 years ago, or the last one in the Milky Way in 1604) was viewed as an ominous portent because the heavens like earthly powers were not subject to change. Weirdness is also an feature of celebrity status and merits publicity because it helps sell a person - and scientific superstardom as with pop stars, installation artists etc, very much depends on media publicity, even playing a decisive role in the matter of funding.

Media image making gained in importance as the power of the state massively declined as a source of finance for science. NASA knows this better than anyone and Carl Sagan's highly popular TV series 'Cosmos' in the early eighties marked this transition and set a scientific trend. It also required that the scientist be a personality, marketing their own brand of science and self, and which unmistakeably reflected the changes going on in work places where traditional wage structures were being replaced by individual settlements (determined also by the value a person puts on themselves) and career opportunities increasingly dependant on public relation skills. Brand You was also an essential aspect of fashionable notions like the weightless economy in the 1990s', driven largely by hype and the power of image making.

This is a long way from saying that science in the meantime has become utterly subjective, only that it is of its time, particularly as regards personalities and presentation but also in ways that are not yet completely clear. But it is not a total nonsense like a Tracy Emin or a Damien Hirst even as Hirst launches a painting into space, encouraged to do so by scientists anxious not to be thought of as installation philistines.

And yet, to get back to the allure of modern cosmogony, it undoubtedly does have a theocratic aspect. Its modern exponents intercede between their theories and us and in that way divert attention away from the meaningless of our everyday lives into a cosmic quest for answers, which can never deliver us from the temptation to revolt against the meaningless of our lives under capitalism.

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Dear Jenny,

...The worst of it is I cannot concentrate and all my reports are left unfinished like on the Dingy Skipper and the Grayling. Well, concentration is about the last thing to return. Meanwhile I am looking for hope in a world that honestly looks devoid of hope. I recall that Freud wrote somewhere how war results in an inhibition of all activity or, to use more contemporary terms, psychomotor retardation.

I think I am going to have to rewrite the thing I wrote on energy. I was prompted to write it by the 20th anniversary of the miners' strike, and I came to the conclusion that, given the constantly expanding energy needs of consumer capitalism, there would be a return to coal or nuclear power, once oil and natural gas were depleted.

Renewables can never hope to supply more than a fraction of contemporary energy needs though I do believe it could do so in a moneyless, communitarian society where real needs would replace the poverty of consumerism. (Some hope of that!). Though clean coal is now possible (sequestration of sulphur, nitrogen oxides and most importantly of all CO2) and though the cost of electricity generation would triple per kilowatt hour, nuclear power will almost certainly be the fuel of choice. The nuclear lobby is already gearing up to bang the drum of global warming with an efficacy the Greens could only dream of. In fact the nuclear fanatics are likely to co-opt their program by building wind farms as well as nuclear installations and so profit handsomely from government subsidies not only for renewables but also from the lavish handouts nuclear power has always been in receipt of because the private financial market was always wary of pouring cash into the bottomless, nuclear power, money pit. The notorious secrecy that has always surrounded nuclear power from the 'Manhattan Project' to the first nuclear pile constructed by Enrico Fermi (ie the prototype for the first generation of nuclear power stations that went under the very misleading title 'atoms for peace'- Calder Hall was built to produce plutonium for weapons and any electricity it produced was a by-product) will never change. In fact it will be worse than ever, given the unprecedented growth of terrorism. It will also be a godsend to governments and state machines ready to exploit any opportunity that enables them to terrorise ever more successfully their own increasingly subject populations. Compared with nuclear power, clean coal would be positively innocuous and for that reason would never be chosen, even if the economics were shown to be cheaper. It does produce noxious waste but on nothing like the time scale of radioactive waste and the decommissioning costs of coal-fired power stations are negligible when compared with nuclear power stations. Reliance on coal does not favour the construction of a garrison state to anything like the degree nuclear power does.

I reckon within a few years the anti-nuclear demonstrations will be back with a vengeance bigger than ever before and drawing in millions where previously it could count on thousands. Who knows but opposition to Menwith Hill could be major factors in changing the present dog eat dog mentality and internecine warfare that is now so prevalent in Bradford. We can but hope.

I had also wanted to discuss what Blake meant by 'Energy is eternal delight' and what place it occupied in Blake's schema of things. Freeman Dyson also prefixed the quotation from Blake to his discussion of energy. Of all physicists he is the most aware of the significance of energy to us earthlings and proposed, for example, the large scale planting of trees as carbon sinks that would use photo-synthetic energy to cleanse the atmosphere of the gas, an idea which was taken up by the G8 and fundamental to the system of carbon credits. Unfortunately he never took into account the fact that forests become tinder dry in the heat we are increasingly experiencing and burning forests release vast amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. He says physicists have little to add to Blake and really Blake says it all. In fact Freeman Dyson pushed the vision of entropy - the de-energising of the universe over trillions of years - further than anyone else, to the point where if intelligent life did survive we would be spending most of our time in a state of dreamy somnolence in order to conserve energy. I don't think this is what Blake had in mind even if his use of the term energy in his day would have evoked furnaces and steam engines and therefore essentially different to how the word was previously used. I think he was aware a kind of torpor was beginning to overtake mankind, a sort of depression of the spirits, and that we must place Blake's wonderful epigram beside his abiding interest in Job, the most inert, sad person in all history. Blake believed that Job was awaiting the onrush of desire, not mercy, and only in the intensely living would he find his salvation.

Well, I have surprised myself by writing this. A recall to life? Who knows?

Give Jessie a pat.

Cheers,

Stuart Wise

G(eneral) M(oters) F(ood)

The debate on GM Foods is part of a broader debate on genetic engineering

The emotive term 'Frankenstein Foods' owed more to the Hammer Horror films than to a proper appreciation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Over a century and a half before it has become a fact she was predicting the biological economy. Even then the only healing nature untouched by human hand that Victor Frankenstein can find is that of the ice caps or glaciated wastes. Over 10 years before Marx's Thesis on Feuerbach it can be seen as a possible objection to Marx's view that the nature that we see before us is a humanised nature. Subsequently Marx patently wins the argument but not the potential for liberation that was implied. Rather we should now speak of a nature of inhumanity where no immunity can be sought even on the northern icecap for here the risk of melanoma is greatly increased because of ozone depletion.

The story of Frankenstein comes from a pre-evolutionary age - but only just. However it can be read as a reflection on evolution. The monster has been manufactured: it has not come from an embryo with a history of trial and error going back millions of years. Like GM Foods the product had not even been tried and tested before it was unleashed on an unsuspecting world - though today we would say world market. It was made in a secret location free from prying eyes. But this clandestine laboratory of the damned, despite the baroque science that so easily lent itself to cinematic hyperbole, already contained today's bio-assembly line that will lead eventually to a mass manufactory: a new Fordism of designed and created human parts.

Despite arousing in us an overwhelming pity as do laboratory chimera whether they are mice or monkeys, Frankenstein is not just rejected by mankind but by nature as well. One of the most pertinent objections to GM foods is also one of the most overlooked and yet also potentially the most telling. From an evolutionary perspective GM is creationist minus the accompanying biblical rhetoric however. Trans-genetic species have not been selected for which means they are not necessarily fitter. Apologists for GM foods forget this cornerstone of evolutionary theory. When people accuse genetic engineers of 'playing God' they would be on far surer grounds if they were to take god out of the debate and indict them on anti-evolutionary grounds instead. One of the best letters I have read on the subject is worth quoting in full.

'Traditional breeding methods exchange genes between very closely-related species, which retain their natural order in the DNA. This is vital for the integrity of life since genes have evolved to exist and work in families.

The movement of a single gene by the reductionist approach of genetic engineering between totally unrelated organisms (e.g. an 'anti freeze' gene from an Arctic fish into tomatoes to produce frost resistance) results in the uncontrolled random splicing of the foreign gene into the host DNA. This invariably disrupts, to a lesser or greater degree, natural genetic order and biochemical activity.

The splicing of a piece of Spice Girls' music in the middle of a Mozart symphony (or vice versa) can hardly be called harmonious. Genetic engineering therefore clearly violates basic principles of genetic engineering.'

Dr. Michael Antoniou (senior lecturer in molecular pathology). Dec 20th 1997. The Guardian.

(We will for the moment leave the naive remarks on music as being in any way consonant with 'genetic harmony'. It does however thumbnail the difficulties even enlightened scientists have in dealing with histories other than natural history)

The health risks of GM foods have been largely ignored. GM foods are not covered by the American Food and Drug administration act. If they were the testing would have been far more rigorous. In fact there has been no testing whatsoever. The GM debate not only shows how big science calls the tune but also how it is controlled by big capital. Prenzias was hunted down by the vested interest of the scientific community including the Royal Society. Even 'Nature' published a disclaimer after featuring an article by him. The gagging orders were every bit as effective as those of Stalin when he gave his full support to Lysenko - only far more subtle. Prenzias should be thankful he is living in a more 'civilised' society: all he has lost is his job not his life!

However it is undoubtedly the food scares of the past few years particularly the BSE crises and then modern methods of animal husbandry that led to the devastating outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease that has resulted in the overwhelming rejection of GM foods in this country.

But we would do well to recall that it was the fate of the Monarch butterflies nectaring on GM maize that first focussed the attention of the human species on the health risk. The Monarch has become the butterfly icon but the effect of GM foods on wild life was judged a safer option to study than to stoke fears of a likely health risk because it was now obvious reputations and jobs were at stake. The bio-capitalists were turning out to be a very nasty crew who will let nothing stand in their way. They are the Standard Oil men of the new century.

The results of the field trials only served to confirm in the minds of a growing number of people that there is something intrinsically wrong with modern intensive agriculture. But the GM trials did more. Molecular biology, which genetic engineering is part of, is strictly for the experts and most people are instantly blinded by this highly specialist science. Or at least that is what 'they' want us to think. What then was 'our' re-action to the yard wide cordon sanitaire which supposedly would stop contamination of non GM crops' Knowing that a moth like the Convolvulus Hawk can easily travel 3000 miles in its lifetime and having fretted over advanced books on molecular biology my first thought was 'surely I must be mistaken - nobody could be that stupid'. I am now left wondering if the designers of these tests were just that. Or were they now so hyped up by isolation and the prospect of undreamed of wealth that they judged the rest of us to be complete morons even though an average ten year old could have faulted their experiments' The arrogance is stupendous. Either that or they are ignorant of the behaviour of pollinating insects - noisy, buzzing spiteful things that can sting and which will be excluded from genetic utopia. Proteus was a god that could assume any form and the protean trade of genetic engineering knows no limits.

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Further notes on the Hydrogen economy

Research at Cal Tec has centred on the leakage rate of cars and hydrogen power plants. Spiralling leakage rates could contribute to ozone depletion and even global warming. Leaked hydrogen could end up in the stratosphere and react with hydroxyl radicals to form water vapour, helping to form longer-lasting clouds over the poles. This would provide a reaction site for halogens such as chlorine to deplete stratospheric ozone (Science, vol 300.p147).

Hydroxyl radicals could be destroyed in the troposphere (15 kilometres from earth's surface}. OH is an environmental scrubber removing all manner of pollutants including methane.

At present about 80 million tonnes of hydrogen goes into the atmosphere every year with 15 million tonnes coming from industrial uses and burning of fossil fuels. Cal Tec estimates that 10% to 20% of hydrogen could leak from fuel cells. That would increase industrial emissions by between 60 million to 120 million per year if the 1994 fleet of cars were converted to hydrogen use. Liquid hydrogen tanks will leak more than gas tanks which take up more space and therefore unsuitable for cars.

Another potential source of problems is how the hydrogen is produced. If produced solely from coal gasification, world wide carbon dioxide emissions would increase by 5%. But make it from natural gas and CO2 emissions would fall while methane emissions would double. 'Hydrogen is not necessarily more benign ' it depends on how you produce it.'

It is reckoned 77% of hydrogen from the troposphere is consumed by the soil (Nature, Vol: 424, p 918). It is not necessarily the case that uptake by the soil would remain proportional to the concentration of hydrogen in the atmosphere. But if the climate became wetter the soil would be less able to absorb hydrogen and hydrogen uptake shuts off. 'The wild card in the future is how, in the future, will the climate and the hydrogen sink change' (New Scientist 15th Nov 2003).

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THE BIO-ECONOMY

Behind the very real threat of the 'privatisation of nature' (as opposed to what - its former 'nationalised' status') gene patenting especially (as defined by the GATT agreement on 'intellectual property rights' i.e. 'created' nature), there lies a far bigger question: the unprecedented quantification (valorization) of nature. Beginning with rough estimates on the monetary values of major natural history collections inspired to a considerable degree by the rising value of art auctions and in particular the blurring of the boundaries between 'art' and 'non-art' (like the Warhol estate running into hundreds of millions and hyped by aesthetic/anti aesthetic valuers organised into legal consortia), it led with a similar unintentional validity to asking such questions as what price air', what price clean water', what price eco-systems as public services'?

However the people who put this kind of price on nature were almost wholly opposed to the privatisation of nature. By appealing to our wallets they believed they were acting in the public good, calling for greater state regulation, even, seeing that nature does not honour national boundaries, looking far beyond the nation state to a global state and thus linking up with a tendency that was especially manifest after World War Two in Europe and America and had even formed part of the 3rd International particularly in the case of Bukharin. However the valuers of nature by applying the arithmetic of capitalism to nature were ultimately reducing, despite their 'good' intentions, all values to monetary values. By accepting the enemy's logic these false friends firmly put themselves on their terrain. It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that their sums could in future add up to a cursory cost-benefit analysis, a ball-park figure that will be eagerly seized on by a venture capitalist. Rather than demonstrating the impossibility of providing a substitute - a synthetic eco system - it might do the reverse and act as a business opportunity.

When Darwin used Malthusian terms to describe the workings of nature he was blindly opening himself up to misappropriation by ideologues. As we all know the theory of natural selection was loaded with terms borrowed from the lexicon of free market liberalism. Though it was not a ringing endorsement of the latter, it did serve in the hands of Darwin's many popularisers to justify it. Though Darwin used terms like the 'survival of the fittest' and 'competition' he did not put a price on natural selection: the bills of the Galapagos finches were itemised according to their fitness not according to price. Indeed the idea of doing so would have struck everyone then as absurd.

Social Darwinism was an ideological misuse of Darwin whether seized on by imperialism or the 2nd International. The theory of natural selection did not even remotely anticipate an eventual enquiry into the political economy of nature though there were major discoveries around the same time that eventually would like those of Mendel and Pasteur. The fact that now mathematical balance sheets, economic metaphors and talk of privatisation abounds in treatise on nature means that a bio-economy is now a reality and all of nature is now up for grabs. It can take on a benign aspect that immediately captures our interest, like bluebells possibly holding a cure for TB. But it must not blind us to the ultimate purpose. (Scientists are looking at our native flora as a potential pharmacy just as they formerly looked at rain forests and chief amongst them is Robert Nash of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research at Aberystwyth. He is also - NB - research director of a business called Molecular Nature).

It is conceivable in the not too distant future that we shall recoil before nature as capital personified, just like a machine breaker before a machine. Imagine for example if GM crops were to be rammed down our throats by edict (and there is every possibility) and they were to turn out to be a major health hazard. How would we then look on the insect pollinators which we are still dependant on for two thirds of our food? We would unhesitatingly pull the wings off every butterfly we could get hold of and be thanked for it. For we would be nature saboteurs; the new Ludds of the bio-economy.

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GLOBAL WILDFIRES AND THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY

A quick way out of carbon taxes and so remain in credit, is to plant more trees. However trees once alight produce huge amounts of CO2 but under Clinton and Al Gore - his so-called eco Vice President planting trees - looked good and saved them from even having to propose drastic measures.

But wildfires came to the rescue and even this remedial gesture has gone up in smoke. The American House of Representatives has just passed the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003) cleverly presented as an anti-forest fire measure. This will lead to increased felling of old-growth trees. One of the major reasons wildfires swept through hills surrounding the San Bernardino Valley in October 2003 was because the burning of the chaparral, essential to the areas eco-system, had been prevented by the real estate enveloping the hills. It gives a new twist to the saying money to burn.

The burning of rain forests is frequently presented as the work of mean-minded, irresponsible small farmers. The main aim is to make us, and people not that different to our selves, the guilty party. In fact those responsible for most of the damage are logging companies and ranchers.

It is easy to flay the workers' movement for its short sightedness but the eco movement is, if anything, easier to manipulate. Much of the problem springs from its positivism and involvement in alternative strategies. It is working for a better future and the power of the negative is not part of its vocabulary.

The increasing faith in a forthcoming hydrogen economy that will replace the present carbon economy shows the degree to which the movement is technicist. In fact even the 'Economist' praises the initiatives in fuel cell research and the amounts of money invested by the major car companies and BP and looks forward to the end of the oil based economy. The technicist utopianism of Jeremy Rifkin, the most vocal populariser of the hydrogen economy, in fact only weakens resistance to the carbon economy because, like the gradualism of the 2nd International, everything has been won in advance and all we have to do is lie back and wait for perfection to arrive.

A hydrogen economy will not be pollution free. It can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 60% but more likely than not it will lead to increased energy use like far more cars on the road and thus increase greenhouse warming.

Further, further notes on the Hydrogen economy

The hydrogen fuel cell is the latest technological panacea for all our ills. This nature friendly futurism has arisen from the ashes of all other technological utopias. But with this difference: where all others have failed this one will succeed because it is heir to the revolutionary project. Indeed it is the revolution. But no technical innovation is inherently anti-capitalist. To claim otherwise is to substitute technique for social struggle.

However the high profile advocates of the hydrogen economy avoid mentioning capitalism. The technology is of itself decentralist - or so they claim. There is no need of a Central Hydrogen Generating Board and hence no national grid. Rather one has a grid powered and controlled by the consumers! We shall have a global grid of billions of producers paralleling that of the web (also fundamentally liberatory in the view of the hydrogen advocates). Every garage will be a hydrogen power station - a revealing touch because it implies the extension of car ownership but this time with a good conscience because it is now a non-polluting vehicle.

But to trumpet such claims as the apostles of the hydrogen cell economy do is in one fundamental aspect, to dance to the tune of the militarists of the hydro-carbon economy now that oil production is nearing its peak and supplies have to be secured as never before, even if that means occupying every oil producing country. But salvation is at hand: it is within our hands in the shape of the hydrogen economy. Utopia will dawn without ever having to take to the streets. And what the messianics of the hydrogen economy want from us is total passivity just as Bush and Blair do. They share each others optimism of those they oppose and talk of impending catastrophe then becomes the failure of reason, a blinkered short term pessimism that needs to be addressed by the mind police.

A Few Facts:

The EEC Commission is spending 2 billion on hydrogen research over the next two years.

By 2010 the Japanese Ministry of the Economy, Trade and Industry wants to see 50,000 hydrogen vehicles on the road and 5 million by 2020. Even President Bush said in this year's (2003) State of the Union address that the first set of wheels for today's newborns would run on hydrogen.

But it will probably be 15 to 20 years before fuel cell cars can even gain a toehold in the market. But fuel cell cars are the ultimate prize and have the largest potential market. However a hydrogen infrastructure of Hydrogen 'reformers' rather than transformers - a telling word change if ever there was one referring to the re-forming of natural gas to produce hydrogen. There is also the problem of finding a way to store and carry the fuel in cars.

The hydrogen sopranos are a very vocal lot and have even got the ear of George Bush, but only in order to serve the ends of real politic and to disguise his real intentions, recuperating the language of an eco-economy for opposite ends. In fact Bush wants to cut research into renewables and energy efficiency by $86 million while putting in place $2 billion for clean coal technologies, plus a 62% increase to $62 million for research on ways to sequester CO2 from burning fossil fuels so that it cannot enter the atmosphere. There is also a 19% increase in funding for nuclear research as well as vast subsidies for a new generation of nuclear reactors.

In Europe renewable energy's market share is about 6% about that of the U.S. Capacity is rising but so is energy demand therefore supply is constantly struggling to keep up with demand.

Bush's energy plans at least have the merit of being realistic in the short term even as he encourages short termism in energy consumption as never before. There will be no quick shift away from hydro-carbons to either hydrogen or nuclear power though in any contest it will be the latter that will prove victorious in the immediate future. Coal is definitely set for a come back. At present we can only guess what form that will take in a country like Britain where miners' struggles have become legend. (Since writing this the coal industry in this country has received a £52 million subsidy and 300 further miners taken on - the first increase since the miners' strike of 20years ago)

Hydrogen vehicles are already a practical possibility. There are fleets of buses powered by fuel cells in service right now - e.g. Madrid received the first fuel cell buses in May 2003 and 10 other European cities are set to by the end of 2003.

'Hydrogen may be more of a belief than a scientific issue. We can be very taken by the picture of power to the people. Hydrogen does not deliver a decentralised system on its own.'

(D Baldock, Director of the Institute for European Environmental Policy, London.)

EL NINO: Current of Conformity or Current of Revolt?

El Nino is the biggest climatic event in the world. The 1998 El Nino was the biggest on record causing crop failure in Southern Africa, storms in California, to failed monsoons in Asia. The Atlantic equivalent is the North Atlantic Oscillation (Gulf Stream).

Increased understanding of these currents have been seized on as a natural explanation for global warning rather as sun spots - courtesy of Piers Corbyn - have been. However they could be under the control of the greenhouse effect particularly in the case of the NAO. The melting of the north polar icecap is likely to push the salt sink further south leading, in one model, to a cooling equivalent to Labrador.

Old Indian Proverb (below)

'When you drive nature out of a door with a broom she'll come back through the window with a pitchfork'

Fred Engels (below)

'Let us not flatter ourselves for our victories over nature. For every such victory, it takes its revenge on us. We with flesh, blood and bones belong to nature and exist in its midst.'

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'Cars are dead' - subversive graffiti from 1968

'Cars are living' ' the biologisation of technology c.2000

This selection of car adverts was taken at random from the pages of New Scientist. At most they only cover a period of four years from 1998 to 2002 and in a concentrated form underline the extent of the greening of consumerism. In these ads nature and technology are blurred to a significantly greater degree than on TV where cars more generally are put through their paces in built-up environments stripped of nature. It indicates the degree to which the scientific community has changed, appealing, as these ads do, to a growing bad conscience, muted self-criticism and underlying unease. It also reflects a scientific Diaspora into the countryside ' a 'Tintern Abbey' of the laboratories merely in appearance where cars are drawn up on beaches, take to rough tracks, disperse dandelion seeds or become tin and glass four wheel drive pollinators. In one ad, Psyche, the secular goddess of Lepidoptera, now armed with a bow hi-jacked from Cupid distorts not only myth but the reality of the car turning it into the saviour of nature.

Possible captions

The scorpion car (a sting in its tail)

The seed dispensing car

The pollinating car

The body language car

The off-road car

The rocky-horror car

Beef import car

Noah's car

Rorsch test psycho-babble car

The miracle drives-on-water car

Drifting snow car

Psyche turned Cupid car

The Hydrogen ultimate car - to be looked at upside down because it is destined, like the fetishism of commodities, to be set right side up eventually.

To be continued... 2002 Mainly done by Stuart Wise

A New Somewhat Differently Nuanced Intro Cum Addition by David Wise...... as part of a presentation to the Michel Prigent Commemoration Group in December 1923:

Heighington Station, Co Durham and the oldest passenger railway station in the world

Above: Heighington Stn as we knew it as children in the late 1940s / early 1950s

Above: The same station in 1825 as Locomotion Number One is put on the rails

One of the photos below in Stuart Wise's Street One & Codlings shows the row of railway workers dwellings (which we lived in adjacent to the station and built in stone around the same time as Heighington railway station was opened in the early 1820s. It thus became the very first passenger railway station in the world and where George Stephenson's Locomotion Number 1 was put on the rail heralding the opening of the Stockton and Darlington railway in 1825. Stuart and me lived in these cottages and on our allotment in the mid to late 1940s situated between the cottages and the railway ticket office plus porters room (see above) and goods yard when messing about we accidently dug up some of the old railway lines which supported Locomotion Number 1. These old, rusting lines were immediately handed over to York Railway Museum once adults realised what had been unearthed. Sadly the old stone cottages (see below) weren't preserved and were callously knocked down during the 1980s before a site of historical interest notification could be placed on them. Once I found out a few months later my heart was broken.....

Although Stuart's missive (below) to a top nature bureaucrat in northern Butterfly Conservation is remarkable for its wealth of local natural history knowledge of insects and plants, even if the remit kind of blocks a concomitant take on the equally remarkable rare bird life that could also be found there. For instance, Corncrakes could be regularly heard on the other side of the railway from our bedroom window, whilst at the back of the house in neighbouring fields, Nightjars would fly in the evenings .

However nature is not the subject I wish to comment upon here, rather it's the remarkable character and understanding of the railway workers who inhabited these cottages many of whom were also nature sensitive memorably revealing hare's nests (known as forms) to us hidden among long grass.

All the workers' families who resided here were left wing. Most belonged to, or had affinities with the old Independent Labour party of Kier Hardie and his ilk who were in their heyday before the onset of World War !. There was one exception; the signalman Fred Sturdy who was a member of the Communist party. Fred was paranoid as he was always getting attacked for his belief in Russian 'communism' , though not from a right wing perspective but from a more sophisticated ILP perspective which pointed out that the revolution in Russia was a failure and Lenin's victory merely a coup d'etat. However all this disagreement with Fred was done in a witty rather than a nasty put down way. Thus when the seasonal Autumnal - often huge - murmurations of starlings from Siberia arrived on the Durham coastal flatlands of which Heighington was just to say a part of, neighbours would joust to Fred commenting that "Stalin's arrived". Also, one must put these comments in their historical context in and about a general fear stoked up by the USA after the end of World War 2 that Western Europe was about to fall to large Communist parties in Italy, Belgium and especially, France. Indeed, Fred had a tricolour flying in his backyard. (Historically the tricolour had been flown especially in areas of northern England - as against the union jack - in the long aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789.This was especially true of Bradford, itself perhaps the home of "physical force" Chartism right up to the early 1850s). However with Fred there was a more sophisticated 'modern' side suggesting that if the party took over in France considering the country's rebel history then a real grass roots, liberatory revolution would be instigated which would then spread over the rest of Western Europe far surpassing Tito's recent Yugoslavian experiment. It's a position still elucidated today among some intellectual circles mainly in academia. Nonetheless Fred felt paranoid and lonely and on a Friday night would get rotten drunk in the nearest pub well over a mile away in Aycliffe village, then stumble back home down an unlit dark tarmacked road ending up in his backyard situated just below our bedroom window. He then would throw up for a considerable time shouting "I wanna die, I wanna die" waking all of us up as we broke out into uncontrollable laughter tempered with sympathy for a fine neighbour!! After all from a young age we knew that signalmen often developed acute psychological problems due to isolation in their cabins plus their highly responsible positions. Indeed, around the same time a signalman who lived in Aycliffe village and worked on the main line from London to Edinburgh - and whom we knew through parents - committed suicide because he was held responsible for a few coal wagon derailments that delayed The Flying Scotsman for a few hours...

More or less, the atmosphere in these cottages was very friendly and neighbourly. Rarely was there any disputes.(actually I cannot remember anything really serious) and tramps were welcomed given money and food together with a dollop of Wesleyan trade union Methodism, even though the churches and chapels were too far away for any Sunday attendance and no one had a car. Nonetheless. Christmas and New Year and other occasions meant regular quite large get togethers. I nostalgically look back on them with delight and even as a child I often found the conversations intriguing from engine drivers mulling over difficult sections of local rail track to navigate, to train crashes, to more general takes on society at large. Remember too, this was the time of PM Clement Atlee's Labour government which in retrospect perhaps the most progressive government these islands ever had and there wasn't much of a visceral attack on Tories, rather a voice of progressive optimism about the future. Thus comments sometimes were pointedly directed towards us such as: "Hey lads when you are grown up, you won't have to worry so much about money as transport will be free and rents reduced to next to nothing" Such comments struck home though in a mild way as somehow or another we'd already felt such 'truths' in our bones .More importantly there was no indication in the atmosphere of the horrors to come, of neo-liberal economics and the growth of a kleptocracy implying the monetisation of almost everything even perhaps for the future including every breath we take.

These get togethers were also alcohol free and the conversations would drift into discussions surprisingly not of memories of World War 2 but once or twice of the failed Spanish revolution of the late 1930s, as we played with toys on the floor next to a burning coal fire. Once mention of the POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista) was brought up. The POUM of course was a workers' organisation cum rank 'n' file militia that was partially truly liberatory having informal relations with the Spanish anarchists. (Interestingly too no railway worker here ever mentioned the anarchists) We, of course had no idea what the POUM was but in retrospect it was the name in itself that sparked the initial interest delighting in a punchy title to be repeated through the mouth like a steam train chugging by our windows - poum .poum, poum! Only much later reading George Orwell's Homage to Catalunya did we put 2 and 2 together, as Orwell in a somewhat haphazard way had joined the organisation heralding a taking up arms against largely fascist militias.

Moreover, there is another extremely interesting aside to all this: the formation of "Landscapes of Contempt". The original rural landscape around Heighington Stn had over the past decades been turned over into factories. Come the Second World War and they were requisitioned by the State for the assembly-line production of military shells and bombs. The buildings both high and low were then usually covered with soil and then planted with all kinds of scrubland plant particularly gorse and interspersed with ponds. It looked like an unusual veritable wilderness, From the air the high flying Luftwaffe were unable to find this military location and much to their chagrin. At the same time women workers were conscripted in their thousands to make the shells arriving each morning at Heighington stn from small local villages to big towns like Darlington and Bishop Auckland nearby. Little did they realize the chemicals they were using were often toxic even lethal. Quite quickly at the end of the war many of these hard working women died of cancer followed by shock and horror as this workforce were renamed in the MSM "The Aycliffe Angels". Moreover, having no idea this was what was happening as young children and imitating the indigenous tribes of North America, it became out playground as in no time we rapidly acquired a quite amazing knowledge of nature starting off with the newts in the industrially refashioned ponds becoming home not only to the common Smooth Newt but of all things, a large amount of Great Crested Newts!! And our long journey into nature had thus begun..........

On a more general level a lot of the early/mid 1940s was a time of reflux when a traditional working class was beginning to lose its identity or at least was morphing Old poverties still remained but mass consumerism was just to say in the wings even though the TV set had yet to make its deadly incursions never mind beyond that, a none future of Internet Second Life. Small working class communities (like ours) were relatively common but there was little notion of the "new poverties" on the horizon plus the deadly isolationism that would go with it, never mind the reality of an extinction apocalypse as nature was torn to shreds. Moreover within four years after the following text was written our transitioning into active intervention in and among what became known as the previously mentioned "Landscapes of Contempt" - the landscapes of our childhood - meant nature officialdom like Butterfly Conservation turned on us with appalling viciousness. In short having attained something like a revolutionary critique of the totality helped considerably by the French grouping Encyclopedie de Nuisances itself a development of situationist critique, we had become personae non gratae in conformist natural history circles.

David Wise: December 2023

Street One & Codlings - Stuart Wise

Dear Sam Ellis, (Butterfly Conservation Officer, northern England)

Although I now live in London, during the 1950s I lived in Newton Aycliffe and, though only in my early teens, was already a passionate lepidopterist.

You may be interested in the following observations. The Dingy Skipper, which is still found at Simpasture, once could be seen in their thousands over Aycliffe Trading estate and around Heighington Station, particularly on or near the cinder paths that intersected the land and sidings around the station. It was probably the biggest colony in the north of England including those in the E Yorks Wolds. The Trading estate had once been, during wartime, an immense armaments factory and earth had been bulldozed over the factories to camouflage them from the air.

After the war the factories had been converted to peacetime use though the artificial heaps and covering of earth had, for the moment, been left in place. By the mid-fifties it had become a haven for wildlife. Birds Foot trefoil, Ox Eye daisy, Thistles, Rose Bay Willow Herb, Gorse and Broom abounded. The Gorse was inhabited by flocks of Goldfinches and Skylarks were everywhere. In the winter time the occasional Waxwing could be seen and on the Willow Herb there were Elephant Hawk caterpillars. I can only assume that the Simpasture colony of Dingy Skippers was the ancestral colony, even though miniscule in comparison. There were, after all, a number of branch lines that criss-crossed the Trading Estate and were connected to the railway line at Simpasture Junction. It must have been along these conduits that the skipper spread on to the estate.

At Simpasture we would regularly find Drinker moth caterpillars almost, as it were, by our own choosing. As I recall we would playfully part the grass and there they were. In fact we once organised a competition amongst ourselves to see how many we could find in one evening!

However, the richest site by far for butterflies and moths was the railway embankment running from Heighington Station up to Codlings Bridge and slightly beyond in the Darlington direction. Although interestingly we never, as I recall, found any Dingy Skippers there was a colony of Dark Green Fritillaries numbering, I would guess, around 100 at the height of the emergence. In fact around 1949 an elder brother had bought a first edition of E B Ford's 'Butterflies' (which I still possess) convinced he had seen a Silver Washed Fritillary and needed to be sure. He still insists it was but I am equally persuaded it was a case of mistaken identity. Also, along this stretch of railway we found the Wood Tiger moth. Nothing all that special about that perhaps, except the sex-linked, white underwing var. hospita was also to be found there in considerable numbers. Though still schoolboys, we felt it was important and informed an elderly collector in Coniscliffe of our discovery. However, I doubt if this local record ever found its way in to the national records. Much later I found Ford mentions that it occurs in the hilly district of N W Durham. However this site at Codlings Bridge was only about a mile and a half from the beginning of the coastal plain.

Heighington Station, Co Durham. Two hundred yards or so up the line at the right of the photo is the exact location of Codlings Bridge. Does the Dark Green Fritillary still fly there? The Simpasture Nature Reserve is down left of the photo. The row of houses where we lived like the station itself & glorious focal point of a passionate childhood, now no longer exists.

Scar Close, N Yorks. Limestone pavement at the foot of the mountain of Ingleborough. A Dark Green Fritillary nectaring on thistle, August 2003. Across the field and rising in the background is Whernside, the highest Yorkshire mountain.

Yet of all the rarities that I found there none was more memorable than the Large Tortoiseshell that I saw flying along the railway embankment near Codlings Bridge in 1956. I failed to capture it, which was the bitterest disappointment of my brief collecting career. I never saw another one and possibly it had flown on the embankment from the nearby Cumby Wood which contained a number of Elms. There may even have been a small colony in the wood - who knows?

Finally, one more incident that may be of interest. One evening in the summer of 1956 a friend called to say there was a large moth resting in the doorway of his home just off Stephenson's Way. It turned out to be a Death's Head Hawk. We thought it was probably a female and, though still in fairly good condition, appeared to be exhausted. We took it home in the hope it would lay some eggs but it died shortly afterwards without ever moving or feeding. It is still preserved in the one remaining box in my collection from those days. I had heard tales from beekeepers around the Cleveland Hills that the moth would, not uncommonly, raid their hives.

I was also interested to read about the discovery of the Purple Hairstreak in Durham City. Two years ago we found it all over the Bradford area even up to where the stunted oaks gave out close to the summit of Baildon Moor. Encouraged to venture further afield last year we found it in Skipton Castle Woods. These specimens were still in pristine condition unlike the dished examples we were seeing around Bradford at the same time and which suggested a later emergence. This year we intend journeying to settle and beyond to Dent Head in the hope of finding in the high Pennines.

I am also beginning to wonder if the Skipton colony, in particular, is not an ancient colony which may have been there since time immemorial but which has escaped notice because of the Purple Hairstreaks secretive habits in these northerly latitudes and relatively high altitudes. Their behaviour is so very different to their southern counterparts and it took us some considerable time to learn how to look for them. Only rarely do they descend from the oak canopy and the best time to get a closer look at them is toward the end of their brief lives when they literally seem to fall to earth in a crazy, almost uncontrolled fashion. To say that they are on their last legs is not just a manner of speaking because the northern Purple Hairstreaks do appear to spend far more time perambulating around the twigs and branches of oak trees, interrupted by the occasional brief flight. I even speculated if the Skipton butterflies were in the process of becoming flightless, virtual butterflies!

There are forensic techniques, which could determine if the northern populations are genetically different and which could possibly account for their behavioural difference. This would be an interesting experiment but aside from ethical considerations to with the killing of butterflies, to actually capture a specimen from the Skipton Castle site would be almost impossible, seeing they are leading such a clandestine existence.

But to return to Aycliffe Trading Estate. It does hold a special place in my affections and this random creation does I think have something special to teach us. Looking back I am truly amazed at how favourable it was to wildlife even though that was the last thing the 'planners' ' if indeed there were planners, had in mind. In fact the aim was to imitate as closely as possible from the air, the spoil heaps that once liberally dotted the area, particularly around West Auckland, Lealholme, Coundon etc. And yet this bare-earth policy succeeded. It was composed entirely of clay, shale, low-grade coal and cinders. As a result grass was never able to gain a complete stranglehold sufficient to shade out other plant life. Once the Birds Foot Trefoil had become established it ideally suited the Common Blue and the Dingy Skipper. In comparison the patchwork of fields surrounding the estate for miles around had nothing so inviting to offer. It is also an interesting example because it shows how quickly species can expand if the conditions are right. And how different, and so much more successful, this trading Estate was from today's more consciously planned efforts at land reclamation. I have just returned from reconnoitring a landfill site between Batley and Morley in West Yorks called appropriately Soothill which once contained a vast number of pit heaps and a large quarry. Barely two miles away, at another disused quarry, the Grayling was found last year and I was gutted to see the Soothill quarry was being used for landfill. Soon it will be a featureless expanse and nearby several earth-moving vehicles are already at work levelling the land into a mindless pastiche of downland before covering it with soil and seeding it indiscriminately with grass. There must be more imaginative and sensitive ways of reclaiming so-called derelict land. A sort of needless banality of farming land appearances, combined with a caricature of nature, is being imposed upon it. Why not, for example, only cover part of the ground with soil and leave the rest bare? Why even the topographical irregularities which the eye and nature finds so refreshing and attractive. All I can say that as a child I found Aycliffe Trading estate much more exciting to play in and much more stimulating to the imagination and there was never any danger of being chased out by irate farmers. I also think it bequeathed within me a discontent rather than an outright rejection of the urban environment and industry, which is increasingly becoming a feature of contemporary conservation movements. I have a model, a touchstone, from which I can begin to challenge urban spaces, a vision rooted in an actual example of what can be done with them, particularly when faced with newer desolations like the typical Barretts estate. Yet when this Estate was first turned over to wartime use it must have looked a clay and shale hell rejected even by the worms and made all the worse by the forbidding grid plan of roads where the usual street names had been replaced by numerals like 'Street One'. However, less than 15 years later no roadside verge for miles around could equal the life that teemed along the borders of 'Street One', a name which will forever resonate within me.

Above: Aycliffe Trading Estate in its post Second World War butterfly-rich heyday. The photo on the right gives a clear indication of the great earth works covering the factories and where the Dingy Shipper emerged in thousands during May and June.

Anyhow I hope this is of some interest. I fear I can never return to Heighington Station, Codlings Bridge or Simpasture. It is far better I remember them as they once were.

Stuart Wise (Spring 2003)

Some Thoughts on Butterflies & the ensuing collapse of all categories... From naivety to greater coherence

Some thoughts on butterfly migration

In butterfly migration there is an instinctual sense of purpose. The key to migration is to understand that it is regulated largely by RHYTHM and SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, rather than by reason and foreknowledge.

The migrating butterfly keeps to one straight path. ...they have been seen flying through railway tunnels, through the windows of houses, through an afternoon of thick fog. ...beating their wings against walls trying to fly through rather than over them.

In migration butterflies 'know no fear' .Fear is suppressed. ...they may be stroked, and lifted onto one's finger. They have been seen flying 6" above the waves in mid-Atlantic; on the Rongbuk Glacier, 18000' up Mount Everest.

Spectacle

A swarm of Monarchs in New Jersey was described as 'almost past belief. ...millions is but feebly expressive'..miles of them is no exaggeration. They covered every twig in an area about 200 yards wide and over 2 miles long. The green landscape was changed to brown'.

In 1879 Painted Ladies flew northwards over Europe in such numbers 'as to cast a shadow on the ground'''. They have been seen from aeroplanes as great spiral nebulae, or as faint coloured gasses moving amongst the Cumulus''

Merill, an American astronomer, saw millions of Monarchs come into view of his telescope, clearly illuminated by the Moon.

The entomologist Skertchley observed the beginning of a migration in the Sudan in 1869. He saw the wiry grasses among the sand trembling though there was no breath of wind. With a closer look he saw that all the grasses were thickly hung with Painted Lady chrysalises - wriggling violently in the act of emerging. In half an hour they had dried their wings -and in a SPLIT SECOND the whole desert seemed to take to the air as a brown cloud and move away to the North East.

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In 1887 swarms of Silver Y moths reached the sugar beet fields of Lincolnshire and Norfolk in such numbers that the sound of their wings was distinctly audible .''.Wind and rain once beat a huge flock of white butterflies (a snowstorm) into a lake in Upper Bavaria; later they were washed ashore in thousands, forming a white rim round the lake.
''Dead Camberwell Beauties a rare migratory species formed a purple tide at Seaton Carew, Co. Durham in Autumn 1827; they had been driven from the coast of Scandinavia by a storm.

In August 1911 Professor Oliver was visiting a small island of about 2 acres on Sutton Broad, Norfolk. As he approached he saw the whole island covered with fluttering white butterflies,all of them were caught on the sticky leaves of the Insectivorous plant, the Sundew. Each small plant had captured 4 to 7 butterflies; mostly they were still alive when Professor Oliver saw them. Several counts gave an average of about six million butterflies caught in this gigantic trap.

Habit and myth

In Australia the aborigines once depended on the seasonal mass flight of the Bogang to the caves of N S Wales as valuable food.

E B Ford in connection with mimicry and warning colouration in insects writes: 'I personally have made a habit which I recommend to other naturalists of eating specimens of each species which I study'.

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The Javanese call migrating butterflies PILGRIMS''' In December 1883 there was a very great flight which the natives took to be the souls of the thousands of people who, in August of that year, had perished in the eruption of Krakatau.

Butterfly movements in Ceylon are said to be pilgrimages to the footprint of Buddha on top of the Hill of Sama Nalahanda''. The butterflies are said to go to the peak yellow, and return white - purged of their sins.

The enigma of the Large Blue

For years entomologists were unable to rear the Large Blue. The caterpillar would feed on Wild Thyme, reach the third moult, wander aimlessly, and then die.

Purefoy happened to pull up some thyme in Cornwall and found a full grown Large Blue larvae in an ants nest. The secret was out. ...Immediately Purefoy devised an ant-hill out of a huge walnut shell which was placed on a pile of earth in a tin box. This was placed on a large platform surrounded by water to prevent the ants escaping. A Large Blue caterpillar was put near the nest. Soon a foraging ant showed great interest and began to caress the caterpillar which responded by producing a drop of sweet fluid from the back of its neck. An hour later the caterpillar hunched its back and the ant bestrode it and staggered away carrying the huge prize to its nest. Inside the guest turned carnivorous and commenced to eat the ant larvae. Purefoy, unable to restrain himself, opened the nest on Christmas Day to show his friends. The caterpillar was neatly suspended from the roof of the shell, where it pupated after the winter.

In May 1915 a male Large Blue emerged and dried its wings on top of the walnut.

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A note on the cover: Period: 1900 to 1950 (from the original magazine)

Evreinov ' for reconstruction of the audience'/ de Chirico for his diatribes against 'modern art'/ Buffet (Bernard) - for his honesty / Aragon ' for throwing Maurice Martin du Gard's typewriter out of his window /Peret ' for spitting/ Morton (Jelly Roll) ' for snooker / Eisenstein ' for the early things/ Parker (Charlie) - for dying with laughter/ Sherman ' for eluding his followers/ Trotsky ' for Literature and Revolution/ Griffith for Intolerance/ Khlebnikov ' for his soup-lakes/ Duchamp (Marcel) ' for being Villon's brother/ Feks ' for factory for the eccentric actor/ Mayakovsky ' for not 'rummaging through yesterday's petrified crap'/ The rest for HEROISM and Jonathan Swift for today.

(Note 2004:Sherman never existed. We invented him as an amazing genius seeing people could be conned by anything.)

Notes on Icteric: Why the above? A litter bin of random notes from 2005

Icteric was a 'radical' arts magazine produced in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1966 and late 1967 representing the views of a small group of people holding somewhat similar views.

It was in retrospect a confused attempt - though brave for the time - to get to grips with a hidden history; that of the negation of art which throughout the 20th century had such profound though not generally recognised, consequences especially here in the UK. At that time we were faced here in the UK with a profoundly conservative cultural establishment (if not in pop music then certainly in the high arts) and any attempted re-evaluation amounted to heresy, fit only for the flames. The reproduction of one of the yellow covers illustrated here gives an idea of the iconic figures we revered in the mid 1960s. (Icteric meant jaundice as well as a cure for jaundice - hence the use of yellow and was a name picked at random out of a dictionary in the time-honoured Dadaist tradition). The exploding volcano is that of Andre Breton, the French surrealist (who, incidentally, was deeply interested in butterflies) because at the time his wide ranging thoughts seemed to us to knit together much that had previously been separated. Lettrism was then just a name and identified merely, at least in the English speaking world, with its artefact, concrete poetry. We knew nothing of Isou's post war theory of the rise and decay of form but, had we done so, would instantly have taken it on board. On another pinnacle there is the name Kasimir Malevich, the Russian constructivist, whose 'White on White', announcing the end of painting, fascinated us. It was to us a thing of ineffable beauty not because of how it looked but of what it implied compared to which the statements of American Abstract Expressionism like those of Rothko and Barnett Newman were mere wallpaper that enshrined rather than demolished the museum.

So Icteric was a kind of emancipatory ferment playing on the boundaries between art and life and in the process leading to the dissolution of artistic form particularly painting, sculpture, poetry, the novel and architecture. It didn't just stop with these traditional forms for as a group we were all journeying out of the enclosed world of art, 'the hysteria born within a studio' - as Tzara, the notable Dadaist had characterised it - or any other cultural setting, like staged performances, plays, concerts - jazz, rock, folk - toward an everyday world we dimly perceived had to be transformed.

It was, if you like, Isou avante la lettre. We also passionately sought to disinter as much of the buried past as we could, translating into English for the first time Jacques Vache's Letters of the War, put together just after the First World War by Andre Breton. This text, demanding we leave behind the ball and chain of art, became a founding document of surrealism. (Vache had a nihilistic disdain for the world, the war and the avant-garde and committed suicide as a joke. Amazingly he had first come to our attention when sitting our O levels and we had been much impressed by his habit of uprooting healthy plants and leaving sick ones be. At the time we had in our bedroom a cage full of Northern Eggar caterpillars we had collected on Fewston moors above Harrogate. But rather than kill them when they emerged we let them go, such was our growing horror of collecting. The beyond of art and the setting free of nature were unconsciously already present.

In the mid 1960s' we even attempted, we were travelling that fast, to read Hegel, because his name kept popping up in Surrealist texts. We had no idea Hegel was a much derided figure in the English philosophical establishment. We had all barely turned twenty.

We really weren't quite sure where we were going, though deep down we felt we were on the right track. Following on from the radical concepts behind Duchamp's ready mades we questioned the existence of artefacts. Art could be anything we said it was and we slowly began to think that Duchamp had betrayed his original promise. Despite moving to America to escape the stranglehold of European cultural elitism (and incidentally failing to see that America was destined to overtake Europe on that score) Duchamp continued, as Rimbaud said of Baudelaire 'to live in too artistic a milieu'. A master of irony and word play would Duchamp have savoured the irony of seeing his Urinal hailed as the most important single contribution to the evolution of modern art by cultural pundits (see The Guardian, December 2004). Unfortunately he would most likely have been flattered. The Urinal is now Tate Modern's altarpiece surrounded by a culturally beatified host of imitators. One wonders what effect a gesture like smashing the urinal would have in the media, on decrepit youth and the avant garde (rather arriere garde) of the cultural establishment. especially if accompanied by a coherent explanation. We are almost tempted, but the thought of the ensuing court case, accusations of cultural vandalism equivalent to the burning of the books, even a prison sentence and certainly a crippling fine for having destroyed a priceless work of art when the aim of the original piece was to debunk any such pretensions, is enough to deter anyone.

Surprisingly, some of the articles in the Icteric magazine are not entirely without merit. The piece on butterflies is one of them. It is not quite accurate to describe the Icteric text on butterflies as a natural ready made. One cannot help but marvel at some of the descriptions. The ready mades were simply chosen at random: aesthetics never came in to it. And if we now admire The Bottle Rack as a fine piece of design, as does Banham in his Theory and Design in the first Machine Age that was not Duchamp's intention, even if later he did go on to say that the only works of art that America had produced were its plumbing and bridges. In fact the piece on butterflies owes more to someone like Rodchenko, (a contemporary of Malevich) particularly his factographs. It is neither art nor science but rather awe before breathtaking natural spectacles rendered even more poignant forty years later by their gradual disappearance. And we were conscious; even then, the spectacles we described had virtually gone.

We had some inkling of how deeply we had been influenced by romanticism and the English nature tradition. Butterflies had, after all, been a youthful passion predating by a couple of years a passion for delta blues men and women and we well remember 'setting' dead specimens to the sound of Bessie Smith, Pinetop Smith, Earl Hines and so on (see Street One & Codlings on www.dialecticalbutterflies.com). The article on butterflies was also an attempt to recapture our childhood enthusiasm for butterflies, yet coming when it did it was brim full of an awareness of the break up of poetic form and diction harking back to the 19th century French poet Stephane Mallarme and even earlier. We wanted to communicate an intensity of lived experience poetry was unable to provide. We wanted the authenticity of real life. And we wanted, like the surrealists, 'to relive with intensity the best moments of childhood.' This phrase was never far from our lips and we gave it, and others, a renewed lease of life by reproducing them and plastering Newcastle with stickers. The Surrealists in some of the most remarkable texts of the 20th Century were to ask 'Is suicide a solution?' So we repeated the experiment and like the earlier investigation got disappointing replies and unsurprisingly received nothing like Artaud's who rejected the question by refraining it as 'an anterior form of suicide' meaning that we have all committed suicide already.

English poetry has always excelled in natural descriptions, surpassing all other rivals whether German, French and Italian. We have only to think of Chaucer, Spencer, Shakespeare, the Metaphysical Poets and then the Romantics. However with the Romantics nature begins to come into its own and starts to leap from the page. Most of the great romantics begin to take unprecedented liberty with form, anticipating by a 100 years the revolution of modern art. And even in an orthodox poet like Keats the signs are there a plenty ' 'a flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme'/ 'heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter'/ 'her book a churchyard tomb' (an observation Mallarme would have just loved!). We could say that this aspect has never been properly appreciated but that would be wrong: it has never even begun to be appreciated. And it was only after our ignominious flight from Newcastle that we began to appreciate this fact of overwhelming importance. (It is given a more comprehensive, though by no means exhaustive, treatment elsewhere on the website). In a way we were seeking to realize our own native romantic tradition and were its true heirs and not the piffling nonsense that has passed, with the odd exception, as 'poetry' since the death of Shelley and Byron. But we had no idea that this was the case for we had no one to guide or advise us. In this venture we were as alone as could be and disparaged on every side as 'mad' then 'bad' and finally 'dangerous', such was the wall of incomprehension. We were bound to be eventually broken by it, just as we were quickly radicalised through clashing constantly with it and getting nowhere.

In those far-off days the word ecology was hardly used at all. Yet it was the natural, more than anything else that obsessed us. We spoke of 'trembling nature'. And from that starting point we wished to reinvent the city, to bring nature into its heart and into people's living rooms, not as potted plants but as outrage. It was to be nature in excess, wild, exuberant, uncontrollable 'kinetic nature' and not one tailored to the mundanities of patio gardens. Down with polite horticulture, Newcastle was going to be the place of the new Amazonia. Seeing we lived right next to the north east coalfield we wanted to deposit a giant colliery spoil heap in the town centre. We wanted collapsing gardens, trees that raced along roads. Our cellar was converted into a lake by first banking it up with earth and then filling it with water. We loved it when cities flooded and waterfalls would cascade down the steps of newly constructed Arndale centres and living room floors gave way to reveal streams with easy chairs and dining room suites perched by the sides of these new embankments. This was decor with a difference.

We greatly admired the sacks of coal which Duchamp hung from the ceiling of the second surrealist exhibition. We were even more impressed when we found out a coal burning brazier that had been installed in the exhibition had singed the bottom of a couple of sacks which had then broken open, scattering coal everywhere.* One of us had a lorry load of sand delivered which was then deposited around the bed to create an interior desert in which to sleep and wake in. And, to one side, there was a Perspex cage in which thousands of flies were breeding on rotting meat. We lived what Damien Hirst sought only to exhibit. And the thought of making money out of it was the last thing in our head, which is the only thing in Hirst's.

For one of our experiments we reared a couple of dozen Privet Hawk caterpillars which were purchased from a butterfly farm. Eventually they pupated and, seeing we had long given up killing insects, let them go when these large, beautiful moths emerged. It was the humane thing to do and releases weren't the problem they are today. In fact a few years previously someone had taken it upon themselves to restore the Marbled White to the North Downs and today we are all very glad of it. Imagine our surprise when in the 1990s on looking at the distribution map of the Privet Hawk we noticed a small dot where Newcastle is and miles from the nearest location. Had we been responsible for inadvertently introducing the Privet Hawk in to Newcastle?

Even then our approach was fundamentally different to that of Hirst. We wanted to free up and then collaborate with nature not murder and then display it. The French for a still life is nature morte and the fact that Hirst wanted dead nature shows he has not broken with the artistic tradition at all in this respect, and also in many others. Instead of using an old butterfly collection which we did when we attached some butterflies to a pair of shoes (see the above photo from Icteric which even then was a tired update of e.g. an artefact like Meret Oppenheim's Fur covered Cup and Spoon), Hirst actually pulled the wings off recently killed Blue Morpho butterflies and then stuck them down as a decorative addition to his fashionable Pharmacy restaurant in Notting Hill. And the Shark, commissioned by the Saatchi's in the early 1990s, and which launched him on his money grubbing, brand name plc of a career he is now so proud of, was originally meant to be a Great White Shark. Days before he was due to bag one, it was placed on the endangered species list and Hurst had to make do instead with a Tiger Shark. It has just been sold for '6 000,000. A lifer in Wormwood Scrubs a few years back threatened, once outside, he was going 'to do' Hirst. If he should make good his promise we would suggest that afterwards he pickle Hurst in a tank of formaldehyde and then put him on display. Nothing in Hirst's life would then become him like the exhibiting of it. Rather too good for the Turner Prize however. In 2004 the winner of the abominable Turner racket, Jeremy Deller - and slightly more interesting than the usual prize winners- produced a film on Texas called Memory Bucket which ends up with a 10 minute sequence of millions of bats flying from the mouth of a cave into the night sky. It was nothing in comparison to Some Remarks on Butterflies.

Icteric was a brief moment in an altogether much bigger creative unfolding taking place all over the world from the mid 1960s onwards. A year and a half later in 1967 we were ambushed, almost unawares, by the far greater coherence of the International Lettrists and Situationists and their theoretical and practical contributions. Once confronted with these critiques we knew instantly this was what we had been groping towards all along in the dim twilight which was then Britain ' and in which nowadays there is even less of a flicker. With pitiless disdain we cast Icteric aside, and thought no more of it, ashamed of our juvenilia. Years later we were to be reminded of it when , in the late 1990s, we were told back copies of the magazine were fetching astonishingly high prices ' some said '1000 - though we can't believe it, and, what's more to the point, not even interested. One of us had also done a series of photo montages illustrating surrealist suggestions for altering Paris. They were done solely for money to go in an exhibition put together by R Hunt, one of the founders of Icteric, called 'Poetry must be made by all'. In the 21st century we were to find out the exhibition, which we then thought was evading the real issues, had acquired an iconic status even receiving a mention in Jappe's unimpassioned, somewhat academic, book on Guy Debord.

Otherwise we made no money whatsoever out of these avant garde experiments. In fact not only were we worse off economically but a target of ridicule. And to be sure, to give the opposition its due, they were only signposts and faintly ludicrous ones at that, toward a more lucid negation, as this ever more monstrous world appeared to totter.

In disgrace and calumnied as self-destructive idiots, and spat on from virtually all sides we were forced to leave Newcastle. And only if we were prepared to recant and return to the good old ways would the derision cease. But that would be tantamount to suicide so we 'chose' to be cast into oblivion instead and become the unmentionables. However, as so often happens in history, though we had been debarred in a manner of speaking from ever entering the city, in a manner of speaking the city also fell to us. But what we got instead was not the Newcastle Commune which one of our stickers had called for (Prepare now for the Newcastle Commune) but Newcastle, City of Culture and with growing embarrassment it began to be apparent to us that the origins of Newcastle's transformation, by realising a trajectory we had so vehemently rejected, lay partially in Icteric. It is indeed ironic to note how the converted Baltic Flour Mills on the banks of the Tyne is ranked second to Tate Modern (itself a former power station on the Thames embankment) as the 'modern art' venue. After our departure the art school and art scene in and around Newcastle University lapsed into a time warp from which it never awoke - as did every other art school and scene after 1968 and nor could they ever. Meanwhile the number of programs devoted to the role art schools played in Britain's 'creative renewal' in the 1960s grows and always neglects, deliberately or through sheer ignorance, to mention how they also nurtured a radicalism that exploded in 1968. And the currents present in Newcastle art school from the early 1960s onwards were the most coherent manifestation by far. In fact Newcastle never even gets a mention in these programs ' and if it ever does it is only in relation to Bryan Ferry who we lived next door to and had nothing but contempt for. It is as if they were a forerunner of the Cool Britannia business ethos, the sickly sweet, clueless Gallagher brothers and so on, though there was enough of that also.

And so the likes of Icteric became centre stage but even in their present manifestation are a world away from what we meant then and light years away from the only logically possible direction that was to immediately follow on. This particular apology for art history we are not proud to be part of, is closely linked to the world of advertising and corporate sponsors and unfailingly promoted by the media, particularly by The Guardian, The Independent and Channel 4 TV all of whom find it 'challenging'. The pathetic Jon Snow the Channel 4 newscaster is forever asking 'but is it art' but we doubt if he would get the joke if someone was to intervene and ask of a scene of total destruction, like the bombing of an Iraqi hospital, 'but is it art'?

In fact our critique in its more fully worked out form - and post Icteric - 30 or so years later found its way into the geography dept of the university via a belated repeat of psycho geography now out of historical context. A viciously reinstated Newcastle art scene was by then so cut-off from theory and reality that it hadn't the foggiest idea of its past never mind knowing what psycho geography meant. Nonetheless, in this city where anti-art as an essential part of a modern revolutionary critique was once proclaimed loudly, the simple realisation that art is nothing but a consumer appendage or that popular culture is now inseparable from advertising in an utterly commoditised social life far more dire than in the late 1960s has again been reaffirmed.

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(Footnote: That coal was central to Newcastle, worked as it were, behind our backs. Alongside the proposals for moving giant spoil heaps into the centre of Newcastle we had made small scale environments/installations of pit spoil heaps with model locomotives running through them surrounded by fake smoke ' another reinvention of childhood. It was a momentary phase in acquiring greater coherence. The explosion of the late 1960s with its profound anti-art drift saw miners from the local north east pits beginning to turn up curious yet attracted to the ensuing ever-widening subversion).

David & Stuart Wise. Winter 2004

Further Notes on Icteric

For decades afterwards we tended to treat the formative years in Newcastle as an embarrassment, a period in our lives we would prefer to forget. At best it was a necessary waste of time leading ineluctably to a much bigger picture expressed far more fully in May 1968 in France. However it is now painfully apparent there was nothing ineluctable about it and only now is it possible to reconstruct bit by bit the stages of this process and pose the essential question why then and not now, especially since what we were doing in Newcastle prior to 1967 has come to occupy center stage in the 'art' world. Unlocking these memories has not proved easy, especially as they have lain dormant for well over 36 years.

And so it is with the 8th/9th century Chinese 'poet', Han Shan. Purchasing a copy of Arthur Whalley's 'Chinese Poems' in a second hand shop for £1.50p, I re-read Han Shan in the very same book I had first encountered him. It was though I had last read him yesterday. Some lines had become imprinted on my memory which even then I felt were prophetic 'Even my own wife turned against me'. Ah yes, how true that would shortly turn out to be. 'Slip slap goes the wind in my face': of all the lines this is the one I most remember ' no poetic genius was required to write such a line for anyone could have written it.

Though of course we read Han Shan in translation, the literal descriptions eschewing practically all metaphor and metre seemed to point beyond poetry. We thought the same was true of the Japanese writer, Basho, especially the incident wherein he recounts trying to sell his snow covered hat. It seemed to us to subvert the conventions of the market because it was the snow rather than the hat that was important. But even so we felt uneasy about making it into a marketable commodity though we couldn`t then specify precisely why. The point, surely, was to awaken people to the beauty and possibilities of snow, not to make a living out of it

Han Shan's name is forever identified with the Cold Mountain, his chosen place of exile. Though the Cold Mountain was a place it was also a state of mind and it was the surface facticity that so attracted me indicating it was possible to imbue a bare fact with beauty and significance even in so drear a place as the Cold Mountain with its perpetual snows and fogs.. It was but a short step from this to investing a fact with social significance as to whether it enhanced our lives or not. By late 1967 this would be the overriding requirement: reborn people in a reborn world of 'facts' in which the government of people gives way to the administration of things, a state of affairs which has yet to exist. And it was the tireless nature lover J.J. Rouseau who was the first to succinctly formulate it thus - the anarchist tinged Rousseau and not the etatiste Rousseau. Though most people attribute this formulation to Engels he had in fact lifted it from Rousseau but in doing so gave it a far greater coherence.

At one point Han Shan breaks off to doubt if what he has written can ever capture the lived reality of what he is experiencing. 'Down in the pool there is not really a moon, the only moon is in the sky above. I sing to you this piece of song but in the song there is no zen'. Even then the reference to zen made us wince for we associated the zen cult with the beat poets like Ginsberg and their abysmal fetishization of literature. I fact far from being libertarian zen was institutionalised in the Japanese military, no matter that Han Shan had made a different use of it. The Cold Mountain tract was nature writing with a difference because it also exacted a refusal of the world, the one not being possible without the other. The mysticism was also very low key, in fact hardly present at all and infinitely less so than in the deist Wordsworth who rejected becoming an anchorite even though he felt pulled by it seeking, if only briefly, unlike Han Shan, a collectivist resolution through a bourgeois democratic revolution in which even grasses ( in fact rather more so than people!) were to be accorded rights. Hidden within Wordsworth there is also a rejection of the world, but crucially a world defined by the division of labour and Adam Smith which Han Shan, imprisoned in the last analyses by the ageless immobility of Chinese society, and despite his rejection of it, could not possibly have anticipated. And so a growing part of Wordswort`s legacy is his huge influence on the nature conservation movement (made necessary by industrial capitalism) and even modern anchorites like Thoreau and Muir have had, by sheer force of example, a similar massive influence on the conservation movement whatever their initial desire to have done with the world and get permanently lost in nature. I recall reading in Newcastle in the late sixties Gary Snyder's re working of Han Shan in which he attempted to give it a contemporary appeal by situating it in modern day San Francisco. But by then I knew there was no realistic alternative within capitalism, that we were not free to take it or leave it and that the Yosemite National Park was no substitute for the Cold Mountain. And besides there is no way a person would be permitted to camp out on the granite outcrops for any length of time - the Park Rangers would see to that. Today the illusion there is an alternative way of life within capitalist parameters has, over the past 35 years, gone forever, but paradoxically we are all increasingly becoming media anchorites locked away within four walls, finding it evermore difficult to venture out and only able to dream of nature as projected on TV. It is more than possible that in the end the only nature there will be is a parallel nature of digitised imagery that virtualizes the 'electric (electomagnetic) butterflies' of Rimbaud`s ravings. I have vivid memories of throwing myself on the bed in despair in Eslington Tce. in Newcastle and wishing, at the end of art, I had a cinematic device I could press closely to my face that would transport over the hills and valleys of North Yorkshire as if I was in a plane. How easy that would now be. And to think I once considered it a temporary cure for that acute sense of loss that comes with the death of art once we are prevented from seizing the social totality.

Han Shan was also a Taoist and Lao Tzu's writings also attracted us. We saw a link between the readymades and a line of Lao Tzu's: 'Exhibit the uncarved block'. Now of course we would rightly query why exhibit it in the first place To my knowledge no one has asked this question, certainly not Joseph Needham in his scholarly volumes on Chinese science, though he did enlighten me on the subversive role Taoism played in Chinese society, nourishing scientific enquiry in opposition to the prevailing Confucianism. (Needham was a member of that interesting bunch of British scientists who were influenced by 'dialectical materialism' as a result of meeting delegations of soviet scientists in the late 1920s and early 1930s and by which time the revolution was well and truly over with. So their wider vision, at least in comparison to their counterparts today, was also cruelly deformed by soviet style state capitalism which not one of them ever saw through. Though Needham was able to write a chapter dealing with Coleridge as a biologist in his The Sceptical Biologist (1929) - which few, if any, scientist would today be capable of - he ended up becoming a sickening apologist for Mao) .

Paradoxically wedded to this love of surface appearances requiring little further alteration other than in the social relationships, was a desire to realize metaphor by making it a fact, for here extremes met. French symbolist poetry had a peculiar plasticity about it as though always reaching out beyond the page. To us Rimbaud was more pure description then fantasy so imagine our delight when we read that the French communards had during the Commune of 1871 uprooted the trees that lined the grande boulevards and replanted them with their roots in the air and branches in the ground. It was close enough to Rimbaud's 'havoc of avenues' and to us symbolist imagery was a thwarted effort, confined to paper, to remake the world which was only possible through collective action such as happened in the Commune of 1871. Accordingly one of us printed a sticker with the slogan 'Prepare now for the Newcastle Commune' where only a couple of years previously we had reprinted surrealist stickers. 'Imagination with all its force tends to become real'. We were more alive than ever to Breton`s superb combining of Marx and Rimbaud: 'Marx said change the world, Rimbaud said change life: to us these two mottos are one and the same'.

Living in Newcastle a place world famous for its coal mines, shipbuilding, and heavy industry we had all become very 'French' and blind to the hostility we were provoking. Reaction in Newcastle always packed a punch. During the general strike of 1926 the middle classes armed themselves and were prepared, like nowhere else in the country, to drown the strike in blood. We were also unawares that the region had generated a radical critique of some aspects of culture, particularly mass cinema, in the shape of Jack Common that compared well with anything on the continent. Common was also able to link his critique to his profound working class experience and his observations on how, at night, engineering problems would be jointly resolved in the kitchen with the aid of a piece of chalk on grate blackening are priceless. Making use of whatever was available and in terms of sheer improvisation this was way beyond the uninspiring technical drawing we were instructed in at school. Later I began to wonder if my enthusiasm for Russian Constructivism in the mid sixties in Newcastle had not, in some roundabout way, been influenced by this local tradition. We had, as children, attended the Timothy Hackworth school in Shildon in Co Durham and every morning passed the great locomotive engineer's very modest house and famous engineering works, which then looked about to fall down, it was in such a state of disrepair. If not engineering in particular, construction was certainly in our blood.

But meanwhile English speaking symbolism meant nothing to us. TS Eliot was simply deplorable and we wondered how he ever could be placed alongside Mallarme, Rimbaud and Valery as Edmund Wilson had done in his famous 1930 book on symbolism, Axel's Castle. I recall that Robin Page, a happener from Leeds who came to stay one night, had contemptuously tossed to one side a copy of Eliot's Four Quartets that he had noticed on the book shelf. He had no need to bother however, it was simply a leftover from our school days and I still pride myself not one volume of Eliot`s disgraces my shelves. And the same fate befell W B Yeats whom we also had been taught to appreciate at school and though I have never been able to read Yeats since, his collection of Irish fairy tales is in a different league to anything Eliot did and provides a stepping stone to Singe's sojourn with the Arran Islanders. In its own way this was an attempt to realize symbolism and comparable with the best on the continent and still something that lives within me.

But we felt very alone and in face of a hostile world were virtually inseparable, because we only had each other. We were faced on all sides with a terrifying wall of incomprehension for there was nothing in the immediate past and little in the last 100 years in this country that was leading up to what we were doing- not to mention the revolutionary critique that was to rapidly follow on as naturally, or so it appeared then, as day follows night!

I can still remember the thrill of delight when on first opening in 1968 Marcuse's Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical enquiry into Freu, he had included an intelligible, highly relevant, reference to Mallarme in the intro. Here at last was someone in the English speaking world able to give Mallarme his due, not as an obscure poet but as a profound critic of language and so much more beside - which Marcuse does not begin to bring out. One can search the whole of Raymond Williams for even an appreciative murmur regarding what Mallarme was really about. Typically Williams had treated the forms of art as a given and only the social relations into which art is inserted as changeable. So we had in the late 60s`impatiently thrown aside his Culture and Society 1780-1950 as largely irrelevant because it did not remotely grapple with the question of form and missing out therefore on an essential, totally overlooked aspect, of the great romantics he venerates

Around the same time Roland Barthes Writing Degree Zero appeared in an English translation which also contained a reference to Mallarme. The book lay on the floor beside my bed in Newcastle for several weeks. I avidly read the little book because there was nothing at all comparable, simply on account of its modernity, by English speaking critics. And yet it lacked directness, deftly evading, at every twist and turn, saying too much that was leading. Only now am I able to see it as an academic rationalization of aesthetic lettrism ' and a stupid one at that - by a fink of the first water who professed to represent the movement more fully because of his wide ranging historical knowledge, which most of the more sincere lettrists just did not possess. But even so it is still more on the ball than a book I liberated in the 1990s by an English author Gordon Millan, Prof of French Studies in the University of Strathclyde on Mallarme entitled Mallarme: a throw of the dice. It is so vacuous I think I should be compensated for the effort it took to liberate it. How anyone can, after all these years, write a book on Mallarme in which the emerging anti-poet Mallarme is absent, is beyond me and only demonstrates yet again how empty universities really are and how backward Britain still is. The blurb on the cover provides a measure of the book's unrepetant orthodoxy: "defender of Manet and other impressionists, supporter of Zola and Rodin, Mallarme is now regarded is now regarded as one of the key figures of modernism." I had a right to expect better but it did show how isolated we really were in Newcastle all those years ago. The wonder is we have lived to tell the tale

I remember coming back from a pub one night and turning the corner into Eslington Tce. I noticed a child holding up a spool of magnetic tape(cassettes had yet to be invented) that was steaming in the wind. I was enchanted by his absorption and thought only a revolution will save him from having to grow up. 'The child abdicates his ecstasy' wrote Mallarme and his difficult poem entitled, fittingly, Prose:for des Esseintes (the character in Huysmans proto anti-novel Against Nature - and the only novel Mallarme ever really liked) is, I'm convinced, about that, though he could not bring himself to say so directly in his 'poem', which is wreathed in impenetrable obscurity. However it certainly seems to be about the need to take action, otherwise beauty will remain forever hidden by gladioli that have become too large, screening us, because of their overpowering presence, from true beauty. (Mallarme used the example of a simple flower to describe what he wanted from language, which Marcuse quotes in his above mentioned introduction). However we were fascinated by Mallarme for another reason. And that was because of his emphasis upon silence, which connected with our interest in John Cage. That a poet should be obsessed with silence was every bit as contradictory as a musician's obsession with silence yet one of a kind as we shall later see.

How we came to move beyond music, the precise steps that led up to it, escapes me somewhat. But I do remember that sometime after 1966 I became lucidly deaf to music and entered the world of pure sound from which I was never able to fully go back from, today more than ever, just like a growing number of other people in search of a theory as to why they can't. There had been precedents in the avante garde of the 20th Century beginning with Luigi Russolo's noise machines, Tzara's exhortation to musicians to smash their instruments, Satie and so on. We had even made a point of interviewing John Cage when he came to London and were particularly impressed by his opposition to the Vietnam war, which was then only just beginning to be an issue in Europe. In the interview he gave, and which we reproduced in Icteric, he said America was after the tin and tungsten in S.E. Asia which certainly was not the real reason America became embroiled in Vietnam. This literal interpretation of Lenin's Imperialism showed how limited Cage was on the broader questions, aside from the fact he never really turned his back on music, remaining a performer, 'a musician of hollow nothingness', to the end of his life. In fact, no musician qua musician has ever been able to arrive at a profound critique of the social totality, despite tendencies in that direction.

Next door to us in Newcastle, lived Brian Ferry. We regarded him as a good-looking dipstick and not much else - in fact, our attitude bordered on contempt because of his assiduous cultivation of the 'in crowd'.

Sometime in 1967 I started to share my flat in Newcastle with Gordan, a mathematician who was studying for a PhD. He was a member of Solidarity, a spin off from Socialisme ou Barbarie in France. We first got to know Gordon because of his irreverent denunciations of Trotskyites (who had a large presence on Tyneside - in fact Mr Newcastle himself, Dan Smith, had been one in his youth) at meetings called to oppose the Vietnam War.

We were fully in accord with Gordon's anti-Leninist stance, and eagerly read the pamphlets that Solidarity put out, many of an archival nature like those on the anti Bolshevik uprising in Krondstat in 1921 by Ida Mett and Alexandra Kollontai but which were useful in helping demolish the hold of Leninism. However wanting as we did by then a total revolution, mathematics was not exempt from entering the field of human praxis and we would have heated and frequently drunken discussions with each other.

For far more than old style workers' democracy was involved here and looking back this was an encounter that never yielded the fruits it promised like so much else then. Through Gordon I first came to know of Kurt Godel (the Austro-American mathematician) and Gordon would spend his days feeding the punch cards he had prepared at home into the main frame computer at Newcastle University. Though our discussion appeared to border on complete craziness, looking back I now think they were far from crazy and possessed a sort of inspirational lunacy and bizarre logic. They were taking place within an anti Bolshevik, libertarian perspective and therefore anything was possible had things been allowed to develop. I knew enough by then to know that Hegel, though smart enough to give mathematics its due, treated mathematics as a quantitative sum that could not brook contradiction. Though rigorous within its own terms it was finally only a part of a far more profound, dialectical, logic. For reality was essentially contradictory and the resolution of contradiction was what drove history forward. Hence for Hegel and Marx, dialectical logic became the only valid element in the whole of existing logic. I was also opposed to mathematics from a psychoanalytical viewpoint because I was then immersed in reading revolutionary interpretations of Freud. In psychoanalytical theory numbers and anality are one of a kind, mathematics originally being the sublimate of far more basic outpourings. Anality was also identified with sadistic fantasies of control and however barmy my pronouncements on the subject then were, few would deny that mathematics nowadays is more in control than ever through the binary notation on which digital technology is built. Gordon certainly did look at these revolutionary interpretations of Freud but whether it caused him to waver in his regard for mathematics as above history, I cannot say. In fact he interpreted the question of de-sublimation as more and better sex and like many others at that time opted for Reich. And when Solidarity finally did come to deal with psychoanalysis it was through the eyes of Reich and at the neglect of the far wider, explosive and disturbing question of repressed Eros.

All these years later I now realize that Gordon was studying the mathematical basis of computing and that had I enquired further I would have found that his line of study would lead directly to the creation of modern programming and the internet. I wish now I had been less adamant and had asked him more about Godel for I now know that Godel had anticipated the coding mechanisms of modern day computers by stating in the 1930s that mathematical systems contain paradoxes: systems could be logically coherent but judged from an external frame of reference can code for downright madness. Though it isn't strictly analogous to what Godel had in mind, Adobe's 'Photoshop' strikes me as just that. And at bottom this sums up how most people feel about computers, as if they are being tricked in to becoming part of a parallel reality, which they eventually will succumb to.

Gordon was also a classical music fan and at times I had to shut my ears to the sounds coming from his room. So in my proselytising, life and death, zeal I thought it right to acquaint him with the history of avant-garde noise makers from Satie through to John Cage for Gordon maintained there was a profound relationship between mathematics and music. However to me I no longer knew what was meant by music and the question which to me then hung over its existence has become over time a full stop to a growing number of people. In fact I felt utterly compelled to undermine the assumptions behind this long-standing postulate. Since then I have often pondered on Max Planck and Einstein playing classical compositions together on piano and violin, Heisenburg playing Bach on the church organ high above the caves on the outskirts of Dresden in which he was engaged on developing the A-bomb or Roger Penrose incessantly listening to Mozart as he pondered the mathematics of a singularity at the heart of a black hole. Did their 'revolutionary' physics and maths preclude every other kind of music excepting that of classical music?

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What Happened in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne. (from a Critical, Hidden History of King Mob)

The mid-nineteen sixties and Icteric. Re-evaluation of a dissident European past. Russin nihilism. Recuperated artistic dada and revolutionary Dada. The forgotten revolutionary aspects of Surrealism. Conflict with the Tyneside poets. Closing down an Art School. Meetings with Black Mask in New York.

King Mob was initially a coming together in London of the then constituted English section of the SI – beginning somewhat to fall apart - and an ex-group, together with some other like-minded individuals, around the often confusedly anti-art magazine, Icteric, from Newcastle-Upon-Tyne. (Icteric, let it be said, was spuriously anti-art but we weren't to know that with such clarity at the time). Let us first deal here with the Newcastle experience as it has never been documented before.

Icteric, founded in the mid-1960s was, more or less, a name chosen at random from a dictionary and therefore in that somewhat time-honoured tradition of modern art emanating from Dada. It meant jaundice and a cure for jaundice at the same time – which everybody felt at its very inauspicious inauguration was appropriate. Simply put, everybody present was pissed-off with art in an institution or gallery, wearied and jaundiced about it if you like, and looking for something rather more turbulent and effective. Icteric's central aim, and quite resonantly put at the time, was the coming together (fusion) of art and life and was mainly the brainchild of Ron Hunt1 who was the librarian at the Dept of Fine Art at Newcastle University. Ron Hunt had been appointed to the post at the instigation of pop artist Richard Hamilton who taught at the university and who, ironically, around the same time, acquainted Don N. Smith with the theoretical journals of the French Situationists. Hamilton though, for some time had abandoned all semblances of radical critique pretty much falling into a benign, left social democracy, coolly and uncritically encompassing consumerist icons. A cool take was to be the essential in overcoming all adversity! In fact, it was a variant of the same terrible English inability to grasp most essential breakthroughs in perception and form which so marked the 20th century and much of the latter half of the 19th century. Despite penetrating social critiques like that of William Morris and George Orwell everything else was always to be done in such a seamlessly nice way and ever so watered-down.

Considering this was taking place in England (and in a relative back-water at that) covering an avalanche of omissions, repressions and outright hostility, Ron Hunt bravely at the time, delved into the history of modern art and began to put the record straight beginning to place all the long lost and forgotten (on purpose) radical experiments into the beginning of some coherent trajectory whose outcome at the time we were all rather fuzzy about but which was slowly but surely becoming clearer each day. Icteric became, more or less, the fulcrum of this unfolding - enlightening primarily ourselves - before any concern for anybody else. Basically, it was motivated by getting hold of anything that wasn't stultifyingly "English" in the conformist sense we found so unappealing. We went back and re-evaluated the Russian nihilists of the mid-19th century like Dobrolyubov and Pisarev whose The Destruction of Aesthetics hit a chord. We liked the hardness of their comments: "Shakespeare or a pair of boots"etc. Pisarev had said of himself he "would rather be a Russian shoemaker than a Russian Raphael". In a sense though it was their rebellion we liked even though it brought prison and calumny upon themselves. Pisarev's: "Denial is a hard, tedious and deadly task" meant something as we eagerly read Lampert's Sons Against Fathers in preparation – unbeknown to ourselves at the time – of our own revolt of sons (and now daughters!) against fathers! Could we go along with it to the letter? Hardly, but it was another of the necessary ingredients which later was truly to go somewhere. Finally though and perhaps inevitably, we found the concepts of the Russian nihilists too severely utilitarian for our liking. True, it was utilitarianism bordering on the apocalyptic but that didn't really fit in with our growing rejection, or rather, that suppression and realisation of art we were searching for despite being none too clear about this at the time. It wasn't just an either/or question. It wasn't just a question of the hungry and dispossessed for whom culture was a luxury they could ill afford. In fact, concern for the poor didn't even come in to it. We were arriving at the simple, though very dialectical, recognition that culture within its own frame of reference no longer possessed the slightest quality and the subsequent emptiness beckoned towards the creation of something entirely different. The conclusion that this meant inescapably the destruction of the commodity economy, social revolution and the creation of an entirely new world we didn't immediately perceive, but it did mean that a blow by blow repeat of Russian nihilism was irrelevant and quite beside the point. After all, during the lifetime of the Russian nihilists, great art particularly in the form of the Russian novel was at its height. However, Tolstoy's final rejection of the role of novelist was more in tune with Pisarev's essentially moral rejection – and incidentally illustrating the powerful impact of the nihilists on Russian society – than in the prepatory self-destruct of the novel's form as undertaken by the much younger Marcel Proust around the same time. A destruction which was to be continued and carried on to the final rampage of liberated words in Joyce's, Finnegan's Wake. Slowly but surely we were getting some sense of this, though always and perhaps inevitably, in a pretty chaotic way.

We mustn't though be too simplistic here about Pisarev's views. He wanted to see the emergence of a "non-cultural" scientific culture neither invented nor abstracted which could only be represented, "in actual living phenomena". As Lampert was to put it: "It was to be a culture which reflected man's changing and unimpeded vision of the universe, free especially from all the burdens of the past, and with none of the hot air of exalted places. It's "temples" would be "the workshops of human thought." It would eschew the artist as a sacred monomaniac, misunderstood and misinterpreted and ensure his status as simply a human being, endowed with a special gift of articulation and free from somnolence and escapism. His business would be roughly, to articulate on behalf of the inarticulate, to express for those who are unable to express themselves what is conducive to their growth as human persons and "thinking proletarians". He would be a spokesman for others and the despair of aesthetes yearning for elegant elaboration". Whilst the language of some of the above is too loose and imprecise for our times, a little later, around 1966, we couldn't help but make something of a connection between this and Dziga Vertov when first viewing his 1920's film Man with a Movie Camera and reading about the concepts behind Kino-Eye and the factograph, though more about that later....

The first Icteric magazine contained a translation by Anne Ryder of some of Jacques Vache's Lettres de Guerre (War Letters) and the first such translations to have appeared in English. The rest of the letters were to appear in the next edition of Icteric. The War Letters were a reflection on Vache's profound nihilistic experience of the First World War; an experience which also seems to have been the active fillip in mapping out a new subversive terrain whereby roles were played with and the spectator violently eliminates the performer. In a way, Vache's letters set the tone for what was to follow within our own hearts and minds which we interpreted as down with gallery art so, from now on, we were to take a serious look at those historical figures that attempted to negate art in the far-off days of Dada, Surrealism and Russian Constructivism. The painters and poets of these movements were quickly pushed aside and downgraded for their orthodox, though for their time, radical avant-garde representations. Eventually, we were only interested in these people if their activities, pointed clearly towards the hoped for real transcendence of art, that moment where everyday life would be splendidly renewed on a vast communal level. Finally, we preferred the real negation, so for us, the future lay in the lifestyle and comments of Arthur Craven, the boxer - the supposed nephew of Oscar Wilde - and the vitriolic producer of the Parisian based, Maintenant magazine, Vache (again) and Rimbaud at the moment he quit poetry. (Little did we know at the time that Breton criticised him for this evaluating his subsequent activities, like gunrunning, as dubious). Simply put, it was their negation of art that meant everything to us. We really responded with an ever-growing deep sympathy for the best of Cravan's comments like, "You must absolutely get through your head that art is for the bourgeois, and by bourgeois I mean: a monsieur without imagination"... and... "Soon you won't see anyone but artists in the street and the only thing you'll find no end of trouble in finding is a man" (Remembering this great comment by 1972, a comment was placed in a diary: "It's taken this long for "soon" to become reality". Thirty years after 1972, it was to have an even more astounding truth). We also really liked some of the early Surrealist experiments like the meeting at the relatively unknown church of St Julien de la Pauvre on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, followed by the early kind of practical psychic-automatism like drifts inherent in the Surrealist walks proceeding from a point based on where a pin had randomly been stuck into a map. We weren't so foolish, naive or headstrong as to not consider that some of these random drifts nearly pushed some of these protagonists into suicide. Then there were those supposedly brutal Surrealist slogans like; "leave your children in the woods set off on the roads" etc which we really got off on, even though we didn't take this exhortation at face value! We also admired some of the imaginative environmental projects of the Russian Constructivists around 1920, particularly Klebnikov's soup lakes and the proposed slow flying white on white squares schemes proposed by Malevich etc. Indeed, Icteric made a replica of Malevich's coffin that was exhibited in some exhibition some years later, which Jappe was to praise for its "excellent iconography" in the bibliography of his theoretical biography on Debord in 1993. We were interested in the concept of the factograph and bearing El Lissitsky in mind, it seemed like the starting point of an anti-literary presentation. Cinema wasn't spared either as we dismissed the entertainment industry, preferring – as previously stated - Dziga Vertov's films of the early 1920s and the first collaborations between Luis Bunuel and Salvador Dali, particularly Le Chien Andalou and L'Age D'Or produced during the 1930s.We blindly accepted that cinema as provocation had come to an end at this point when rioting greeted the latter's first screening, although truth to tell, it was a riot instigated by enraged Catholics, and certainly wasn't a riot against the passive audience / performer relationship which was what we were aiming for. Nonetheless we were impressed and had anything like this happened since? We wanted to do likewise simply unaware of more recent and precise statements of the Lettrist anti-film particularly Howlings in Favour of De Sade which had provoked public outrage but we were only to learn about these events some three years later.

However, all this growing lucidity was jumbled up within Icteric together with a hotchpotch of modern art repeats, which Duchamp was to characterise around the same time as the "double-barrel effect", a point we noted at the time though we reacted with dismay when we heard Duchamp was making multiple editions of his old ready-mades for sale, no doubt aping Andy Warhol's activities living just down the street from him in lower Manhattan. We felt it was a sellout, which of course, it was. Though for all of us painting, sculpture, novels and poetry were dead, over and out, nonetheless some environmental constructions were deemed OK, those perhaps that were somewhat akin to artefacts that would have been more or less at home in those international Surrealist exhibitions of the 1930s and 40s. Not necessarily the most spectacularly weird artefacts but nutty things like the full coal sack hung from the ceiling of some art gallery. We particularly liked the fact that the sack accidentally bust open and all its mucky contents were scattered over the floor. Maybe our special liking for the latter had something to do with the Icteric collective living in Newcastle and the presence of the northeast miners - who's to say? More importantly, within a year or two we were also to realise the futility of this notion of 'new' objet d'art praxis, the more we developed a critique of the commodity per se.

Icteric produced anti-sociological questionnaires, some of which were Surrealist repeats. "Why not commit suicide" was one of them and people were invited to fill these questionnaires in. The responses were arid and, perhaps not surprisingly, even worse than a disappointed Breton had hoped for decades earlier. We had no budding Artaud around replying to the original questionnaire like: "I am unhappy like a man who has lost the best part of himself.....who has committed suicide already". But did we want a budding Artaud when we knew of individuals – even in this relatively optimistic period – who'd had enough of the total shit and slashed their wrists in the bath anyway? We shuddered and with no answers giving any signs of a eureka moment we concentrated on producing stickers again tending to be repetitious of the past such as "Surrealism Is The Communism of Genius" but seeing this was Newcastle in the mid 1960s and not Paris in the 1930s it really wasn't going to make much headway.

Happenings, or rather at least some of them, were embraced although that didn't stop us taking the piss out of the hip American's Merce Cunningham's performance art and his supposed "free expression" dancers in some London venue (much to the annoyance of some of the audience particularly when hearing Yorkshire accents – confirming perhaps the loutishness - of the provocateurs?) and then a little while later, putting on a nonsensical piano rendition performed by Trevor Winkfield mocking John Cage and taking delight in the fact that some idiots took it seriously. In fact we were mocking ourselves too as we had taken Cage and Cornelius Cardew seriously just a year previously and had even interviewed Cage for Icteric! Silence and the transcendence of music did really impact upon us, even though we still left wondering about the process of its overcoming – and still are for that matter. Little did we realise how all half-negation can be capitalized – turned into its opposite - and how avant-garde sounds a la John Cage morphed into the music of Ennio Morricone as backdrop to the Spaghetti Westerns, that last gasp necessary ingredient that helped give the zing to the last consequent Westerns. We read with interest about the auto-destructive activities of Metzger and Latham's book burnings disliking the fact that the latter were turned into objet d'arte to be hung on walls. We also pointed out – initially to everybody's disbelief- that these acts of auto-destruction influenced The Who (the performance ritual of guitar smashing) smashing up your instruments as a substitute for a real smashing up. Being clued in, we also quoted Tzara's dictum from a half century ago "musicians smash your instruments, let blind men take the stage". As if to give a point to this we rather pointlessly repeated Tzara's ROAR which just meant inviting everybody you could to turn up in a Newcastle city car park and ROAR your head off. Maybe a couple of 100 or so did just that. Jean Jacques Lebel, the French happener, around the same time wrote a long article for Icteric which though tending to extol his happening nonsense at the time was somewhat lucid about Artaud and very anti-police. Unbeknown to us, about the same time Don Smith and Rene Vienet, after a night's drinking, went round to his apartment and thoroughly slagged him off for his confusions about art and general lack of coherent critique. Jean Jacques just stood there – more or less apologetically. Although years later Don felt rather bad about this, it obviously had a good effect on Jean Jacques, as he rapidly then developed a much more lucid and subversive take on society and of course was one of the French contingent who were to tear down the fences at the Isle of Wight pop festival in 1971. It would seem therefore that a bald attack could certainly be good at times in pulling people across who are hovering on the brink in any case. A final comment upon Icteric's contents reveals a complete though for the time, well-intentioned muddle. A quasi-scientific document on butterfly oddities and recollections of rapturous displays of these delightful insects was also published and in terms of the detritus of modernism, was one of the better things in the magazines. The same might be said of a text on the amazing activities of slugs, which fell between a kind of factograph and natural science. The fact is though if Icteric had appeared 20 years later it would have been instantly capitalised by the right wing Saatchi Brothers end of culture emporium; however we were much more authentic heading completely in the opposite direction.

We were also coming from jazz, the other corner-stone of our end of culture orientation, particularly a passion for be-bop and its aftermath. However, even on this front we were becoming perplexed. Something was happening to jazz – it was beginning to fall apart and as much as we really desired to go along with John Coltrane's final atonal-like developments we were flummoxed albeit, trying to pretend we weren't. We were in fact beginning to relate the trajectory of jazz to the crises besetting the totality of modern art.

As if to underline this in an Ornette Coleman/Don Cherry concert in Newcastle's then prestigious City Hall in 1966 we clambered on the stage and put up ICTERIC in big letters behind the performers. Interestingly, nobody objected and the jazzmen showed no interest whatsoever. Truth to tell, by then, we felt our statement (our advertisement perhaps?) was better than the free form jazz itself simply because we knew we'd become engaged on a free form quest ourselves perhaps far more searching than the end of free form jazz itself which we also dimly recognized was kind of heading in the same direction though without the same clarity. (Later, we equated the ghetto uprisings in the United States as its real creative outcome having surpassed the musical form).

Moreover only three years previously a bunch of us in Newcastle had sat in awe in front of John Coltrane, Eric Dolphy, McCoy Tyner and Elvin Jones, opened mouth at its transcendental brilliance knowing full well we were listening to something fantastic though even then – with a kind of premonition and a sad feeling in the gut – knowing somehow it wasn't going to be repeated because real history was beginning to say something far more pertinent and which the last days of jazz was also straining to discover. (How one can have sense of such things in the offing perhaps we'll never know). There was though a very enjoyable conclusion to this earlier moment. We and our friends – as per usual – sat through Coltrane's rendition of God Save the Queen which was then an obligatory formality all entertainment paid lip service to. One of us, David Young, loudly proclaimed to the stage and audience alike: "that it was the best God Save the Queen" he'd ever sat through.

The times were a'changing fast and the activities around Icteric were more and more moving towards total subversion. In no way could the group hold together and tensions within became palpable the more that risks were taken. In any case the group even when playing with the art/anti-art dichotomy had provoked outright hostility from the cultural establishment in Newcastle who were so conservatively brain-dead they couldn't even see where their own cultural future lay. Instead of intelligently patronizing or co-opting or even simply realising there was nothing overtly anti the system here (it was too confused for that) they came down upon it forcibly and stupidly - none so much when an article was published in a rag called The Northerner in 1966. It's perhaps worth quoting a few extracts from it......

"It was becoming increasingly obvious to a few people that there was no longer any valid reason to make sculpture or paintings. Looking at the current art magazines revealed a uniform dullness: nothing seemed to shine anywhere. The real was so much more interesting than the simulated and offered so many more possibilities" which was how it kicked off. The brash article was meant to be intentionally provocative, encompassing a kind of put-on blatant philistinism The opening sentence was followed by an attack on all art from Rembrandt, through Degas to Rodin in the spirit of Dada – a movement which was praised - along with the most subversive anti-art aspects of Surrealism and Russian Constructivism using ample quotes which ironically belied the 'philistinism': "Painting is a pharmaceutical product for idiots" (Francis Picabia) "art is nonsense" (Jacques Vache) and "the high images have fallen"(Andre Breton) etc.

"......... what we did as a group (Icteric) was merely to recognise this and to notice that in the last 25 years there has been a shabby attempt at restoration. After the rejection of aesthetics by Constructivism and Surrealism, Cubism (which Picabia called a "cathedral of shit") was reaffirmed with Abstract Expressionism......................................"

"What artists do now is merely capitalise on a stage in development and not carry it off one quarter as well. For instance, Neo-Dada which is supposed to relate to Dada when it's patently obvious that, say, a painter like Roy Lichtenstein relates more to Matisse than say, Duchamp. There is the same saleable gallery product, the same lovely "well applied paint", and the same viewing distance from the "canvas" – even using a canvas! Incredibly conservative. Is Lichtenstein a salon painter – the 1960s Bougereau ? (a French academician in the late 19th century). Is he even as good?"

"Are not Rheinhardt's and Stella's paintings about the death of painting? Painting about Malevich's "deserts of vast eternity"? As Nietzsche said: "The desert grows woe to him that bears the desert unto himself". Malevich rejected the love of the desert and ended by making Suprematist designs for his coffin. Will Stella do likewise? It is distressing to see pictures that were done in an iconoclastic spirit now interpreted as how to make pictures."

"...If all there is in front of us is a future of style, style, style, we must still attempt to recreate this (fundamental fury) that motivated Surrealism, Dada and Constructivism – and that re-creation must not be a style neither. Perhaps we can start by burying Surrealism, Dada and Constructivism, by recognising that they were in turn second class revolutionary movements".

In a way this was all very pointed stuff for the ignorant times of the mid-1960s and, moreover, in a very backward country in comparison to France and though working in the dark without knowledge of the International Lettrists or Situationists, nonetheless we were on the right path towards liberation, preparing the ground, readying us as it were to hear and inwardly digest the more lucid grasp which had been taking place elsewhere, even though the same message was also not at all well known in its place of birth. In saying this though, this short text on Icteric was finally confused and inconsistent and these passages quoted above were the best parts.

Nevertheless, as previously mentioned, this brief piece of propaganda created a furore among Newcastle's cultural establishment. Some even called for legal sanctions particularly as it had come on the heels of a declamation proclaiming support for the floods in the Italian city of Florence in 1966, when the river Arno burst its banks and had devastated (or for us had "transformed") the art treasures of that Renaissance city. No one came to our support and there was a loud silence from those - to be oh so famous - Tyneside Poets emanating from the somewhat avant-gardism of Basil Bunting's writings – around Tom Picard and the Morden Tower Collective who'd proudly brought Allen Ginsberg to the cold Newcastle nights. They also really didn't like that assault on poetry. How dare we when surrounded by philistinism and straights in any case! In return we thought they were bollocks without a critique! Looking back perhaps one could say that such things were a kind of crude, even vulgar, though necessary provocation of traditional artistic values. Nowadays though, when we survive in a situation where the nihilism of post modernism in its bland reinterpretation cum ultra-commodification mania encompassing memories, wilfully trashing these self same Renaissance objets d'art and where "higher values" are seamlessly flattened out in the pure value of money to be made from anything and everything, our support for anti-aesthetic Arno floods simply wouldn't have the same meaningful impact where today everything becomes an equivalent and Damien Hirst is the aesthetic equal of Michelangelo, etc.

We were cutting through crap as well as floundering. We were real and very authentic at the same time as the media – in a general sense – was beginning to take us. Maybe here it's best to quote from a diary jotting of 1972 as it also recounts something of which we were feeling at the time. "The overt recuperation of the Happening though was already well underway as it headed towards the mainstream as portrayed in - HELP - the first film by the Beatles. They also laughed at Neo-Dada art objects - wire sculptures etc. New media techniques of montage and quick splicing were developed as a form of hip youth cum-class-aggression against an ossified English ruling elite – but all set firmly within the on-going capitalist order." At the same time, around 1966, re-reading Harold Rosenberg's, The Tradition of the New - a book mainly about American Abstract Expressionism - suddenly the best of his comments came into focus as we noted an undertow which Rosenberg didn't dare clearly express. This implied that The Tradition of the New was better than the art commodities described – in particular beginning to note that Neo-Dadaist products were, "the relics of subversion" nothing more than "a ritualised vanguardism". This was just what we wanted to hear though by then we had acquired the wit to distance ourselves from his ultimately laudatory appraisal of Abstract Expressionism. A little later, in the same diary – looking at it again after all these years (!) - there follows something else and which still doesn't make complete sense – though getting somewhere: " The gestural, post abstract expressionist activity, wasn't enough without a better comprehension of the breakdown of everyday life. Taken as one-dimensional, post artistic, it also couldn't immediately comprehend the sheer totality of present day nihilism which does demand a greater comprehension of the vacuity at the heart of work, sex, personal relationships and the family, as well as the mirage of all important consumer identifications".

Around this time, Ron Hunt arranged an exhibition in Newcastle called Descent into the Street which despite the contradiction between the title and the situation – street and art gallery - and which we were aware of, clarified things further for us as it was a compilation of past acts in the first 40 or so years of the 20th century where art was pushed historically behind us, preparing the way for a greater general, communal creativity. It contained pointers towards the negation and supercession of art, although we were still fuzzy about where the path of supercession lay. In a sense the exhibition was the explanation of that history, if a little confused at times like bringing in examples of Maoist calisthenics etc. A little later Ron heard about the activities (from some marginal art magazine) of Black Mask in New York who'd made an intervention at some cultural meeting in a plush art gallery shouting "burn the museums baby", "art is dead", "Museum closed" etc. Exhilarated, he told us and none too soon, as we were all in trouble! One of us (Johnny Myers) had just padlocked and chained up the entrance to the university art school preventing any student or teacher from entering and on which was placed a notice in big black letters: "Art School Closed Forever". Moreover, just before that, he'd sprinkled gunpowder in a long trail down the interior steps and through the corridors of the sculpture school and was going to light it before getting stopped by horrified students who grassed him up. Soon letters were sent out to New York and we got replies immediately: "brothers/sisters come and join us"! So two of us (Dave Wise and Anne Ryder) went from Newcastle To New York and in the summer of 1967 engaged in some of the activities of Black Mask2 (one which resulted in being held up by the police at an H. Rap Brown meeting) and / or simply enjoying their company and writing one or two things, particularly a completely OTT bloodthirsty manifesto on which was placed the names of some of those who'd gathered around the now defunct Icteric. Having by then heard of the Situationists in New York, Ben Morea gave us the personal addresses and telephone numbers of those individuals who resided in London whom we duly contacted on our return to England.

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The following paragraphs and much later In the Hidden History of King Mob also relate to Newcastle.

There was much overlap between on-going activity in London and what was happening in Newcastle. At this point, it's probably worth going into a few details about subsequent events in Newcastle simply because nobody has done so and some of what took place was quite remarkable. The Icteric period had waned and a more direct response was called for. After "closing the Art School forever", Johnny Myers had erupted in a meeting of leftists against the Vietnam war shouting out, "We've got to make a Ho Chi Minh Trail out of Northumberland St" (the main drag in Newcastle). It wasn't that the guy was a leftist; he merely wanted to experience a crazy and exhilarating mayhem of unexpected eruption down the city's main thoroughfare. True, in his shouting it would have been better if Johnny had been more ironic about references to Ho Chi Minh, perhaps bringing in something of Bunuel's L'Age D'Or, as that was his intended effect. It never materialised as a mass event but a little later, on a hot sunny midday, Johnny took all his clothes off and walked down Northumberland St. He was arrested, banged up in Durham jail and later sectioned.

In response to this new mood, by 1967 many of us were quite willing to throw away many treasured possessions like art books, even ones you regularly looked at like Goya's etchings, jazz records – even a revered collection of Charlie Parker among which was Bird Symbols, basic craftsman's tools etc. It was a case of giving them to anybody who might want them. It was an attitude of "let everything slip from your grasp" and a slogan from the Peasants' millennium which possibly might smell of private property. It was however, taking place before a general historical time had been seized when it would be possible for everybody to let go of commodities precisely because commodity relations, the wages system and money would be in the process of self-liquidation. However, coming out with such common sense objections at the time wouldn't have met with much of a response as truly a force was rising within us and within so many other dispersed and disparate individuals that it was impossible to resist. We knew we were calling the shots and things must crumble before us...

First though it's worth making a few points here about that process which ultimately leads towards the abolition of money. In the late 19th century and some of the early years of the 20th century, it was reasonably common among a minority of workers, perhaps as a naive afterthought, to nod in the direction of the abolition of wage labour. Eventually, it was inscribed on some of the logos of the various union outfits (e.g. the National Union of Railwaymen and in the statutes of say, the Irish Transport and General Workers Union, etc.). That didn't mean the object was pursued – quite to the contrary - but it had to be mentioned occasionally as a kind of litany. If anything most of the impetus went into a form of nationalisation, whereby many things would then become free particularly bus and train travel and the health services. Many millions of workers in Britain around the time of the second inter-Imperialist world war subscribed to these illusions about nationalisation, so in that sense the notion of a world free from monetary exchange remained a powerful living force, if a very misguided one on how it could be achieved. After twenty years of nationalisation by the mid-1960s, most people knew this hadn't worked out they way the scriptures had suggested cynically shrugging off the hopes they might have had in following such a path, though such a lacunae though, almost like nature, abhorred a vacuum. As the shades of darkness fell, the owl of Minerva took another course as it again flew towards a moneyless future. The momentum transposed itself as it became more personal though nonetheless still collective at the same time often presenting itself as just who was into money and who wasn't. Of course the latter individuals were really rated! If you'd come from the well-off, it was a matter of spending money generously on others and not saving it, or else using it to fund projects. Essentially just get rid of! On a more general level there was the street hippy lingo directed against "bread heads" within their own ranks, which was powerful and scathing. Though the abolition of money and wage labour wasn't proclaimed as such as a revolutionary banner, it was palpably there in the atmosphere. Some individuals even refused to touch money for a number of years. Disdaining to sign on the dole, remarkably, they often succeeded. Many people had respect for them and though always in a tiny minority they nonetheless were admired for their ideological persistence, even though the emphasis here has to be placed on ideological and in that sense not too dissimilar to the old slogans. All of this had virtually disappeared by the mid-1970s merely lingering on here and there. A true monetary hell then set in when the only need and even eternal verity in society became money itself. True we all know about this but we didn't sufficiently grasp just how out of kilter this 'new' mood was with the changing but incessant undertow of the previous 130 years or so. Truly, a concerted reaction was trying harder than ever to abolish the becoming of history. Today, we have the abolition of money alright but in the sense of vast teeming millions on the outskirts of Mexico Cities everywhere plunged into the capitalist nightmare of commodity relations without a peso ever passing through their hands. Certainly, we do need more perceptive, in depth, theorizing about the abolition of money – of just how do we get from the here and now of money to the there of the post money economy where value in all its implications has been abolished?

Other things weren't so dramatic but there was a drift here too. The Alfred Street theatre project was set up by Ron Hunt and some friends (shades of Alfred Jarry?) together with the paraphernalia of exaggerated costumes that had characterised this form from Futurism through Dada to the days of agit prop after the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Alfred Street theatre figured fairly prominently in a quite ferocious on-going rent strike in Elswick, a run down suburb flanking river bank heavy industry in the west end of Newcastle which later, in 1992 became the focus of bitter rioting between youths and police. The Alfred Street theatre like all other street theatre didn't leave the terrain of art behind nor did it encapsulate a much more lucid trajectory – the shock tactic – inherited from the best traditions of modern art. Even though taking place in the streets with non professional actors, it relied upon the passive spectator / performer dichotomy - a dichotomy that had to be vanquished. Later in the 1970s, a film company, Z Films, based in Newcastle and following on from this somewhat Meyerhold axis produced some docu-fiction social realist films with a mixture of actors and non-actors on aspects of Tyneside life (Launch etc) which were completely without any consequence. Ron Hunt though in the late 1960s was strung out between street theatre and active intervention. He somehow acquired a copy of a super 8 home movie of the Motherfuckers garbage for garbage protest when, during a New York street cleaners' strike, they collected together rubbish from the streets of the Lower East Side and dumped it on the high culture Rockefeller Plaza. Ron really liked this intervention. It was certainly one of the best actions of the Motherfuckers and considerably more to the point than their super-militant histrionics which always invited jail and a far too arbitrary media attention which they hoped would produce a copy-cat effect or would add recruits to their small but fancied, Durutti-like, guerrilla image.

Some of the same people though who were engaged with Alfred Street theatre also simultaneously took part in some excellent interventions. A Surrealist weekend conference with various speakers held in Durham during the heady year of 1968 was wrecked. One of us pissed all over the stage at the same time wildly proclaiming to a 220 plus audience the failures of Surrealism. Obviously the harangue relied heavily on Situationist critique. In response, Patrick Hughes, the Surrealist painter, exploded in outrage, later claiming we'd destroyed the Surrealist movement in Britain. If only! A few years later and Patrick Hughes continued on his way, only this time via a TV series that was painful for its dull conformity and no different from the typical English Surrealist product found regularly in the cultural market place from the 1930s onwards. Ron Hunt objected to this disruption saying you had to give people the chance of finding out about Surrealism, particularly as now, in the shape of the magazine, Transformation a greater emphasis was being placed on its revolutionary kernel. OK but the mag only went as far as praising Cohn-Bendit ("Cohn-Bendit we need you here"), neglecting any deeper critique and was retarded in comparison to Maurice Brinton's fairly commendable effort for Solidarity in reviving the ultra-leftist critique. In any case, as it transpired even this emphasis on the revolutionary kernel of Surrealism in England would be rapidly abandoned.

Surrealism in these islands had always been a very tepid affair, eschewing the real nitty-gritty of the movement – the disruptions, (the Saint Pol Roux banquet et al) the manifestoes, the wild experiment - despite the fact that Surrealism even in France always tended to re-instate art after engaging in provocative acts. Under the conservative guidance of Roland Penrose, Surrealism in England remained a precious arty movement producing nothing significant. It never remotely broke the hold of a dominating artistic culture powered essentially by an Eng Lit ideology firmly cast within a long gone and once glorious past which could never be repeated. It never questioned the boundaries of art and its politics never made any imaginative leap, basically inclining towards leftist social democratic and Communist party sympathies. They stood on the same platform as Clement Atlee, the future post second world war, Labour Party PM extolling Picasso's Guernica and Ceri Richard's Surrealist poster campaign supporting the Spanish revolution that never went beyond a No Pasaran popular front stance. Surrealism in England was, unfortunately, merely a means of displaying a wearisome juxtaposition of images – coming from some kind of delving into the subconscious – in order to change a little the subject matter of traditional and outmoded categories like painting, sculpture, novels and poetry. It tended to reinforce a tradition of benign whimsy which was all too common, basically unable to shock anything apart from some right wing daily newspapers which even then, were avidly looking for copy. In a way, Surrealism made no impact on Britain precisely because it was already its greatest success story. We mean by this, that cornball and popular concept which sees Surrealism as really nothing more than placing disparate objects side by side to create some kind of frisson, a technique which was about to be taken up with increasing alacrity by advertising. Nowadays, these same techniques are accelerating ever faster with computer generated digitalised images. Although English Surrealists met and often struck up on-going friendships with some of the best French Surrealists, you are constantly amazed at how little – if any – of the real meat of Surrealist drift rubbed off on them. Some, like Nancy Cunard, even had close personal and sexual relationships. What on earth did they talk about – merely dreams and art? Surely though it proves the profound grip reaction in England had over even its more tempestuous personalities? Even that slightly more interesting part of English Surrealism – say the collaboration between the psychoanalyst Grace Pailthorpe and the painter, Rueben Mednikoff – lent itself towards the reformist impulse at the Portman Clinic and that notion of civilising the criminal or the insane through changed therapy. It certainly turned out to be instrumental in the now ubiquitous art therapy treatment cum tranquilizers which now fills you with so many predictable groans. Vaneigem's comment in his book on Surrealism is pertinent, "The contempt which the Surrealists heaped on torturers in white coats did not inoculate them against a temptation to co-opt attitudes usually treated clinically for purely artistic purposes". In fact, John Lyle launched the 1960s English Surrealist magazine Transformation with an exhibition of the "art" of the mad in an Exeter art gallery. For those later who were to fall foul of the psychiatric police and who'd developed a critique of art to be forced to paint and draw in the loony bin was quite an insult!

Like English Surrealism, English whimsy – of which it was a part – could also never embrace revolutionary violence against culture, ossified rituals, or some aspects of politics like Surrealism had done in France. In England it tended to fit in too neatly with its well-known eccentric image – e.g. the "wild nature crank" picked out for vicious ridicule in Blast – the Vorticist paper around 1913. Although English absurdity and whimsy had brought forth very penetrating and remarkable things, particularly in the late 19th century in the humour and profound fantasy of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll, it rapidly lost its real cutting edge. Even so, both were liked by Queen Victoria who wasn't quite as reactionary as one may think having also once asked a lady in waiting if she could point out Karl Marx to her in some crowded theatre! However it could be said the French surrealists liked Lewis Carrol precisely because it went against the stifling dominant though limited 'rationalism' of post-1789 French ideology, but in England it conformed well with the dominant anti-rationalism of the ruling ideology. Since then, the same vein has kept resurfacing in more and more popular forms from the Goons radio shows to the Monty Python prime time TV shows. Indeed, the leftover English Surrealists in the 1950s commented – perhaps with a certain jealousy upon the mass appeal of the Goons – obviously impressed and wanting similar fame themselves. On a broader level, English Surrealism was more an expression of a current which produced those Heath Robinson whimsical sketches of fantastic machines than any pushing through of artistic negation like happened with the origins of Surrealism in France. At a later date, towards the end of the 1960s, Monty Python was able to divert and spectacularise the serious and subversive intent behind a revitalised and more all-rounded concept of play as a weapon against capitalism and the state into an up-dated comic relief fit for purpose and peak TV viewing times. It was clever recuperation. For all its pitching at English foibles – the piss takes on the upper class accent, the army (often the breeding ground for mad cap pranks anyway and where The Goons were spawned) etc, English absurdity always ends up supporting the status quo and the revolutionary transformation of everyday life is the last thing within its ken. In a sense though some of the British trad jazz scene had prepared the opening via the blues singer George Melly plus the mass market, surrealist packaging of Dick Lester's films. No wonder Melly, Spike Milligan and John Lennon have been called; "the unofficial trinity of British surrealism".

More than this though -and the real point - which should have been emphasised in the Durham intervention against Surrealism was that the annals of English Surrealism in the 1930s reads like a litany of almost everybody who was to become part of the mainstay of the cultural establishment by the late 1960s – from Henry Moore, to (Sir) Herbert Read, to William Coldstream etc. Those, who like Read, became academic cultural critics added nothing of value even though in the 1930s Read's motto had been: "To hell with culture". It's the usual familiar tale of modern times. Latter-day Surrealist influenced individuals in France who became academics like Georges Bataille and Henri Lefebvre really did contribute something in that ever widening momentum of a theory of negative becoming more total in scope. Where would the notion of potlatch be without Bataille; a notion emphasising riotous, festive destruction and where would the anti-specialism of everyday life – the terrain of total revolution - be without Lefebvre? Instead, we had Herbert Read's The Meaning of Art. A joke indeed if the implications weren't to be so dismal. It meant in this climate always coming up against a solid brick wall of incomprehension. Nothing much has changed since in that respect.........If only some of this had been communicated in a more enduring form at Durham. Interestingly, a guy called Anthony Earnshaw tried to be conciliatory during the bust-up. Indeed we still feel some affection towards him because he was a misfit not working at the time in some cultural capacity, but variously employed as crane driver, engineering fitter and lathe turner. He'd evolved his own kind of Surrealist walks in West Yorkshire boarding trains, descending at will and roaming thus for hours. Alas, only to abandon his negativity as slowly but surely he became an Art School lecturer allowing him finally to devote himself full time to art.

Other interventions took place. At the time there was this spate of right wing lecturers who seemed to enjoy giving talks at various university venues throughout the country knowing they were going to get disrupted by left wing Dave Sparts (a Private Eye, lock–jawed, spoof Trotskyist invention) who were going to call them racist, anti-working class etc, which of course they were but that was hardly the real point. In Newcastle, the Sparts were shoved out of the heckling limelight against Patrick Wall by a vociferous cabal hollering "beans, beans, beans" at the top of their voices, (see previous comments earlier on this intervention). In short, it was a playful detourning of an advertising jingle; if you like, it was nonsense for nonsense and a rather more appropriate way of dealing with right wing ideologues. At least it was enjoyable and a rather more infectious way of sparking off the beginnings of some real communication.

Perhaps the most significant intervention though was that against The Mothers of Invention at the City Hall, Newcastle when a bunch of protagonists got up from the audience and shouted "Up against the wall Mothers" to which Frank Zappa replied, "Surely you mean Up Against the Wall Motherfucker". The response was quickly shouted back, "No, no, no, we mean up against the wall, Mothers". Both big audience and performing band were perplexed and neither knew what was going on, and what exactly was being said in this intervention? There was also the in-joke side too, despite the seriousness of intent. Just who in Newcastle City Hall in this relatively out of the way place, in this, if you like, brusquely un-hip town in the boondocks would have heard of the Motherfuckers apart from Frank Zappa, his band and the protagonists? Most likely nobody. Those who stood up and shouted from the audience knew Zappa was one of the hippest dudes of the pop spectacle and "Up against the wall, Mothers" would probably fall on the audiences deaf, unknowing ears. They were right. Zappa did, after all, have some notion of a crazy negation if probably not much more. Remember, through his commercial power and influence, Zappa was able to fix it so that Wild Man Fisher, the very amusing paranoid schizophrenic anti-music musician who couldn't play a note on that guitar permanently glued to his hand, was given a recording session. Some of this complexity could have been suggested in a leaflet. Often there's nothing like some simple, packed with fact explanation to help the bigger picture on its way, and the leaflet could have been scattered throughout the audience in the old time-honoured way. Explanations like this are needed also because people otherwise are left in the dark, most likely considering the protagonists to be nothing more than malcontents with some personal grief against a particular celebrity or pop group. This just wasn't the case, but a little later it was just such damaged responses which were to become more common, spilling over into some kind of psychotic identification like Mark Chapman's killing of John Lennon in New York City in 1980. In fact as early as 1972, a "yob" - according to the media - called Billy Howells really hurt Zappa when he was performing at the Finsbury Park Empire in London. The alternative / libertarian leftist press still very active at that time, never commented upon the event, even though Howells got six months in jail. The attack wasn't probably too enlightened but some kind of explanation might have been revealing. You never know it might have contrasted nicely with a coherent leaflet from the Newcastle intervention and given it an extra dimension in terms of lucid contrast. Though most people don't understand such leaflets, one or two do and seeding starts from there and maybe in this dry desert one day, after rain, flowers will bloom. Moreover, such subversive challenges have to be clearly delineated – simply so they don't get confused with the prevalent, often eroto-maniacal, obsessive assaults on stars - in that combination of adoration-cum-hate. For sure, the latter maybe demonstrates some damaged kind of praxis, but it lacks the necessary ingredient of real enlightenment.

Obviously what was basically being contested here, like in other nonsense interventions, was the passive audience / performer relationship particularly as the pop concerts in the 1960s were moving on from club venue and City Halls to the giant pop festival and were in this respect, spectacles of gigantic reification we often compared with Chinese Maoist calisthenics. Some of us at the time even felt them to be some what akin to fundamentalist religious revivalist meetings in their role as pacification of rebel activity. Whilst undoubtedly true, it also did mean that we'd unwittingly blocked our ears to the last moments of great popular music from the Doobie Brothers to the sheer magnificence of Jimi Hendrix, who as a musician trying to escape the boundaries of music was quite the equal of Charlie Parker, Bud Powell or Django Rheinhardt.

A little later though and we had no real simpatico with the trouble which began to erupt at the huge rock festivals. Sure we thought it was OK, but recognised that it failed to address the real problem of spectacular separation. Though welcoming the tearing down of security fences at the Isle of Wight rock festival, we had serious reservations knowing that even if they made the concert a completely free event, the formal focus, the essential reification, had to be the real core of contestation which the Zappa intervention had hit fair and square. The pop musicians were meant to disintegrate, to commit suicide, to end the music. In essence we preferred that photo from an American Life mag from the riots in Detroit in 1967 where a black guy with his back to the camera is seen walking out of a looted store carrying a double bass. Scribbled underneath, Debord had commented, "Negro carrying a musical instrument after assassinating Mozart".

To be sure, the transcendence of art was particularly central to the developing revolutionary critique in Newcastle and had always been given a sharp focus. However a couple of years later and a lot of hard headed and by then excellent historical knowledge about its unfolding trajectory, particularly throughout the 20th century, had been added as further 'censored' pieces of the jig saw were revealed. The university art school became a beacon of anti-art ferment in response to this call to arms coming from the outside. Finally, sometime during early 1969 persons unknown firebombed part of the art school at night and most of the Art History dept was gutted. It took some time for firefighters to put out the blaze. Although Newcastle university art school never experienced the sit-ins like Guildford or Hornsey College of Art in London, it did more than partake in the most radical critiques-in-action; in fact it was way in front of everybody. In short and to put it bluntly, why occupy a place making mealy-mouthed reformist demands about different course content or inter-disciplinary studies – which always produces some variant of the same old crap – when you can burn the place down? Though nobody was ever arrested for this exemplary act, we were basically accused of being the instigators. To this of course we still proudly plead guilty! Perhaps more importantly a greater decision had been forcibly imposed on us because of this action, meaning there was now little hope of crawling back into safety shot employment on the fringes of the art scene (i.e. art academia) or even to become if you like, "independent scholars." But it went further than that; the Special Branch had names and blacklists threatened and this didn't just concern employment of a professional nature. One of us was even denied employment cleaning out blast furnaces at a steel mill in Rowley Regis in the west Midlands 'Black Country', the manager seconded for hiring new hands saying he'd received a report listing trouble making at the London School of Economics! It was no more than what many experienced at the time as both the blacklists and the official denial of their existence mushroomed. As the years went by, you could have groveled to the powers that be and asked for forgiveness - as many did – but think of the self-inflicted humiliation! In any case, you'd never be really forgiven so why give them the pleasure of capitulation in the first place? We have only to recount the case on a more spectacular level of the Hornsey College of Art agitator, Kim Howells, himself influenced by King Mob, who cravenly some years later crawled up the Labour party hierarchy, became a Welsh MP and an ardent adherent of Blairism and free market ideologies yet got nowhere as his past continued to haunt him through periodic tabloid exposure. In his present position as Minister of Culture, Howells plays on his provocative past though by now his critique has lost all semblance of coherence and comes across like some cantankerous fuddy-duddy.

If we'd had any hesitancy as to where we were headed, there's nothing like the political police to finally focus negative theory clearly for you. As the radical German playwright, George Buchner said in the 1840s; "The Darmstadt police were my muses"! Any immediate hope of making any kind of living in the cultural /educational field had been sealed off in any immediate sense - a survival venue you had messed around with, now and again, on a desultory few hours a week basis. Rarely though are things ever fixed immutably like that. Finally though it was nothing to bleat about as you really didn't want their fuck-crazy, mind-abusing jobs compromising clear thought in any case. For sure you could have been obsequious but unless you were prepared to eat shit, denying everything you'd experienced with the truth of capitulation ringing in your ears for ever more, then yes, baby, you were on the outside. If you'd done what was demanded, asked for forgiveness, ameliorated your words, scrambled your brain, then the world of lies and secure monetary compensation lay at your feet. There's always a choice to be made. Perhaps there was too much pride, perhaps past insults had been too much but there was finally some irreducible voice inside which said: NO.

What happened in Newcastle though sent shock waves throughout the city but like everywhere else where a revolutionary theory was posited, recuperation was its closest admirer. Two architectural students showed quite an interest only to use a few ill-digested ideas to update the crises in architecture as they cynically shaped a new architectural style leading up to the ghastly formal plagiarisms of post modernism. To be sure we'd applauded plagiarism , (Lautreamont's "Ideas improve, Plagiarism is necessary") but not in the sense of aesthetic additions and updating the role of architect! Their names were Nick Grimshaw and Terry Farrell and there's no need here to say more about these couple of twerps though Farrell subsequently was to receive a knighthood! Sufficient to point out that Farrell two decades later designed the monstrous new M15 secret service building in Vauxhall, London and Grimshaw designed the Eurostar terminal at Waterloo station. The mini plethora of cartoon hand-outs in Newcastle with new bubble-speak lines and captions also became a marketing idea for a new cartoon comic in the shape of VIS with its now well-known notorious characters and launching very lucrative careers for its illustrators and producers.

Again what is most interesting is something that's really unknown. Some aspects of the Situationist critique, particularly the provocative interventions captured the imaginative of young workers, particularly apprentices in the Tyneside shipyards. In the early 1970s, wildcat strikes mushroomed on the Tyne and the situation became barely controllable both for the bosses and union officials alike. Caught up with the notion of a "Strasbourg of the factories" then current at the time some rather more clued-in individuals decided to concentrate on the waterfront, but whether this had any effect or not isn't clear as general knowledge of their activities remain obscure. (What the "Strasbourg of the factories" refers to is the famous anti-student scandal at Strasbourg in 1966 which had such a massive impact in May '68 in France. In essence it was hoped there could be an even more profound follow-up with some kind of radical intervention in a big factory which would act as a beacon for others to follow) Somehow or another leaflets written, it seems, by Tyneside apprentices, appeared in wildcat strikes suggesting that foremen should be clobbered, local union officials ignored, and extolled wrecking machinery, suggesting furthermore that your lathe bench could be turned into a comfortable bed complete with extra tips on how to permanently dodge work while still getting paid etc. Indeed according to Dave Dunbar of the 1970s Infantile Disorders based in Leeds - though hailing from Newcastle - on one of the ships being built there, there was a secret section with beds where workers slept out of sight of the foremen. Such provocations finally resulted in Jimmy Murray, area boss of the Boilermakers or Transport union, exploding on local TyneTees television condemning "irresponsible Slituationlist (sic) leaflets" and waving a selection of them at the cameras whilst reading out choice phrases. Shock horror! In a way though, the Tyneside engineers had a long tradition of such libertarian subversion. Jack Common had come from their ranks and his account of The Right to Get Drunk Strike in about 1912 was in a similar vein. Common was a member of the Independent Labour Party - one of the best of the old organisations – and, which had quite a presence in County Durham around that time and among its members were many free-thinking libertarian workers who we remember with great affection from our childhood there. Initially Common had come from an engineering family background on the Tyne and was employed as a clerk. He was made redundant and experienced the harsh realities of the means tested dole in 1930s Newcastle. He then went south and ever after took more menial employment like unskilled assembly line work or caretaker jobs partially because he even felt some shame about white collar work he'd previously relied on for survival. Surprisingly, he even refused to become an engineering worker like his father.

In a way though revolt was returning to its roots. Had not Jack Common suggested in those excellent scraps of broad theoretical comment before he succumbed to the role of novelist that the best thing to do in a cinema was to go behind the curtains and look at the audience? Whilst not quite possessing the cutting edge of Vache's revolver pointed at the actors, it's not bad all the same. You cannot help but speculate that there was a subterranean continuity between notions like The Grand National Holiday (as the early form of the General Strike was once called on Tyneside), Jack Common and the events of the very early 1970s in the shipyards. It wasn't only the engineering apprentices but young miners from the west Durham coalfield who began to turn up at the broad, informal Solidarity/Situationist axis in Newcastle, no doubt attracted by the local publicity some of the interventions inevitably acquired and you wonder just what was this relationship between this and the thoughtful early writings of Dave Douglass, who was later, unfortunately, to become such a wooden anarcho-syndicalist and TV hogging demagogue? The concrete backdrop to this were the first shop floor led wildcat strikes beginning to break out in the nearby coalfield. Whatever. It was a fruitful pot-pourri of good old time and modern influences that was also marked by a heavy class bitterness. Miners would turn up in Newcastle on a Saturday night hoping to bed some radical middle-class young women and not averse to employing a bit of simplistic class demagoguery in order to achieve their ends. During 1969 we took a visit to the local Ashington Miners' Gala. It was a boiling hot day and Don Smith started shouting "revolution" over and over again. Responding to this and also shouting "revolution", Chris Gay jumped into the River Wansbeck where a number of young miners were already gambling in the water. Not at all put off by this - indeed kind of joining in – the lads playfully replied in their local pitmatic Geordie dialect which none of us 'outsiders' really understood, yet there was subliminal communication alright.

The bug of the social apartheid still dogs Jack Common in relation to George Orwell just like it does that other forgotten, brilliant engineer, Alfred Russell Wallace, the cofounder with Charles Darwin of natural selection. Although we critically commented upon Orwell in the late 1960s, the fact is, even those of us who'd hailed from Newcastle hadn't even heard of Jack Common. Colin Hutchinson, a guy around the Newcastle agitation, was the first to put together a selection of Common's critical writings in a well-produced booklet called Revolt in an Age of Plenty. Sure we'd made some acid comments about Orwell especially his dumb take on Surrealism though liking many of his essays and thoroughly respecting the excellent Homage to Catalunya, though noting his insistence on being termed a writer and his lack of comprehension regarding the decline of artistic form. As Don N Smith acutely said at the time it was just as well Orwell died when he did as his inadequacies would have meant he'd probably have ended up becoming a pathetic TV hack like Malcolm Muggeridge. If we'd known about Common in 1967-8 it would have been quite a revelation as his attempt to grasp the essence of rising modernity was far in advance of Orwell's and you can sense in some of his often convoluted expression that he's trying to get into shape a theory which was nigh on Situationist. Be that as it may, in passing we note their dissimilar deaths. Orwell died in a University College Hospital bed surrounded by so-called literary lions like Stephen Spender, Muggeridge, Anthony Powell and BBC journalists, Common died as a labourer on a building site in Newport Pagnell, Bucks.

Jack Common was a different kettle of fish as he defied categorisation and couldn't be fitted into some neat specialist place on the bookshelves. He wasn't a Surrealist nor was he a Social Realist, though both left some kind of mark upon him. If he had been a Social Realist, he would have been much more acceptable to the polyglot mix of the Establishment here particularly as social realism is acceptable to British leftist conservatism. Social realism was there well before the "Angry Young Men" writers, which the early Situationists derided in the mid to late 1950s precisely because they were writers and historically ignorant of the revolt against literary form (and which Jack Common had been more than vaguely aware of). Although social realism in the thirties had produced some haunting moments in the films say of Humphrey Jennings etc, as an increasingly denuded style, it was to remain a constant thereafter and to be much embraced by the new medium of television. In no way though did it disturb all those many time-honoured faceted and funded cultural roles beloved of the hierarchy here. Moreover, it was to serve as educator to all those aspiring cadres with high hopes of position in the new frontier posts of the state, whether as councillors, stress managers, social workers or even newly-fashioned crafty Leninists with their aspirations of leading the working classes. Social realism buttressed the emerging palliative concept of a basically PC community politics which nonetheless originally had its origins in the Empire pacification programmes of the old British Colonial Office. In Newcastle, it found an expression in "Z Films", a hip local outfit and previously mentioned, led by a cineaste creep called Murray Martin whose later claim to fame was a film based on the Meadow Well estate, which exploded in riot in the early 1990s. He tried to capitalise on the riot in order to further his career nationally though nothing really came of it. Moreover, the underlying slant of all these films - itself also indicative of social realism - is within a leftist social democratic framework with the state as enlightened facilitator. The state, the state, always the state!

In a sense Jack Common was the epitome and most clearly articulated expression of an open-minded probing which was not un-common on Tyneside and parts of Co Durham. This subversive tendency lurked behind a quite pervasive official cultural yearning it was plainly at odds with. Although it could be said Newcastle upon Tyne was an out of the way place the city nonetheless strived to achieve a major cultural image. City boss, T. Dan Smith in the 1960s banally wanted the city to be, "A Florence of the north". To even think you could build a "Florence" just like that and set aside from its essential historical time and place was a priceless piece of philistine and bureaucratic absurdity, though with the demise of that nonsense Newcastle was to achieve a massive post-modernist impact by ironically ditching its grandiose Renaissance project by recuperating that late 1960s life-enhancing experiment and more than embryonic subversion and turning it into its opposite. The city drew its sting forcing most of the instigators into exile, proceeding to pave the way for a bankrupt modernity by massively promoting 'end of culture' culture in the forms of gigantic displays from the sculptor Antony Gormley's moronic "Angel of the North" to the new waterfront Baltic Exchange Flour Mill, the veritable temple of Saatchi & Saatchi vacuity.

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Below: Photomontages by Stuart Wise (Newcastle, late 1960s) on the Surrealist suggestions for the transformation of Paris, "On the Irrational Embellishments of a City" in the 1933 issue Le surrealisme au service de la revolution.

These were interesting proposals for their time although today they have lost their cutting edge as we are seeing more banal approximations of these schemes in the process of construction seemingly everywhere whilst actual social and environmental conditions are in free-fall.

"Should one preserve, move, modify the following" (No 1) The statue of Jeanne D'Arc no longer riding horse but pig. (No 2) The Obelisk to be removed to the entrance of an Abbotoir where it will be held by a woman's immense gloved hand.

(No 3) The Arc de Triomphe to be turned into a toilet for both sexes. (No 4) Notre Dame. The towers to be replaced by an enormous glass cruet, one of the bottles filled with blood and the other with sperm. The building will become a sexual school for virgins.

(No 6) The Saint-Jacques Tower. / (No 7) / (No 8) Replace it by a factory chimney being climbed by a nude woman.

Written: 2003-4

For other articles on King Mob see the following:

A Hidden History of King Mob (Posters/Cartoons)

A Critical Hidden History of King Mob

On Georges Bataille:

On Bryan Ferry: "Ferry Across The Tyne"

On Ralph Rumney: Hidden Connections, Ruminations and Rambling Parentheses

Alex Trocchi's Hour Upon the Stage

BM BIS, BM BLOB, Riot and Post-Modernist Recuperation

Comparisons: From Mass Observation to King Mob

A Drift on Germaine Greer, Feminism and Modern-Day Shameless Ranterism

For Vicki: On What Happened at Selfridges in 1968

Nietzsche, Revolutionary Subversion and the Contemporary Attack on Music

New Introduction for a Spanish Book on Black Mask & the Motherfuckers

New Introduction to Spanish King Mob

Lost Ones Around King Mob

Land Art, Icteric and William Wordsworth

King Mob: Icteric & the Newcastle Experience from the early to late 1960s

New Afterword to The End of Music for La Felguera in Spain

THE ORIGINAL: The End of Music (1978)

• 1Libcom note: Ron Hunt's recollections of Icteric can be found here and here.
• 2Libcom note: more on this visit in Introduction for a book in Spanish on Black Mask & The Motherfuckers

Above: Moonrise by the Sea by Casper David Friedrich / GWF Hegel; re his profound theoretical critique of art

What we have here a series of notes written in an intentionally put-on academic style - though it is hoped with rather more edge - relating to English romanticism highlighted through a comparison with the different, more theoretical approach of German romanticism. It emphasises the sheer experimental revolt of poetic form inherent in the English experiment; an experiment that clearly pointed towards the transcendence of poetry. Although in Germany, Hegel provided a profound theoretical framework clearly pointing out abstractly that 'the arts were dying', in England that revolt was experienced in a more visceral, subjective way though no less profound. As a line of enquiry pointing to the final destruction and realisation of the historic endeavour alienated within art right up to the present day, these beginnings still remain an unwritten history cut short by the death of William Hazlitt in 1830 and lingering on somewhat in De Quincey only to be entirely extinguished in the Victorian era. This colossal reaction, though on the surface extensively modernised, is still powerfully present overwhelmed by the diktats of the Eng Lit pantheon with its vested interests in the immutability of form furiously dismissing any more accurate interpretation which would certainly point to something very different leading towards an entirely different world free of the ravages of capitalism. It is surprising that no aspiring young academic eager to challenge the petrified fossil of Eng Lit and maybe claiming a bit of notoriety in the process, hasn't risen to the occasion, even if the constraints of academia would require punches to be pulled. Nonetheless, like Writing Degree Zero fifty years ago in France, a kind of cat could be let out of the bag even if somewhat limping, as all this should have been said years ago in the immediate aftermath of the revolt of the late 1960s in these islands. It is still not too late to begin.

Recently (Jan/Feb 2006) there was a much praised TV series on romanticism put together by Peter Ackroyd, an academic who has written a few novels and at least one biography on a a major romantic figure in the shape of William Blake. Like his compatriot Richard Holmes who has studied the romantics more exclusively and who obviously has quite an influence on Ackroyd in emphasising the republican and social/political persuasion of the protagonists - hardly surprising seeing the TV survey often substituted the French revolution of 1789 with footage from May 1968 in France which both had experienced in their youth - Ackroyd fell well short of an all-rounded radical take on his subject. Instead of giving equal emphasis to the revolt of form at the heart of English romanticism he fell back finally on the usual Eng Lit homilies (yawn) about all the great poetry and art produced after initially pinpointing tantalising asides (e.g. how Coleridge and Wordsworth preferred their writings to remain anonymous at the first publication of the Lyrical Ballads in 1798) the significance of which he then could make no apposite comment on. Didn't such a gesture question the role of the artist deliberately disavowing any personality cult or special privilege and more than pointing to Lautreamont's later maxim: 'poetry must be made by all and not by one''

Nonetheless Ackroyd must be aware of such a drift as you couldn't fail but notice more than an echo of the English situationist group King Mob in the late 1960s. Some period piece re-enactment of Coleridge in a Quantocks' fishing village sees digitally imposed lines of romantic verse on the sea walls in the form of large, agitational slogans courtesy of some computer software programme. Hadn't King Mob originally done just this - though in raw spray paint - on the streets of Notting Hill in 1967/8? What King Mob had significantly failed to do or follow up with was a revolutionary critique of English romanticism emphasising the tendency towards formal dissolution at its very heart; a failure Ackroyd has merely compounded. It's hardly surprising that Ackroyd's conclusive comments at the end of his four part TV series were lame, even abysmal especially in seamlessly blending Byron's personality cult with the very lucrative media banalities of the modern day pop icon. In lightly skipping over the demonic impulse and outrage, which Byron let rip in his everyday life, the essential connection between such self-expression and the dissolution of artistic form is lost. It was a montaging or plagiarising which a few decades later was to find more coherent expression in Lautreamont's 'Songs of Maldoror'. Moreover, the plagiarism did not stop there as another Englishman had in the meantime made a further contribution in the shape of Charles Darwin. If you like Lautreamont blended the demonically hideous with the mutant transhuman having taken from Darwin not the origin of the species but where the species was horrifyingly going (see Fabre, Darwin, Dalton & 'DNA' Watson meet Lautreamont elsewhere on this website). It is an essential connection which all previous excellent comments and appraisals of Lautreamont from Andre Breton to Guy Debord have missed.

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In dredging up memories of the influence the French avant-garde of the 19th and early 20th century had on me (Lautremont, Rimbaud, Huysmans, Duchamp, Picabia, Vache, the Dadaists and the Surrealists like Andre Breton, Peret, Bataille etc) - and then my enthusiasm for the Russian avant-garde - I also was forced even farther back....

Somehow at the back of my mind there lingered the influence of the romantic tradition in this country. Over the years its revolutionary implications had become lost and it was this I have been struggling to bring to light. I needed to have some external frame of reference from which to judge it. And the only country that was remotely comparable was Germany. France was undergoing revolutionary upheaval and no literature of any consequence survives from that era. It had been left behind temporarily and only the image making of David survives and his designs for public spectacles enthroning the rule of reason and as a homage to Robespierre. Germany was not comparable to England economically because Germany was then merely an idea, the reality a pre-capitalist entity of squalid dukedoms and principalities, ruled by petty tyrants. England was on the verge of the greatest change since the Neolithic revolution of settled agriculture and city states, possessing freedoms (though not revolutionary freedom) that were the envy of the rest of the world. As a consequence the subversive potential of the arts was much reduced in scope and the gap between art and revolution much narrowed, with art struggling to find an ever diminishing role in the service of a more fundamental revolution that affected all pre-existing forms of art. Their place was increasingly occupied by passion, spontaneity, the revolutionary moment, confession and critique (see 'Confessions of an Opium Eater'; 'The Spirit of the Age'; parts of 'The Prelude'; 'In Defence of Poetry' in which poetry is viewed essentially as a progressive act and not merely the prerogative of metre and verse. Today we would say it is anything but the prerogative of metre and verse and unable to supersede art in its entirety has lapsed into meaningless acts or acting).

I can think of no more relevant words on Wordsworth than those of Hazlitt and which also applies to practically the whole of the English romantic movement from 1789 to the death of Shelley and Byron. He says in the 'Spirit of the Age' that Wordsworth's 'genius is a pure emanation of the Spirit of the Age ' it partakes of the revolutionary movement of the age: his muse is a levelling one, (he) tramples on the pride of art with greater pride. The Ode and Epode, the Strophe and anti Strophe, he laughs to scorn. The harp of Homer, the trump of Pindar and of Alcaeus, are still.' How different then is Schiller's historical approach and his efforts to categorize the forms of poetry by giving them a time and place within history, an approach that later on, Hegel was to greatly elaborate on. In 'Naive and Sentimental Poetry'. Schiller seeks, by historicising form, to establish the difference between ancient and modern poetry. Apart from anything else he sees it is man that has changed, losing over time a naturalness which henceforth it will be Schiller's appointed task to reclaim. (This historical categorisation of the arts, which Schiller initiates, may well have been prompted by the example of Linnaen systematics in the field of natural history. Rejecting this formalism, in which the part tends to separate from the whole, leads Goethe in the direction of evolution). Compared to Wordsworth's lack of sympathy for the arts, bordering on outright hostility, we cringe at Schiller's virtual deification of the Artist (see his poem 'Die Kunstlers') as would-be aesthetic supremo. And yet here is a much more concrete, fully worked out, critique of the growing division of labour than anything that can be found in Wordsworth or indeed the rest of the English romantics. Our lack of naturalness is solely due to that: 'They (the ancients) felt things naturally: we feel what is natural.(!) Our feeling for nature is like the longing of a sick man for health. (!) Nature makes the human race one with itself; art separates and divides.' However don't be deceived by this insightful bluster of radicalism: for Schiller it is only by being guided through the modern arts - nature 'as an idea and an object' - that man becomes whole again. In fact taken to its logical conclusion it does imply a certain transcendence and this possibility continually haunts, and runs away with Schiller, not least in his 'Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man'. Though inspired by Kant's 'Critique of Judgement' that appeared in 1787, and which is the most exhaustive examination of the aesthetic faculties residing in man and up to that point without precedent in human history in terms of its concentration and scope, it was the world shaking event two years later that was to concentrate Schiller's mind.( The 'Critique' is not an art history: one had to wait for Hegel for that who criticises Kant for not including 'becoming' amongst his categories of mind: had he been able to do so history would have played a much greater role in Kant's system). Appalled by the Terror, Schiller needed to settle accounts with it. And this he found in his rejection of the cultivation, or cult - of reason to the exclusion of all other faculties. Immoderate reason is responsible for the division of labour, the sensuous in alliance with a chastened reason, on the contrary, overcomes it. And its chief ally in this battle of the faculties, which puts an end to the distressing consequences of the division of labour, is the cultivation of the arts. Though unwittingly, Schiller was anticipating a response which henceforward was to become commonplace, particularly in the latter half of the 20th Century, where ever capitalist society breaks down: either cheap narcotics or a blitz of the arts or a combination of both and which nowadays is fundamental to the restoration of a threatened division of labour and workaday world, and, as it is now 'lived' the none-workaday world. In fact Schiller willy nilly both though his dramatic productions and grudging fealty to the German aristocratic courts of his time was dragged into becoming an artistic impresario in which stage craft and the mounting of public spectacle became uppermost. 150 years before the age of television he wanted a world of perfect illusion, the better to stage the illusion of freedom. (By appearing to be the consummation of drama in terms of staged illusion, TV is the denouement of drama, destroying once and for all its claims to be an agent of change and real liberation). Finally by assiduously recruiting the arts to his protest against the division of labour, Schiller's cause turns against him: he can be seen as founding an ever more complex, intertwined and, to capital, ever more necessary division of artistic labour whose ramifications are now so immense the problem is knowing where to begin - and end. Capital is now at a permanent stage of 'Homage to the Arts', the title of a dramatic, processional production written and staged by Schiller in honour of a royal marriage in Weimar in 1804.Today this permanent homage-to-the-arts economy is increasingly global in scale and is an aspect of globalisation that is never subjected to critique or, worse, even recognised, its grip is so pervasive and all powerful. Beyond that of making a lot of money, the purpose of this aesthetic economy is to pacify, distract and alienate a person ever further from their real, natural self and potential. Schiller never fully squared up to this dilemma though he was aware of it. To do so would have meant abandoning art and finding another path to the nature that modern man yearned to recover and that lay beyond the division of labour.

How different things are with Wordsworth who is at once less precise but more consequential and finally total in his approach to nature.The appreciation of nature is not to be prefaced by a prolonged tuition in artistic appreciation. Rather nature perpetually remonstrates with the arts and scorns them, needing no further adornment. However Schiller's critique of the division of labour is far more anchored in reality and history than Wordsworth. At this point Wordsworth's apriori nature really does get in the way of a more developed, historical understanding of the division of labour.The relationship which he postulates between man and nature is primal and no social arrangement will ever make good in the life of the individual the sense of loss an individual feels in the presence of nature when compared to how he or she responded to nature as a child. However in the 'still, sad music of humanity' which as an adult he hears in nature, it is the betrayal of his revolutionary ideals he is bemoaning. His abhorrence of the Terror throws him into the arms of nature but not before he is detained for a time by the certainties of mathematics, a compensation for that 'revolutionary reason' that has laid him low. But scientific reason is not good enough finally, because it cannot apprehend the higher reason, the 'very heaven' of youth and revolution, that was expressed in his thwarted revolutionary hopes. And so it is in the Lake District of his childhood he finds this reason once more, shorn ultimately of revolutionary rapture. And so he gives the lie to his own nature mysticism as expressed in his 'Intimations of Immortality' which rather suggests our most intense experience of nature had to be in the womb!

Wordsworth is the first anti poet/poet. He is just one among many and claims no special privileges. There are others, 'silent poets', like his brother who was lost at sea. Poetry is woven into the landscape of the Lake District and its peoples. It has no name: it just is. It spills over into everything. It is in a heap of hewn stones rather than in the 'outrage' of architectural madness it is destined to become. It is in the bower made of withered fern in which to lie down during summer in the company of sheep and from there through the 'open door place' (a hitherto unimaginable architectural term by the way) to gaze and gaze until the vision of what is, no dream can ever equal. And as for stone monuments what better than Ralph Jones, a giant made of stone, constructed as a lark by three lads on Great Howe at the foot of Thirlmere. Wordsworth would gladly have participated in its making because of its lack of pretence and the playful spirit in which it was conceived. This conception of poetry is absorbed in the everyday: it neither needs or knows of poetry in the customary sense.

Matters do not rest here. It is only logical Wordsworth should find encouragement and resolve not in the lives of the poets but in the lives of those who daily trod the fells. He would rather choose a leech gatherer as a guide than Virgil. This is the antithesis of Schiller's approach where art is midwife to the birth of a greater nature and the artist is on a higher plane to that of the life of the common people. Call it humility, call it what you like but I see a link between Wordsworth's attitude and the utter failure of revolutionary vanguards in this country.

Yet it is legitimate to draw comparisons between Goethe and Schiller and Wordsworth and Coleridge. However there is in England an absence of that mighty philosophical dimension which stretches from Kant to Hegel with in between the lesser figures of Schelling, Fichte and Schlegel. Poets in Germany, particularly Schiller turn their hand to philosophy. Goethe did not regard himself as philosophically minded, evolving an intuitive dialectic that is the antithesis of Kantian dualism and hence that of his friend Schiller who was also, despite himself, not comfortable with Kant. This intuitive dialectic also bears striking similarities to Hegel and springs directly from his scientific endeavours, Abandoning painting (as Hazlitt was to do in this country) he also turns his back on verse temporarily to grapple with a larger problem, that of the need to redefine science by imbuing it with the unwritten of poetry. Through awakened eyes that over time have narrowed to a squint bordering on blindness, Goethe seeks to poeticise science by magnifying its visual reality. Observation, by inheriting the artistic tradition, reclaims its rights, replacing a withered observation that is now dead to beauty and the cognitive power of beauty - hardly a Kantian conception. (Apart from its epistemological wrongness it introduces history which, if not entirely alien to Kant, played a small part in his total system. In fact Goethe was to write one of the very first histories of science. See his remarkable preface to his anti Newtonian, 'Theory of Colours') Hazlitt in fact does not take this path. Rather, abandoning painting he next writes a thesis 'An essay on the principles of human action'. Time and again in English romanticism we confront the question now open now hidden of human praxis as if beyond the arts, which have had their time, as beyond there lay more productive, fulfilling occupations. Compared to the potentialities of the whole man the arts are just a hindrance and an embarrassment. The plough is mightier than the pen and without mentioning Burns and his poetic production Wordsworth opts to heap praise on the Burns who knew how to plough a furrow, as if regretting he lacked the skill himself and therefore excluded from the truth of his own versifying which never should have become verse in the first instance. The cult of science and Goethe's challenge to that cult by stressing a more inclusive, rounded science which concentrates all human endeavour by transcending all art and science in a new unity never takes off in this country. Rather it is subsumed by the question of praxis of which science is but a part.

There is no philosophical resonance in England to match that of Germany. However the theoretical stabs and searching's of the English romantics are much more sui generis and can be found wanting if subjected to the tedium of a more strictly logical mind which however continues to remain haunted by the truths they have dismissed after a more discursive examination. In particular, I am thinking of the preface to the 'Lyrical Ballads' of 1797, composed jointly by Wordsworth and Coleridge but really Wordsworth's own. In this preface Wordsworth yearns to leave art behind and to find fulfilment in nature. Ever afterwards these views torment Coleridge and he must seek out an adequate rebuttal by rendering it more palatable and thus rescuing art. In his 'Biographia Literaria' composed many years later he goes to considerable pains to correct Wordsworth views which on more sober reflection are totally overstated and in need of correction. That he goes to these lengths does suggest the Preface was having an enormous influence, an influence not to Coleridge's liking who by this time wanted a commissariat of cultural continuity, a super-ministry entrusted with the safe guarding of the heritage of words (and the things created by words) of which he would be the soul presiding judge. To the Wordsworth of 'The Preface' the passionate language of common people is poetry though it must be understood this passion is linked to the unfolding of reason in its highest sense and illumined through and through by the imagination which is unleashed by sensuous apprehension at its most intense.

But had not Coleridge done the same and this time in a trance which dissolved the boundary between poetry and reverie, anticipating surrealism' 'Kubla Khan' renders his famous distinction between the primary and secondary imagination as set down years later in his 'Biographia Literaria', null and void. It is the one poem of his entire oeuvre he could not reconcile himself to or believe possible. And its creation continually reminds Coleridge of the days when poetry, unrepressed spontaneity and reverie were as one.

For once upon a time this to Coleridge was the bridge between 'art' and 'science' (again there is the same need for italics as in Goethe's case) and the unspoken basis of his relationship with the chemist Humphrey Davy. For a time they were as one. Davy's discovery of the intoxicating properties of nitrous oxide not only narrows the gap between poetry, reverie, spontaneity and science (the discovery of the gas was patiently arrived at through rigorous experiment) it is also in its way a concrete example of the central quest of Germanic absolute idealism, the unity of art and science and hence subject and object by the action of mind and body whose own internal make up reflected that of the external world and vice versa.(The unease this conception gives rise to - we need only think of Lebens Philosophie and the drag it exerted on evolutionary theory even as it strove to recognize evolution within the boundaries of the fixity of the species - this paradox is evident in both Goethe's Ur phenomenon and Hegel's Philosophy of Identity - could only be resolved by dialectical materialism and its more grounded approach which views mind as a historical creation.) It is also given a characteristically English twist at odds with the sober rigidities of German absolute idealism, that of intoxication from substance abuse: nitrous oxide became known as 'laughing gas'. Davy himself writes down his experiences on the drug, his descriptions possessing an unfettered richness like they were from the hand of Coleridge. Even to this day they are regarded as unsurpassed descriptions of drug highs. Davy and Coleridge compare notes and one is reminded of the close collaboration between Wordsworth and Coleridge and Goethe and Schiller to the point where none of them could be completely sure as to who wrote what. The collaboration between Davy and Coleridge is a completely new domain in comparison to which the experiments by Schelling comprehensible only in terms of his desire to get beyond the antinomies of Kant with the 'science' of mesmerism really are laughable. It took some time for Germany to make good this absence of hard science in contrast to England poised as it was on the brink of the earth shattering industrial revolution in which science as objectified through capitalist industry would increasingly hold sway. All that Germany had to offer instead were the mythologies of absolute idealism and the deceptive, easily derided, 'subjectivism' of Goetherian science, which could have yielded fruit, but not in the way its progenitors thought.

Once this particular collaboration between Coleridge and Davy ceased the antinomies of art and science would assert themselves once more. Yet both would continually strive to understand the other, Coleridge forever seeking to give a more comprehensive account of Davy's discoveries fitting them into a larger philosophical whole. And Davy, in turn, was flattered by Coleridge's attention using it as an entre into polite society He learns what it is to be a cultural snob for Davy plays second fiddle to Coleridge deferring to his self-appointed role as superior pedagogue to the practical experimenter. Through his acquaintance with Coleridge, Davy gains social ease, acceptance, and class haughtiness including the rancour that goes with it, particularly when a member of the lower class comes within their orbit, and proves to be better than they are, as happened with Michael Faraday, the blacksmith's son. In fact this relationship was to be of enormous consequence to the history of science in this country, and which was still being played out over a century and a half later in the late 1960s and with the question of revolutionary overthrow still dominating events and to the exclusion of all else this time, for now there were no privileged areas immune from upheaval.

As is well known, Coleridge single handed brought German idealist philosophy to this country. Interest in Kant and particularly Schelling and Schlegel dates from Coleridge's visit to Germany. He brings back dialectic in his suitcase though significantly he appears never to have heard of or ever mentions Hegel. He was slow to fulfil his early promise and meanwhile looked on as friends from his youth rose to stardom like Schelling and Holderlin. He had felt stirring within him a much deeper more thoroughly historical way of perceiving everything that lay before him and which took time to realize.

Pushing Coleridge to onside for the moment I believe I detect a link between Hegel's dialectical idealism and the part played by nature in Wordsworth's scheme of things. It is still I believe operative to this day and could be of major consequence to the conservationist and eco movements though this time the reason unleashed by contact with nature would necessarily involve a critique of political economy, consumer society, the state and wage labour. Hegel the atheist was a believer to the extent that he held that god, in other words the dialectic of theory and practise, was realized in the unfolding of history. Hence there was no prime mover, only the ever deepening profundity of dialectical thought in which god becomes, rising from inert matter through the vegetable and then animal kingdom and finally to man all unfolding within the universal history of a dialectical pan logicism but which by far the most interesting part is that of human history. Of all of Hegel's work that of the 'Philosophy of Nature' is the least interesting despite going to infinite pains to master his subject. The same can not be said of his 'Philosophy of the Fine Arts' which is still richly rewarding and is in every respect remarkable and profoundly innovatory. The dialectic gains strength over time. Thus nature is weak - in fact Hegel speaks of 'the impotence of nature'. But for Wordsworth it is strong and like Hegel ultimately the fount of reason. However this reason can only come about as a result of a passionate feeling for nature and it is only through contact with nature that we can discover this reason. And to find it we must become immersed in it its outward forms unleashing the imagination and laying bare mere appearances allowing us to connect with that reason which had been so cruelly betrayed by the French Revolution. For Wordsworth comes to nature after the destruction of his hopes in the French Revolution, that is why he hears in it the 'still sad music of humanity'. Though still retaining his commitment to equality it is the right of the dandelion that is proclaimed before that of the rights of man. We on the contrary have no choice other than to reject this truncated reason and go directly from nature to man which means confronting the capitalist mode of production and its abolition. Without that all life down to even the merest microbe is in jeopardy and what could be more irrational than assenting to that.

The conservation of Nature today should lead to a profounder line of reasoning than was ever the case in the past. This is the next and greatest addition to the Wordsworthian spirit articulated by him but never fully developed It should also lead to a reappraisal of history, of modes of production and of forms of art because all in some way or other are present in Wordsworth. But unlike Wordsworth, conservationists today don't seek in conservation an antidote to revolution but rather should find there a stimulus to revolution. And all are in one way or another being propelled in this direction. Beginning with nature, dialectical reason seeks to reclaim its rights.

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Recently (Jan/Feb 2006) there was a much praised TV series on romanticism put together by Peter Ackroyd, an academic who has written a few novels and at least one biography on a a major romantic figure in the shape of William Blake. Like his compatriot Richard Holmes who has studied the romantics more exclusively and who obviously has quite an influence on Ackroyd in emphasising the republican and social/political persuasion of the protagonists - hardly surprising seeing the TV survey often substituted the French revolution of 1789 with footage from May 1968 in France which both had experienced in their youth - Ackroyd fell well short of an all-rounded radical take on his subject. Instead of giving equal emphasis to the revolt of form at the heart of English romanticism he fell back finally on the usual Eng Lit homilies (yawn) about all the great poetry and art produced after initially pinpointing tantalising asides (e.g. how Coleridge and Wordsworth preferred their writings to remain anonymous at the first publication of the Lyrical Ballads in 1798) the significance of which he then could make no apposite comment on. Didn't such a gesture question the role of the artist deliberately disavowing any personality cult or special privilege and more than pointing to Lautreamont's later maxim: 'poetry must be made by all and not by one''

Nonetheless Ackroyd must be aware of such a drift as you couldn't fail but notice more than an echo of the English situationist group King Mob in the late 1960s. Some period piece re-enactment of Coleridge in a Quantocks' fishing village sees digitally imposed lines of romantic verse on the sea walls in the form of large, agitational slogans courtesy of some computer software programme. Hadn't King Mob originally done just this - though in raw spray paint - on the streets of Notting Hill in 1967/8? What King Mob had significantly failed to do or follow up with was a revolutionary critique of English romanticism emphasising the tendency towards formal dissolution at its very heart; a failure Ackroyd has merely compounded. It's hardly surprising that Ackroyd's conclusive comments at the end of his four part TV series were lame, even abysmal especially in seamlessly blending Byron's personality cult with the very lucrative media banalities of the modern day pop icon. In lightly skipping over the demonic impulse and outrage, which Byron let rip in his everyday life, the essential connection between such self-expression and the dissolution of artistic form is lost. It was a montaging or plagiarising which a few decades later was to find more coherent expression in Lautreamont's 'Songs of Maldoror'. Moreover, the plagiarism did not stop there as another Englishman had in the meantime made a further contribution in the shape of Charles Darwin. If you like Lautreamont blended the demonically hideous with the mutant transhuman having taken from Darwin not the origin of the species but where the species was horrifyingly going (see Fabre, Darwin, Dalton & 'DNA' Watson meet Lautreamont elsewhere on this website). It is an essential connection which all previous excellent comments and appraisals of Lautreamont from Andre Breton to Guy Debord have missed.

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In dredging up memories of the influence the French avant-garde of the 19th and early 20th century had on me (Lautremont, Rimbaud, Huysmans, Duchamp, Picabia, Vache, the Dadaists and the Surrealists like Andre Breton, Peret, Bataille etc) - and then my enthusiasm for the Russian avant-garde - I also was forced even farther back....

Somehow at the back of my mind there lingered the influence of the romantic tradition in this country. Over the years its revolutionary implications had become lost and it was this I have been struggling to bring to light. I needed to have some external frame of reference from which to judge it. And the only country that was remotely comparable was Germany. France was undergoing revolutionary upheaval and no literature of any consequence survives from that era. It had been left behind temporarily and only the image making of David survives and his designs for public spectacles enthroning the rule of reason and as a homage to Robespierre. Germany was not comparable to England economically because Germany was then merely an idea, the reality a pre-capitalist entity of squalid dukedoms and principalities, ruled by petty tyrants. England was on the verge of the greatest change since the Neolithic revolution of settled agriculture and city states, possessing freedoms (though not revolutionary freedom) that were the envy of the rest of the world. As a consequence the subversive potential of the arts was much reduced in scope and the gap between art and revolution much narrowed, with art struggling to find an ever diminishing role in the service of a more fundamental revolution that affected all pre-existing forms of art. Their place was increasingly occupied by passion, spontaneity, the revolutionary moment, confession and critique (see 'Confessions of an Opium Eater'; 'The Spirit of the Age'; parts of 'The Prelude'; 'In Defence of Poetry' in which poetry is viewed essentially as a progressive act and not merely the prerogative of metre and verse. Today we would say it is anything but the prerogative of metre and verse and unable to supersede art in its entirety has lapsed into meaningless acts or acting).

I can think of no more relevant words on Wordsworth than those of Hazlitt and which also applies to practically the whole of the English romantic movement from 1789 to the death of Shelley and Byron. He says in the 'Spirit of the Age' that Wordsworth's 'genius is a pure emanation of the Spirit of the Age ' it partakes of the revolutionary movement of the age: his muse is a levelling one, (he) tramples on the pride of art with greater pride. The Ode and Epode, the Strophe and anti Strophe, he laughs to scorn. The harp of Homer, the trump of Pindar and of Alcaeus, are still.' How different then is Schiller's historical approach and his efforts to categorize the forms of poetry by giving them a time and place within history, an approach that later on, Hegel was to greatly elaborate on. In 'Naive and Sentimental Poetry'. Schiller seeks, by historicising form, to establish the difference between ancient and modern poetry. Apart from anything else he sees it is man that has changed, losing over time a naturalness which henceforth it will be Schiller's appointed task to reclaim. (This historical categorisation of the arts, which Schiller initiates, may well have been prompted by the example of Linnaen systematics in the field of natural history. Rejecting this formalism, in which the part tends to separate from the whole, leads Goethe in the direction of evolution). Compared to Wordsworth's lack of sympathy for the arts, bordering on outright hostility, we cringe at Schiller's virtual deification of the Artist (see his poem 'Die Kunstlers') as would-be aesthetic supremo. And yet here is a much more concrete, fully worked out, critique of the growing division of labour than anything that can be found in Wordsworth or indeed the rest of the English romantics. Our lack of naturalness is solely due to that: 'They (the ancients) felt things naturally: we feel what is natural.(!) Our feeling for nature is like the longing of a sick man for health. (!) Nature makes the human race one with itself; art separates and divides.' However don't be deceived by this insightful bluster of radicalism: for Schiller it is only by being guided through the modern arts - nature 'as an idea and an object' - that man becomes whole again. In fact taken to its logical conclusion it does imply a certain transcendence and this possibility continually haunts, and runs away with Schiller, not least in his 'Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man'. Though inspired by Kant's 'Critique of Judgement' that appeared in 1787, and which is the most exhaustive examination of the aesthetic faculties residing in man and up to that point without precedent in human history in terms of its concentration and scope, it was the world shaking event two years later that was to concentrate Schiller's mind.( The 'Critique' is not an art history: one had to wait for Hegel for that who criticises Kant for not including 'becoming' amongst his categories of mind: had he been able to do so history would have played a much greater role in Kant's system). Appalled by the Terror, Schiller needed to settle accounts with it. And this he found in his rejection of the cultivation, or cult - of reason to the exclusion of all other faculties. Immoderate reason is responsible for the division of labour, the sensuous in alliance with a chastened reason, on the contrary, overcomes it. And its chief ally in this battle of the faculties, which puts an end to the distressing consequences of the division of labour, is the cultivation of the arts. Though unwittingly, Schiller was anticipating a response which henceforward was to become commonplace, particularly in the latter half of the 20th Century, where ever capitalist society breaks down: either cheap narcotics or a blitz of the arts or a combination of both and which nowadays is fundamental to the restoration of a threatened division of labour and workaday world, and, as it is now 'lived' the none-workaday world. In fact Schiller willy nilly both though his dramatic productions and grudging fealty to the German aristocratic courts of his time was dragged into becoming an artistic impresario in which stage craft and the mounting of public spectacle became uppermost. 150 years before the age of television he wanted a world of perfect illusion, the better to stage the illusion of freedom. (By appearing to be the consummation of drama in terms of staged illusion, TV is the denouement of drama, destroying once and for all its claims to be an agent of change and real liberation). Finally by assiduously recruiting the arts to his protest against the division of labour, Schiller's cause turns against him: he can be seen as founding an ever more complex, intertwined and, to capital, ever more necessary division of artistic labour whose ramifications are now so immense the problem is knowing where to begin - and end. Capital is now at a permanent stage of 'Homage to the Arts', the title of a dramatic, processional production written and staged by Schiller in honour of a royal marriage in Weimar in 1804.Today this permanent homage-to-the-arts economy is increasingly global in scale and is an aspect of globalisation that is never subjected to critique or, worse, even recognised, its grip is so pervasive and all powerful. Beyond that of making a lot of money, the purpose of this aesthetic economy is to pacify, distract and alienate a person ever further from their real, natural self and potential. Schiller never fully squared up to this dilemma though he was aware of it. To do so would have meant abandoning art and finding another path to the nature that modern man yearned to recover and that lay beyond the division of labour.

How different things are with Wordsworth who is at once less precise but more consequential and finally total in his approach to nature.The appreciation of nature is not to be prefaced by a prolonged tuition in artistic appreciation. Rather nature perpetually remonstrates with the arts and scorns them, needing no further adornment. However Schiller's critique of the division of labour is far more anchored in reality and history than Wordsworth. At this point Wordsworth's apriori nature really does get in the way of a more developed, historical understanding of the division of labour.The relationship which he postulates between man and nature is primal and no social arrangement will ever make good in the life of the individual the sense of loss an individual feels in the presence of nature when compared to how he or she responded to nature as a child. However in the 'still, sad music of humanity' which as an adult he hears in nature, it is the betrayal of his revolutionary ideals he is bemoaning. His abhorrence of the Terror throws him into the arms of nature but not before he is detained for a time by the certainties of mathematics, a compensation for that 'revolutionary reason' that has laid him low. But scientific reason is not good enough finally, because it cannot apprehend the higher reason, the 'very heaven' of youth and revolution, that was expressed in his thwarted revolutionary hopes. And so it is in the Lake District of his childhood he finds this reason once more, shorn ultimately of revolutionary rapture. And so he gives the lie to his own nature mysticism as expressed in his 'Intimations of Immortality' which rather suggests our most intense experience of nature had to be in the womb!

Wordsworth is the first anti poet/poet. He is just one among many and claims no special privileges. There are others, 'silent poets', like his brother who was lost at sea. Poetry is woven into the landscape of the Lake District and its peoples. It has no name: it just is. It spills over into everything. It is in a heap of hewn stones rather than in the 'outrage' of architectural madness it is destined to become. It is in the bower made of withered fern in which to lie down during summer in the company of sheep and from there through the 'open door place' (a hitherto unimaginable architectural term by the way) to gaze and gaze until the vision of what is, no dream can ever equal. And as for stone monuments what better than Ralph Jones, a giant made of stone, constructed as a lark by three lads on Great Howe at the foot of Thirlmere. Wordsworth would gladly have participated in its making because of its lack of pretence and the playful spirit in which it was conceived. This conception of poetry is absorbed in the everyday: it neither needs or knows of poetry in the customary sense.

Matters do not rest here. It is only logical Wordsworth should find encouragement and resolve not in the lives of the poets but in the lives of those who daily trod the fells. He would rather choose a leech gatherer as a guide than Virgil. This is the antithesis of Schiller's approach where art is midwife to the birth of a greater nature and the artist is on a higher plane to that of the life of the common people. Call it humility, call it what you like but I see a link between Wordsworth's attitude and the utter failure of revolutionary vanguards in this country.

Yet it is legitimate to draw comparisons between Goethe and Schiller and Wordsworth and Coleridge. However there is in England an absence of that mighty philosophical dimension which stretches from Kant to Hegel with in between the lesser figures of Schelling, Fichte and Schlegel. Poets in Germany, particularly Schiller turn their hand to philosophy. Goethe did not regard himself as philosophically minded, evolving an intuitive dialectic that is the antithesis of Kantian dualism and hence that of his friend Schiller who was also, despite himself, not comfortable with Kant. This intuitive dialectic also bears striking similarities to Hegel and springs directly from his scientific endeavours, Abandoning painting (as Hazlitt was to do in this country) he also turns his back on verse temporarily to grapple with a larger problem, that of the need to redefine science by imbuing it with the unwritten of poetry. Through awakened eyes that over time have narrowed to a squint bordering on blindness, Goethe seeks to poeticise science by magnifying its visual reality. Observation, by inheriting the artistic tradition, reclaims its rights, replacing a withered observation that is now dead to beauty and the cognitive power of beauty - hardly a Kantian conception. (Apart from its epistemological wrongness it introduces history which, if not entirely alien to Kant, played a small part in his total system. In fact Goethe was to write one of the very first histories of science. See his remarkable preface to his anti Newtonian, 'Theory of Colours') Hazlitt in fact does not take this path. Rather, abandoning painting he next writes a thesis 'An essay on the principles of human action'. Time and again in English romanticism we confront the question now open now hidden of human praxis as if beyond the arts, which have had their time, as beyond there lay more productive, fulfilling occupations. Compared to the potentialities of the whole man the arts are just a hindrance and an embarrassment. The plough is mightier than the pen and without mentioning Burns and his poetic production Wordsworth opts to heap praise on the Burns who knew how to plough a furrow, as if regretting he lacked the skill himself and therefore excluded from the truth of his own versifying which never should have become verse in the first instance. The cult of science and Goethe's challenge to that cult by stressing a more inclusive, rounded science which concentrates all human endeavour by transcending all art and science in a new unity never takes off in this country. Rather it is subsumed by the question of praxis of which science is but a part.

There is no philosophical resonance in England to match that of Germany. However the theoretical stabs and searching's of the English romantics are much more sui generis and can be found wanting if subjected to the tedium of a more strictly logical mind which however continues to remain haunted by the truths they have dismissed after a more discursive examination. In particular, I am thinking of the preface to the 'Lyrical Ballads' of 1797, composed jointly by Wordsworth and Coleridge but really Wordsworth's own. In this preface Wordsworth yearns to leave art behind and to find fulfilment in nature. Ever afterwards these views torment Coleridge and he must seek out an adequate rebuttal by rendering it more palatable and thus rescuing art. In his 'Biographia Literaria' composed many years later he goes to considerable pains to correct Wordsworth views which on more sober reflection are totally overstated and in need of correction. That he goes to these lengths does suggest the Preface was having an enormous influence, an influence not to Coleridge's liking who by this time wanted a commissariat of cultural continuity, a super-ministry entrusted with the safe guarding of the heritage of words (and the things created by words) of which he would be the soul presiding judge. To the Wordsworth of 'The Preface' the passionate language of common people is poetry though it must be understood this passion is linked to the unfolding of reason in its highest sense and illumined through and through by the imagination which is unleashed by sensuous apprehension at its most intense.

But had not Coleridge done the same and this time in a trance which dissolved the boundary between poetry and reverie, anticipating surrealism' 'Kubla Khan' renders his famous distinction between the primary and secondary imagination as set down years later in his 'Biographia Literaria', null and void. It is the one poem of his entire oeuvre he could not reconcile himself to or believe possible. And its creation continually reminds Coleridge of the days when poetry, unrepressed spontaneity and reverie were as one.

For once upon a time this to Coleridge was the bridge between 'art' and 'science' (again there is the same need for italics as in Goethe's case) and the unspoken basis of his relationship with the chemist Humphrey Davy. For a time they were as one. Davy's discovery of the intoxicating properties of nitrous oxide not only narrows the gap between poetry, reverie, spontaneity and science (the discovery of the gas was patiently arrived at through rigorous experiment) it is also in its way a concrete example of the central quest of Germanic absolute idealism, the unity of art and science and hence subject and object by the action of mind and body whose own internal make up reflected that of the external world and vice versa.(The unease this conception gives rise to - we need only think of Lebens Philosophie and the drag it exerted on evolutionary theory even as it strove to recognize evolution within the boundaries of the fixity of the species - this paradox is evident in both Goethe's Ur phenomenon and Hegel's Philosophy of Identity - could only be resolved by dialectical materialism and its more grounded approach which views mind as a historical creation.) It is also given a characteristically English twist at odds with the sober rigidities of German absolute idealism, that of intoxication from substance abuse: nitrous oxide became known as 'laughing gas'. Davy himself writes down his experiences on the drug, his descriptions possessing an unfettered richness like they were from the hand of Coleridge. Even to this day they are regarded as unsurpassed descriptions of drug highs. Davy and Coleridge compare notes and one is reminded of the close collaboration between Wordsworth and Coleridge and Goethe and Schiller to the point where none of them could be completely sure as to who wrote what. The collaboration between Davy and Coleridge is a completely new domain in comparison to which the experiments by Schelling comprehensible only in terms of his desire to get beyond the antinomies of Kant with the 'science' of mesmerism really are laughable. It took some time for Germany to make good this absence of hard science in contrast to England poised as it was on the brink of the earth shattering industrial revolution in which science as objectified through capitalist industry would increasingly hold sway. All that Germany had to offer instead were the mythologies of absolute idealism and the deceptive, easily derided, 'subjectivism' of Goetherian science, which could have yielded fruit, but not in the way its progenitors thought.

Once this particular collaboration between Coleridge and Davy ceased the antinomies of art and science would assert themselves once more. Yet both would continually strive to understand the other, Coleridge forever seeking to give a more comprehensive account of Davy's discoveries fitting them into a larger philosophical whole. And Davy, in turn, was flattered by Coleridge's attention using it as an entre into polite society He learns what it is to be a cultural snob for Davy plays second fiddle to Coleridge deferring to his self-appointed role as superior pedagogue to the practical experimenter. Through his acquaintance with Coleridge, Davy gains social ease, acceptance, and class haughtiness including the rancour that goes with it, particularly when a member of the lower class comes within their orbit, and proves to be better than they are, as happened with Michael Faraday, the blacksmith's son. In fact this relationship was to be of enormous consequence to the history of science in this country, and which was still being played out over a century and a half later in the late 1960s and with the question of revolutionary overthrow still dominating events and to the exclusion of all else this time, for now there were no privileged areas immune from upheaval.

As is well known, Coleridge single handed brought German idealist philosophy to this country. Interest in Kant and particularly Schelling and Schlegel dates from Coleridge's visit to Germany. He brings back dialectic in his suitcase though significantly he appears never to have heard of or ever mentions Hegel. He was slow to fulfil his early promise and meanwhile looked on as friends from his youth rose to stardom like Schelling and Holderlin. He had felt stirring within him a much deeper more thoroughly historical way of perceiving everything that lay before him and which took time to realize.

Pushing Coleridge to onside for the moment I believe I detect a link between Hegel's dialectical idealism and the part played by nature in Wordsworth's scheme of things. It is still I believe operative to this day and could be of major consequence to the conservationist and eco movements though this time the reason unleashed by contact with nature would necessarily involve a critique of political economy, consumer society, the state and wage labour. Hegel the atheist was a believer to the extent that he held that god, in other words the dialectic of theory and practise, was realized in the unfolding of history. Hence there was no prime mover, only the ever deepening profundity of dialectical thought in which god becomes, rising from inert matter through the vegetable and then animal kingdom and finally to man all unfolding within the universal history of a dialectical pan logicism but which by far the most interesting part is that of human history. Of all of Hegel's work that of the 'Philosophy of Nature' is the least interesting despite going to infinite pains to master his subject. The same can not be said of his 'Philosophy of the Fine Arts' which is still richly rewarding and is in every respect remarkable and profoundly innovatory. The dialectic gains strength over time. Thus nature is weak - in fact Hegel speaks of 'the impotence of nature'. But for Wordsworth it is strong and like Hegel ultimately the fount of reason. However this reason can only come about as a result of a passionate feeling for nature and it is only through contact with nature that we can discover this reason. And to find it we must become immersed in it its outward forms unleashing the imagination and laying bare mere appearances allowing us to connect with that reason which had been so cruelly betrayed by the French Revolution. For Wordsworth comes to nature after the destruction of his hopes in the French Revolution, that is why he hears in it the 'still sad music of humanity'. Though still retaining his commitment to equality it is the right of the dandelion that is proclaimed before that of the rights of man. We on the contrary have no choice other than to reject this truncated reason and go directly from nature to man which means confronting the capitalist mode of production and its abolition. Without that all life down to even the merest microbe is in jeopardy and what could be more irrational than assenting to that.

The conservation of Nature today should lead to a profounder line of reasoning than was ever the case in the past. This is the next and greatest addition to the Wordsworthian spirit articulated by him but never fully developed It should also lead to a reappraisal of history, of modes of production and of forms of art because all in some way or other are present in Wordsworth. But unlike Wordsworth, conservationists today don't seek in conservation an antidote to revolution but rather should find there a stimulus to revolution. And all are in one way or another being propelled in this direction. Beginning with nature, dialectical reason seeks to reclaim its rights.

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Dialectical lines for insects:

Goethe: Das Lebendge will ich preisen,

Das nach flammentod sich sehner

'I would praise the living thing that longs for death by fire'

'You no longer remain a prisoner in the shadowing darkness and a new desire snatches you up to a higher union. No distance can weigh you down, you come flying, fascinated, and at last, lusting for the light, poor moth, you perish in the flame. And until you possess it, this commandment: die and become! you will be but a dismal guest on the dark earth.'

c/f. Shelley: 'The desire of the moth for the star'

Keats: Imagination (fancy) as an antidote to the failure of pleasure at least as then understood by the prevailing utilitarianism and its crude psychology of what constitutes pleasure. Pleasure is perishable and domestic, the imagination is not: 'ever let the fancy roam, pleasure never is at home' i.e. real pleasure knows no home comforts, it must stray far and wide. However the imagination (or fancy) is an interior affair; it rarely struggles to become real in Keats. Imagination 'opens wide the mind's cage door': properly understood butterflies liberate the mind or rather overawe the mind, unleashing a limitless inventiveness in thought (which wants to become real and has need of practical realities). Like the spider or the caterpillar, the imagination weaves a silk thread but one that has to be broken in order to truly liberate the mind: 'break the mesh of the fancy's silken leash; quickly break her prison string,'(Fancy) And so to 'Ode to Psyche'. Keats builds a sanctuary to Psyche in his heart. But like the intruder in the virgin undergrowth of Epping Forest who finds a pair of mating Ringlet butterflies in the grass - I have come to the conclusion they were Ringlets that Keats saw and I'm also convinced the location had to be Epping Forest - Psyche appeals to the 'untrodden region of my mind' from which branch 'shadowy thoughts', thoughts that no one has ever had before, wrenching the mind from its accustomed pathways and therefore sweetly painful. Thought becomes like nature ever creating ever changing, and the window left open at night with a light behind it that attract moths becomes a symbol of that process. For Goethe this desire of the moth for the flame becomes a desire for a higher union. It arises from the fulfilment of sexual desire and is released by it, an act of procreation that also procreates us, 'begetting as we begat'. It is a higher, more total, union though not qualitatively different from the 'warm love' of Keats though it requires we die in order to become. ('Stirbe und Werde!')

The hidden message of entomology is love not hate: it is about union and communion, an understanding and love of what is different - and what could be more different than insect anatomy -; it is about the liberation of desire, the greater dissatisfaction that desire brings, it is an anticipation of the higher person, an anticipation of the human community that reaches for the stars.

Keats says he recognises Cupid but that Psyche puzzles him. In the mating Ringlets he espies both Cupid and Psyche but significantly it is Psyche 'with awakened eyes'. (In the myth Psyche's eyes are closed when Cupid makes love to her).The eye is of primary importance to Keats: his first major work is 'Endymion', based on the mythical youth who dreamed whilst awake. It cannot therefore be the eye of the scientific empiricist but a fuller eye and one the optician needs to recognise is just as real. In 'Ode to Psyche' Keats' eye becomes not just an instrument of sight but a musical instrument though which he can sing for the first time the beauty of butterflies: 'I see and sing, by my own eyes inspired'. The Lyre ' 'the fond believing lyre'- belongs to the past of an enchanted nature that can never return, in the same way as the Greek gods can never return. Psyche was originally a mortal but a mortal who has outlived the Greek gods and is still alive, her 'lucent fans' (wings) still 'fluttering', because saved from the aging process of repetitive ritual. She lives because she symbolises that which is new and innovatory and seeking ever greater unity in a difference bound by love. Psyche then becomes the negation of myth, the embodiment of free thinking and the realisation of history.

Entomology should have made the best science because the last, the one that was most in step with the maturing of humanity. But entomology was always something of an afterthought; a leftover after everything else had been dealt with. Other than Aristotle, no other philosopher gave it the time of day and his basic nomenclature of head, thorax, abdomen still stands. John Ray's (1628/1705) last book was on insects and not published during his lifetime. Having described nigh on 19,000 plant species he then sought to bring order into the animal kingdom based chiefly on toes, hoofs and teeth. Insects were a poor third though Ray's refusal to swear an oath of allegiance to a restored king, Charles 11, and a newly arisen state religion, bequeathed to scientific natural history in this country an independence and anti-state cast of mind it has never been able to wholly rid itself of. This is still powerfully present in Keats and other romantics.

So overall there were no dead generations to weigh entomology down; it did not evolve throughout successive millennia to the same degree as the other sciences. Entomology was almost new born and never underwent a Copernican revolution. The lion and the lamb are more potent biblical symbols than the locust and the locust never did get to lie down with the lion and the lamb. For there was to be no redemption for insects in mainstream thought. But insects were everywhere and the scientific study of insects mirrored more faithfully the contradictions of the society it grew up in both as a reaction to it (the initial uselessness of entomology and therefore attractive to many who felt marginalized and rejected like cockroaches, a fugitive discipline for fugitive minds) and as most embodying the goals of industrial capitalism by eventually bringing about the destruction of all insects - the utter folly of GM foods and ever more powerful pesticides - and hence entomology as a branch of learning. Applied Entomology also encapsulates the most suicidal tendencies of modern capitalism.

Keats had an uneasy relationship with music and the Ode to Psyche is the least tuneful of his great odes. It could not be other. ' The Ode to a Nightingale' is a song to the nightingale but a song in which the nightingale's song outdoes the poem, if we could but hear it. But in the 'Ode to Psyche' we don't know what song is being sung. It is a song without a tune lacking any frame of musical reference. Not words set to music, rather something akin to musical eyesight. In that sense it takes up where the 'Ode to a Grecian Urn' left off: 'Heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter'. They are, of course, heard in the inner ear of the imagination and so are similar to the atheist Shelley's craving for 'the music that is divine' and different from what we can now hear because it means fulfilment and not the promise of fulfilment. Keats found an intimation of this in the music of nature and from an early age his ear must have been highly attuned to natural sound for in his teenage 'Hymn to Pan' ( the spirit of nature) he refers to Pan as the 'strange ministrant of undescribed sounds, that come a swooning over hollow grounds, and wither drearily on barren moors'. Are there such unexplained sounds that travel for miles? Have I missed them because I have become deaf in the same way as I am afflicted by partial blindness and am losing my sense of smell, taste and touch? In any case it makes me realize how little I have listened and need to listen in the future.

Why did Keats concentrate on Psyche and not continue to treat Cupid and Psyche as a couple? In isolating Psyche like he did I think he was feeling his way back, like a scientist and dreamer combined in the same person, to a first principle on which to found everything else. He needed to separate Psyche from Cupid who had been bound together throughout history, though in fact the unlike resonances that Keats is describing could apply to Cupid's darts. Rather I think the number of illustrations of Psyche on her own and looking more like a human butterfly than ever must have become more frequent in children's books and elsewhere because of the growing interest in Lepidoptera. Keats had perhaps unconsciously registered this. He was fragmenting myth in order to create a more plausible riposte to modern scientific empiricism which was leaving too much out. He was unweaving the rainbow to weave a better one.

What is the love Keats outlines between a male and female butterfly, Cupid and Psyche, and the rest of humanity? For this is about picture thinking and outlines. The butterflies are not clinched in a passionate embrace, rather they are sleeping in each others arms with merely a promise of kisses in the new dawn and the morrow which never comes. Though wrapped around each other they are 'disjointed' and 'their lips touched not', a posture which makes me think it could only have been a pair of mating Ringlets that he had seen in the woodland, for theirs is a triangular form of mating almost as if they were about to embrace, like humans, and they tend not to fly off when approached as do Meadow Browns. What other woodland butterfly could it have been? Mating Speckled Woods are an uncommon sight and probably do so in trees rather than in the grass. This aside, I think Keats was hinting at the growing apartness of modern love, that it exists (and exits) increasingly as an ideal, something much thought about but never experienced directly. There is sex and little else. Real love is then a separation, an alienation and a yearning. It also flies off into other realms and is quickly sublimated, displaced onto thought that is more than mere reverie, at once reasoned and highly imaginative. However it needs a living symbol, a practical act to express itself through. And this is achieved by opening the window at night so that moths, attracted by the light, can fly in. How much has yet to be rightfully attributed to entomology like species still awaiting identification, though different in kind from the conventional classification of insects!

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Marx and Heine in relation to Keats, Shelley, John Ray, Von Frisch and Mallarme - among others

Here in England there is nothing to compare with the encounter between Heine and Marx. There is a far reaching interplay between the two and both are deeply affected by the rising tide of revolt in Germany (or what was to become Germany) and the rest of Europe. By the 1840s' Heine is asserting that prose, not poetry, was a more appropriate form of expression going so far as to announce the imminent demise of poetry. Replying to a poetry competition in 1837 offering as a prize a golden quill, Heine sent four lines declaring the songbird is dead never to be re-awakened concluding with the recommendation 'to stick the golden quill up your ass'. (Such a blunt statement is unimaginable in England at the time but there was no one approaching Heine's stature either) However the young Marx, picking himself up from his failure as a poet, is able to formulate the beyond of poetry in so striking a manner that Heine is easily outclassed. He is writing at length about his love for Jenny and his failure to find a poetic form adequate to the emotions coursing through him. It is worth quoting at length:

'a remote beyond, such as my love, became my heaven, my art. Everything grew vague, and all that is vague lacks boundaries; onslaughts against the present, broad and shapeless expressions of unnatural feeling, constructed purely out of the blue, the complete opposition of what is and what ought to be, rhetorical reflections instead of poetic thoughts but perhaps also a certain warmth of sentiment and a struggle for movement characterises all the poems in the first three volumes I sent to Jenny. The whole horizon of a longing which sees no frontiers assumed many forms and frustrated my effort to write with poetic conciseness.'

It is, you will agree, richer and more eloquent than poetry and could equally apply to the hopes aroused by class struggle.

Echoes of Heine abound in Marx's early writings but undoubtedly the best-known example is Heine's characterization of religion as 'spiritual opium'. Marx refers to religion as 'the sigh of the oppressed creature ---- the opium of the people'. This also is a definite improvement on Heine.

We can also see the contrast between them when we compare what both of them have to say about the armed uprising of the Silesian weavers in June 1844 which was bloodily put down by the Prussian army. Heine wrote a short, very compact, poem on the uprising in which the desperate weavers weave the motto of the Prussian military God, King and Fatherland into a shroud. But there is no mention of brotherhood, freedom and private property. Though the poem was learnt by heart by generations of German workers finally we are more satisfied and cheered by Marx's comments which, though less melodious, have a distinct bearing upon the theory and practise of the proletariat that is directed toward a social totality and looks far beyond the immediate. In the 'Song of the Weavers' Marx sees a 'bold battle cry which does not mention the hearth, factory or district but which the proletariat immediately proclaims its opposition to private property in a forceful, sharp, ruthless and violent manner ------ whereas every other movement turned initially only against the industrialist, the visible enemy, this one attacked also the hidden enemy, namely the banker. (Critical notes on 'The King of Prussia and Social Reform').

There is a degree of impersonality to the 'Silesian Weavers' which is unusual for Heine. It is influenced by the ballad form like much of the 'radical' poetry of this era. Heine disliked conventional verse forms and is very specific in his condemnation of 'political poetry' which is also formally conservative. He is now able to pose the question of form in a more pertinent manner than Marx who is now on the point of dismissing the question as all but irrelevant having nothing further to say on the subject except for a few lines in the Grundrisse. 'Freedom', Heine declared, should manifest itself, 'in the treatment, in the form, by no means in the subject' and, 'artists who choose freedom itself and emancipation for their subject are usually of limited shackled spirit, truly unfree'. We can already see here how potentially explosive the issue is because it implies the artist is unfree who opts for moribund forms.

There is even the hint that precisely the form of poetry compromises the poet. Popular poetry of the late 1830's and 1840's represented an escape from the obscurantism of the Young Hegelians and it had the added advantage of not being subject to the same stifling censorship as critique. Its radicalism was therefore merely apparent even though Georg Herwegh tried to invade Germany from France at the head of a few hundred German exiles that were instantly routed. Another 'political poet' Freiligrath, who had been awarded a pension by the King of Prussia, is also only known to us from his contact with Marx. His chief claim to fame comes from handing on to Marx the three volumes of Hegel's 'Science of Logic' which had once belonged to Bakunin. And thereby hangs a tale. Maybe it is possible to rescue Hegel's 'Science of Logic' from the mortal blows dealt it by Engel's 'Dialectics of Nature' and its enthronement as a state religion in that dark farce of a communist society, the former Soviet Union and which could have ended once and for all any hope for humanity in that its shadow still falls over all who fight for social revolution today.

(Marx subsequently would only fleetingly refer to art, an oversite which could only have the most negative consequences: henceforth art would rise above history and take on the aspect of the eternal, stepping in for a fading religiosity. However Hegel gets the last laugh because his historicisation of form though wrapped in an idealist dialectic provides a more convincing account of the rise and fall of form).

Though Marx was the first to treat philosophy and religion as an alienation of humanities essential social power he did not apply the same criteria to art. Hegel did precisely that by absorbing and overcoming art within a greater philosophy at the very moment of its transcendence. It is to be sure a breath-taking concept with a reach that anticipates the avante garde of the early 20th Century. Hegel's Philosophy of the Arts is still viable and remains the only valid approach to the moment of art and its potential for transcendence up to that time. I well recall my astonishment on reading the concluding paragraphs in the section on painting where quite unequivocally he declares the task of painting to be complete. All that is left at best is illustration. There is even a touch of philistinism in Hegel's approach particularly in his emphasis on photographic realism. It was to be a white square on a white background painted in Russia a hundred years later that announced the lingering death of painting.

Hegel here is at his most direct. His books on architecture, sculpture/music and poetry are less forthright in their conclusions and it was left to history to provide the detail. The section on music ends with extravagant praise for a musician, possibly a gypsy, overheard improvising on a guitar and exceeding all the other pleasures Hegel has previously derived from music. Gone are the orchestras and choirs numbering hundreds of musicians and singers and all performing by rote.

The preface to the 'Philosophy of Art' begins with a unique and highly contemporaneous, analysis of situations. The first condition is a general world condition meaning really that though history has always existed it has not always existed as world history.The missing factor is in fact the world market. Out of this first condition indeterminate and determinate situations arise leading in the latter case to the creation of new values. The determinate situation alone involves meaningful action and the clarification of the situation is 'necessary to any enquiry into the true constituents of action'. It is the job of art to bring out the essentials of action in the sense of a genuinely historic action. But once humanity has fulfilled its destiny art is consigned to the prehistory of alienation and in its place the Hegelian concept reigns. Read critique for this concept and the dialectic of theory and practise in the act of revolution and we are a step nearer the truth. For Hegel art remains forever behind events but given his emphasis upon action he prefers forms that move (also reflected incidentally in his preference for animal life above the vegetative and inanimate) and have a beginning, middle and end. Architecture is superceeded by sculpture and then painting and all are static forms. Next comes music in this ascending scale and then finally poetry and drama.

When one looks at England in the 1840s' there is not even an inkling of a debate on form, nor even the merest hint that to raise such a question also raises the question of freedom. The possibility of any such debate had ended with the death of Hazlitt though Emily Bronte was to turn the ordered sequence of the novel inside out with her use of flashback.

Chartism is accompanied more by poetic bombast than verse not even remotely comparable to Heine's. And yet Chartism must also have had its popular songs and forms of expression. There is evidence to suggest these forms were losing their traditional cohesion and were coming apart at the seams. Both Coleridge and Shelley had stretched the ballad form almost beyond recognition, which is not the case with Heine. One wonders how much it reflected a more general undermining of popular forms. Given the speed of the changes taking place in agriculture and the beginnings of large scale industry it is unlikely that popular forms of expression would not also have bent under the strain.

It is not too much to say that Shelley became a reborn icon of revolt the moment he was introduced to radical Chartist workers. The slow uncovering of the amazing truth about Shelley subsequently became linked to the rise and the fall of the workers' movement. On top of the green Shelley there is now a red Shelley though both advance together.

The massacre of unarmed men, women and children in 1818 on St Peter's field in Manchester was an event no less important in England than the uprising of 1848 in France. Though exiled in Italy, Shelley's response on hearing the news, was immediate and furious. However the greatness of 'the Mask of Anarchy' taken out of context obscures the extent to which in the two months following Peterloo, Shelley was pushing at the limits of poetry, He was a 'modern' before his time easily some 80 years in advance of what was to occur and possessing a power of synthesis which in many ways outstripped it and would take even longer to catch up with.

One could analyse at length 'the Mask of Anarchy'. Suffice to say there is an anticipation of the form of the workers and soldiers council but only in terms of a mass presence, eventually, of both. It is a passive body that passively resists and not an anticipation of how historically they actually did move to take over. What prompts the soldiers to take the side of the oppressed gathered in a 'Great Assembly' is shame and the fact no woman would look at them. Nor is Shelley's notion of a great assembly taken a stage further: it does not take matters into its own hands becoming both a legislative and executive organ. Like no other poet before him he recognizes the power of the masses but then cannot conceive of an anti-statist legislative body. Though the son in law of William Godwin 'the father of English anarchism' the latter's theoretical anarchism remained a dead letter because it was built around the enlightened teacher who dispensed emancipation through the power of reason rather than being disarmed enough to receive it. Thus emancipation was known in advance and held no surprises. (Remaining aloof from the French Revolution and Peterloo, Godwin's legacy has bedevilled English anarchism ever since - wooden in its responses, insular, unable to move with the times and several steps behind the real movement).

In the 'Mask of Anarchy' there are undeniable pointers that could have led to a critique of political economy. Had he not died so young one wonders how the ageing Shelley might have responded to the young Marx. Possibly with an even greater enthusiasm and understanding than Heine: apart from the first 40 pages the rest of 'the German Ideology' remains uncut in Heine's copy.

In Heine's 'Silesian Weavers' there is no mention of money - or lack of it - but which is of course implied. However in Shelley's tract things are far more explicit. He speaks of the 'ghost of gold' meaning paper money ('paper coin') and though it may look as though he is arguing for an early form of the gold standard in fact his grasp of the significance of paper money is uncanny and opens up a rich vein of potential enquiry. 'Paper coin ' that forgery' could refer to the practise of printing money and its increasingly fictive character as time went by. As conceived by Shelley and also born out by reality it also leads to an increase in the rate of exploitation taking 'from toil a thousand fold more than e'er its substance could/ In the tyrannies of old'.

However Peterloo was a catalyst for so much more. It brought everything to a head. As one of the more responsible biographers of Shelley has rightly said his output that ran 'in an unbroken curve from 6th Sept 1818 when he first received news of Peterloo until 5th Nov ' suggest a state of exultant energy and vision 'that it is difficult to conceive in ordinary terms'. Shelley is frequently able to hit the nail on the head more in his 'prose' (e.g. letters etc.) than in his poetry. In a dedication letter he looks forward to a London that 'shall be an habitation of bitterns; when St Paul's, Westminster Abbey shall stand, shapeless and nameless ruins, in the midst of an unpeopled marsh; when the piers of Waterloo Bridge shall become the nuclei of islets of reeds and osiers and cast the jagged shadows of their broken arches on the solitary stream'' This London may look empty but really Shelley is reclaiming nature for the people: the ruin of Waterloo Bridge is also a reprisal for Peterloo. In this fantasy of destruction and renewal Shelley has touched on the question of 'town and revolution' that a hundred years later was to become of such burning importance.

There is no doubting that Shelley's innovations outstripped his theorising and only now can we see where they were leading. In 'Peter Bell the third' which is a piss take on Wordsworth and Coleridge he writes about hell (i.e. London) reducing 'poetry' to an incantation of names that is almost pre-lettrist and yet also very powerful: 'German soldiers ' camps - confusion - tumults - lotteries - rage - delusion - gin - suicide - and Methodism'. No punctuation either, just dashes. And in a letter to Leigh Hunt outlining his defence of Richard Carlile on trial for sedition for defending the Peterloo demonstrators he was both aware of how the meaning of words could be turned in to their opposites by power ('though oppression should change names and names cease to be oppressions') and of the need to rescue language for the sake of 'liberty and the oppressed'. Note that this crisis of language was not just an aesthetic dilemma as it had a tendency to become in Mallarme but was central to the fate of humanity. In the same letter to Hunt he reflects on their respective differences of 'theory and practise' which he then crossed out almost as if he sensed he was running dangerously ahead of his time.

During this period Shelley writes the death certificate of English nature poetry: 'Ode to the West Wind'. Never again could it acquire the same degree of urgency and uplift us quite so much. Henceforth nature was to become something split-off but into which we could read the failed hopes of humanity and even for those who have an ear and eye for it, the formal transcendence of art into life though it would be more correct to say the 'life sciences'.

If read consecutively the 'Mask of Anarchy' and the 'Ode to the West Wind' seem to almost blend. 'The Ode to the West Wind' conceived within days of the 'Mask of Anarchy' could not but also be a reflection on Peterloo but this time within a natural setting. The very words become superimposed. The leaves driven by the wind like 'ghosts before an enchanter fleeing ' yellow red pestilence stricken' aren't simply sickly, poverty stricken mill workers but also the 'ghosts of gold ' paper money' which was already beginning to turn nature inside out.

Natural imagery would never again acquire this degree of unspecific generality open to a number of interpretations but whose bottom line, in any case, was the need for revolution. This combining of social struggle and wild nature corresponded to a deep undercurrent in the rapidly forming industrial working class and which left an indelible imprint upon it never to be entirely effaced. Shelley echoed this apparent contradiction though in a very striking way. That is why it is mistaken particularly in this country to view the proletariat as a cog in a machine that would inherit the world on the basis of large-scale industry laid down by capitalism. Ecologists who have viewed the 'workers' from outside as slaves to consumption have consistently failed to acknowledge this.

Nature and political revolution had formed an indissoluble whole in Romanticism. Hazlitt had unforgettably described Wordsworth's muse as 'a levelling' one. Nature was for the people, by the people and representative government was its direct consequence. However Shelley is the first to see that nature is also riven by class antagonism. Even worse, despotism could eventually cause nature to perish. He writes of the 'fish ' poisoned in the streams; the birds in the green woods perished' and finally with outstanding prescience and most alarmingly of all 'the insect rave ---- withered up' and 'avarice died before the god it made'.

We are getting perilously close to the situation described by Shelley and that grants significance to insects never previously accorded to them. In fact this belated but growing appreciation of the indispensable role small organisms play in sustaining life also unfolds against a background of increased commoditisation in which money strives to be the sole necessity even if that means its eventual annihilation because of universal destruction. Beside this nightmare scenario the abolition of money by means of concious peoples' uprising is beginning to look increasingly unlikely.

Shelley's 'Revolt of Islam' from which the above quotes come was written in Jan 1818, a mere eight months before the Peterloo massacre. We are perhaps reading too much into these words of Shelley twisting them into the strait jacket of political economy when perhaps he held to a more simplistic, more political view of liberty as representative government. However Shelley was never specific on this point and designing constitutions was of scant interest to him enough to make one think he was at odds with the idea. There is nothing about votes for all, an elected parliament with a fixed term of office, an independent judiciary and whatever else takes the fancy of the typical constitutionalist, in 'The Mask of Anarchy'.

It has been said that Keat's 'Ode to Autumn' is also a commentary on Peterloo reflected through the prism of nature. If so it becomes a strain to penetrate the layers of allusion to get at the truth and even then we cannot be entirely sure. However more on this later. Enough to say that Keats' mode of poetical encryption was taken up by naturalists in their unconscious manner of alluding to something vague beneath the hard science of the text. Science, particularly natural science, was becoming enveloped in an all encompassing nebula of values and meaning that was almost impossible to decipher and doubly so once it became regarded as unhinged to draw attention to it. This 'symbolisation' of science and not just literature, which also heralded its end, has never received the attention it merits.

Far more so than Shelley who modelled himself at least partly on the materialism of Lucretius, the key to this splitting off of the natural from the social is to be found in Keats. This forking is given a far clearer expression in the 'Ode to a Nightingale' than in the 'Ode to Autumn'. In the former it is the bird (i.e. the study of birds - ornithology) that is able to escape the present condition of man and the desire for the peace of the grave: 'no hungry generations tread thee down' that is the generations of men, women and children that were shortly to assemble at Peterloo.

In the 'Ode to a Nightingale', perhaps the most famous of all time, Keats mapped out the territory on which the science of animal ethnology was set to unfold. Beyond certain limits transgression was henceforth forbidden. (In a rather different vein he was to do the same for entomology in his 'Ode to Psyche', only this time the jumping of fences into other fields was encouraged. Indeed it was the floating essence of entomology because its uselessness and scientific marginality implied it was not open to conscription by power having, 'no voice, no lute, no pipe').

Keats would have sung a different tune had he seen how entomology was to be transformed particularly by Pasteur and the growing acknowledgement of the role played by insects in the transmission of diseases. And also how along with worms they acted as a morphological bridge to the world of the 'infinitely small'. He might also have divined how insects would become a bogeyman of modern capitalist agriculture prepared even to destroy the pollinators and therefore agriculture, creating unprecedented famine.

That entomology has long ceased to be a discrete discipline, ramifying now into the chemical industry, bioengineering and genetic modification does not completely overturn the ground plan laid down more generally by Keats. In a book - one picked at random ''The Discovery of Animal Behaviour' by John Sparks the separate worlds of animal and human 'behaviours' are viewed less as a break in continuity between the human and the animal kingdom but rather as a fundamental division between town and country. All the great animal ethnologists of the 20th Century, Lorenz, Tinbergen, Von Frisch were brought up in a country setting and were stimulated by the presence of nature from an early age. But this enviable head start also produced a grotesque social retardation. It was a joy to find Von Frisch`s memoirs 'A Biologist Remembers' in a second hand bookshop but very distressing to learn of his deeply conservative responses to the Bavarian Soviet in 1918-19. And this by a biologist who did more than any other in the 20th Century to puncture the overweening anthropomorphism of the human species when he discovered the Honey Bee possessed a subtle language, the most complex so far known outside that of humans. Social turbulence, the unnatural life of the great conurbations - this is the forgetfulness of the great animal ethnologists, - that forgetting of the human condition which involved social warfare so ardently desired by Keats in the 'Ode to the Nightingale'. And by a bewildering reversal of perspective, animal behaviours are given an abiding relevance outside their proper employ by being uncritically superimposed upon the human. The 'immortal bird' of Keats' ode becomes an inverse anthropomorphism destined to live on in us because of a wilful refusal to face up to what really happened in human history.

Shelley's idea of love is not that different from Keats. Yet it has more to do with transcendence, the flight of thought as a prelude to action than in bringing opposites together or merely conjuring with the new in one's mind. And for that purpose insect analogies come to mind and yet they are more then mere analogies, they are living symbols: we take to the air with them and not merely by way of illustration.

The poem in which the memorable line 'the desire of the moth for the star' occurs is simply entitled 'To what' - To nothing in particular and everything. For it is also about the failing power of words which have lost there meaning not merely through repeated use but because their use has become devalued as the object of the word has become devalued. It is never recognised the author of 'In Defence of Poetry' - incidentally Shelley's view of what is poetry far transcends the written word having already escaped the page in the introductory sentences - increasingly had a problem with language, frequently pushing it beyond the limits of comprehension as language broke under the strain of what he really wanted to say. The ethereal Shelley was strangely rooted in the empiricist tradition of Locke, Berkeley and Hume, struggling to create objects through words in a way inadmissible to empiricism, before they became a fact, He was lettriste avante la lettre, rejecting the conventional division of writing into poetry and prose as 'a vulgar error' and going so far as to maintain poetry could be reduced to just one word or, come to that, none at all, like in the absence of a predicate in the above title. Where words failed only a moth aspiring to reach a bright star could restore the meaning of the word love, a love he could no longer give outside of a new society.

Shelley finds love in nature because he can no longer find it in man. It is nature that responds to his thoughts and moods not man and is the more sentient of the two. Only when humanity is restored to its full self will he find himself in humanity and not merely nature. And when it does come he finds the desire of the moth for the star in the events of Peterloo.

The standard treatment of John Ray, the founding father of English natural history is typical. That Ray was formerly a clergyman always receives a mention accompanied by the rider we are indeed fortunate because he was then able to devote his entire life to the study of natural history. John Sparks in 'The Discovery of Animal Behaviour' goes even further and says that after the bloody civil war of the 1640s' Ray sought in the peace of nature a refuge from all this turmoil. It is much more complex than that. Ray refused to swear an oath that would have compromised his independence and made a state religion out of his puritan faith. He was sacked from his job because of his principles. The struggle for the recognition of nature goes to the heart of the English revolution. Not only did it signify equality but independence of mind. Even if there is not one sign of the tumultuous pleasures of the flesh in Ray set free by the civil war of the 1640s' it does not mean Ray did not regard them as also part of creation just as birds flowers fish and trees were: only that his passions were channelled in to soberly recording and describing the flora and fauna of England. But he is not the detached recorder of the bio-biographers, the ascetic scientist probing an external nature, a subject as lifeless as the object of enquiry. And nothing much is ever made of Ray's collection of country sayings and local dialect, except to note it. Did this not also imply a resistance to a state leviathan that was imposing uniformity on language that was capable of destroying minority speech even down to the local names for plants and animals? These frequently are extraordinarily deft and may even have contained the outlines of a superior certainly more memorable system of classification.

Ray was a great classifier but one cannot help but feel that in his descriptions he was seeking a beyond that if pushed invites comparison with Shelley: 'he will watch from dawn to gloom/ the late reflected sun illume/ the yellow bees in the ivy bloom/nor heed nor see what things they be/ but from these create he can/ forms more real than living man' etc.

The blurring of the outlines of the species can also be given a completely opposite treatment where the characters acquire a clarity of outline they do not possess in reality. And they appear bigger to our eyes. This is Mallarme's approach. His botanical descriptions belong to a changed, better world in which geography has been reborn even as it assimilates and transforms the most advanced geological thinking:

'Yes, in an island that the air loads with sight and not with visions, every flower showed itself to be larger without our discussing it.

Such huge flower that each one was invariably adorned with a lucid contour, a hiatus that separated it from the gardens'.

As is made plain this is not a visionary state: it could be an everyday reality. But it requires action to get there and typically Mallarme veils this recognition in the almost impenetrable obscurity of little known Greek and Latin names (uttered by a child that has 'abdicated from his ecstasy' in the passage to adulthood) that means 'arise'(the wild praxis of Dionysus possibly} and 'beauty', but a beauty 'hidden by the too large gladiolus'.

Mallarme's recoil from the endless hybrids and varieties of horticulture is also a search for a primal language free from social deceit and which also simplifies nature and renders it less artificial. When he says, 'flower' he wants us to see a flower different to those found in bouquets and in the 'hiatus (of) gardens' or in 'gladioli'. The great classifiers such as Ray and Linnaeus never deigned to describe garden varieties even though hybrids in nature were a problem for them: this would be left to the aestheticians of horticulture writing in garden catalogues and which in the late 19th century was already becoming an industry.

Mallarme's generic flower concludes 'variation on a subject', a rambling enquiry into the crisis of versification. Though wreathed at times in inpenetrable obscurity, Mallarme in this text and others was demolishing with soft hammer blows, a facade that had stood firm since Homer. Read carefully it also says something about the state of commodification then reached where 'to speak has no connection with the reality of things except commercially'. But this primitive accumulation of words by the commodity had yet to seize the inner world of reveries and it this symphonic parallel discourse of layered meanings that Mallarme (forever ambiguously) finds 'nothing or almost an art'. Mallarme's investigations into language has attracted the attention of professional linguists, particularly his observations on word tonalities, but it always comes as a disappointment to find it ends there. The division of mental labour is so ingrained that Mallarme's search for a language that means what it says and the fundamental crises of literature and so much else he spent a lifetime proclaiming is not just passed over in silence: it just does not go in.

For a brief moment in the UK, say from 1965 to the early 1970s', the real Mallarme, as distinct from the uncomfortable litterateur, began, though only just, to be recognised. Investigating the tools of his trade with a dimension and depth no other poet had even thought of doing, Mallarme found himself on the threshold of a new age: the age of revolution which posed all things anew.

This other Mallarme and what it was to lead to, transcends the fixed terms of the 'two cultures'. No other Situationist influenced grouping anywhere in the world in the late 1960s had so many ex-scientists as King Mob in the UK. Why this was so is a question that not only has never been raised but never gone into. That moment has now gone and we can't now ask the questions we needed to then when we were all in full flow simply because the individuals involved have dispersed far and wide and no longer have any relevant contact with each other. All that remain are memories of tantalising conversations and probings cut short during moments of passionate invention. The only ex-scientist fully congnisant with the death of art and yet able to write a critique of science was Phil Meyler in his book 'And Yet it Moves'. Though now out of print this book has recently been published in Spanish by Campo Abierto and as a poor substitute can be read on the www.revoltagainstplenty.com web).

Instead we are left with C.P. Snow's naive opposition from the 1950s' and which still forms the basis of Richard Dawkin's book 'Unweaving the Rainbow'. Dawkins is a militant atheist but as far as capitalism is concerned he is not even agnostic: he is an out and out believer. Not one word escapes his lips on the social utilization of science. The merest flickerings of revolt are entirely absent. So it is not surprising if his conception of art is limited by an almost quaint aestheticism, which belongs - and only just - to the 19th century.

[Libcom note - illustration above by Clement B Davis, from Fabre's "The Life of the Spider". This did not accompany the original article.]

Interweaving the naturalist's objectivity with fantasy Lautreamont created a nomenclature of horror superseding the polarities of science and art by creating a barely coherent third term that is still struggling for its form and truth. Out of the existing taxonomies he generates new species that interact with and re-assemble a human species pushed to the point of absurdity and disintegration. His disruptive imagery had its sights on the notion of the beautiful but in time its visual appeal came to constitute a surrealist aesthetic, though one very much against the movement's original impulse, and then finally formed part of the language of advertising. Despite aspiring to become a practical force, Lautreamont's vision, though reflecting an all enveloping pathology, still remained imprisoned within the form of a book that more than any other work of fiction announced the unravelling of literature.

"Look at the ancient spider of the large species slowly poking its head out of a hole set in the ground at one of the corner intersections of the room. We are no longer in the narrative. It listens attentively for any rustling that may stir its mandibles in the air. Alas! We have now reached the real as regard the tarantula, and although an exclamation mark might be put at the end of every sentence, that is perhaps no reason for dispensing with them".

(The Songs of Maldoror. Lautreamont 1868)

"Little Paul has his own insect cages; his own little garden no larger than a pocket-handkerchief, where he grows beans; his forest plantation, in which stand four oaks a hand's breadth high, still furnished on one side with the acorn that feed them. It all makes a welcome change from grammar, which gets on none the worse for it".

(Souvenirs Entomologiques. Henri Fabre - around the same time)

We look "at the ancient spider of the large species" through the eyes of a naturalist, hence what we see cannot be part of a literary narrative. And if there is to be a narrative it can only be like those in Fabre's 'Souvenirs Entomologiques' and insects are a great vehicle for scientific narrative particularly where metamorphosis is involved. We may call Fabre's approach scientific narrative yet where else do we find in a great scientific text chapter headings like: 'A well dressed caterpillar' that then goes on to describe in matchless detail the Puss Moth caterpillar's habit of adorning itself? Though the entomologist Latreille gave the name of 'The Sisyphus' to the scavenger beetle only Fabre, when describing the insect and its habits, can mix unconstrained enthusiasm with a power of close observation that for page after page never flags. We enter in to that world and dimensions change just as they do in Lautreamont. And as for Lautreamont's cryptic remarks on exclamation marks how many do we find in a scientific journal like 'Nature'!

There very existence implies a lack of impartiality allowing us to then write about the doom of humanity without turning a hair. But it is science, both 'good' and 'bad', that should now be apostrophised considering how much science, for good and evil, is now deeply involved in the ultimate fate of humanity. We can divine in Lautreamont a hidden plea for a changed relationship between subject and object and in how many other major scientific texts not just those to do with entomology (though there are specific reasons for it in the case of the latter) is grammar mentioned like in Fabre? As he says 'it gets on none the worse for it.'

A closer examination of the relationship Lautreamont and Fabre would be worthwhile. The French context is particularly important. The French contribution to the nascent science of entomology is second to none. We only have only to think of Fabre and Latreille in the 19th century and Reaumur before them. There is also a link, though not an obvious one, between Pasteur and Fabre that needs explaining. Microbiology dealt with smaller quantities than the smallest of insects. However Pasteur sought out Fabre when investigating the blight then ravaging French sericulture. The world of the 'infinitely small' (Pasteur) and the 'monde a part' of insects which Fabre did so much to introduce us to, involved a change of scale in the way we now thought about small organisms. Their importance as regards the human species would henceforth only grow to massive proportions - and is still growing.

The situation was very different here. This rescaling of insects both symbolically and in terms of the Order of Insecta was given a different twist. Possessive individualism and the Victorian passion for collecting tended to remove, particularly butterflies and moths, from their living context. However the arid series of varieties expressed a repressed wish to change life.

In comparison to France the great contributions of British entomology were almost an act of defiance. There was little educational preparation behind them in the sense of established institutions. Wallace was apprenticed to a surveyor at the age of 15 and at the age of 13 Bates was grafting for a hosiery manufacturer. Darwin, Wallace, Bates - all three had subverted the division of labour in their own way in a country, more than any other, gave it ultimate legitimation. It is yet another reason why the mere mention of nature has such an incendiary quality to it. When Darwin broached the idea of publishing his 'Origins of the Species' 10 years earlier it was not just his fears radical Chartists would see grinning monkeys in positions of power everywhere but that personally he had undermined the legitimacy of the division of labour and the crown prince of the free marketeers, Adam Smith. By contrast Latreille had gained his release from prison during the French revolution because of his chance discovery in his cell of a previously unknown species of beetle. Thus almost from its inception entomology became institutionalised in a manner totally at odds with its development in Britain although Fabre was to be denied the chair of Zoology in Marseille because of his peasant mannerisms ('ses allures paysannes'). Both Latreille and Fabre were opposed to evolutionary theory and yet both were in the closest contact with it. (One wonders how much academic state pedagogy has played in all this because opposition to 'official' science ' today we would say 'big science' - has in France largely come from outside since maybe the surrealists and not from within science as is more the case in Britain.)

We know next to nothing about Lautreamont yet only nine years separates the 'Origins of the Species' from 'Les Chants des Maldoror'.The latter is very obviously the work of a very precocious youth, one versed in the sciences, especially the life sciences. He had to have read Darwin or at the very least was acquainted with his ideas. Not however in order to refute him but redefine him. What scandalised him was not what man had evolved from but what he was evolving in to. And if Darwin appeared to make his peace with god in the concluding paragraph of the 'Origins', Lautremont steadfastly refused to do so. The evolutionary tree finally branches, because of manifold oppression, in to the most grotesque mutations imaginable. Not only are these mutants biologically unable to breed, they have also lost the desire to do so They may try, like the two sharks - one a shark the other a manshark - but their union is a 'long, hideous and chaste union.'

"I gave them fixatives, jars and boxes, and instructions for removing and fixing the brains (from the extermination camps) and they came bringing them like the delivery van from a furniture company. There was wonderful material among those brains, beautiful mental defectives, malformations and early infantile diseases.'

(The above is a quote from the Nazi brain scientist, Professor Hallevorden, director of the prestigious Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Brain Research in Berlin. He was reinstated in his post in 1948 and continued there until his retirement)

"I cast a long look of satisfaction upon the duality that composes me--------and find myself beautiful! Beautiful as the congenital malformation of man's sexual organs consisting of the relative brevity of the urethal canal and the division or absence of its lower wall so that this canal opens at a variable distance from the gland and below the penis;------- or rather as the following truth: 'The system of scales, modes, and their harmonic series does not rest upon variable natural laws but is, on the contrary, the result of aesthetic principles which have carried with the progressive development of mankind, and will vary again'.

'as beautiful as the trembling of hands in alcoholism'

(The above is a quote from Lautreamont's, The Songs of Maldoror)

Today we find in Lautreamont the hint of something far more sinister that is fast becoming a reality. It is not generally appreciated how much bio-engineering is driven by an aesthetic/consumer eugenics which also resumes the project of the avant garde to change life. Lautreamont deliberately sought to undermine aesthetic niceties by introducing at every turn the pathological that is still then double-edged enough to contain a promise of humanity. That is why the above quotes from 'Les Chants' must not be read as affirming the words of the Nazi brain scientist: in fact the mutilation we experience deep within ourselves, and which Lautreamont describes with the factual accuracy of a diagnostician, is socially conditioned and therefore temporary. And how does he let us know this. By in the next moment historicizing artistic form - in this instance music - a concept which is also as beautiful as 'deformity'. (Where ever did such a quote come from, if it is indeed a quote).

When eugenics first made its appearance it was the brain child of Francis Dalton, the cousin of Charles Darwin. Paradoxically it arose out of Darwin's failure to crack the laws governing inheritance which his theory of natural selection presupposed. But once known these laws could, in theory, be controlled in the way that evolutionary theory never could be because it is inherently unpredictable. There were economic benefits but eugenics then could not be run as a profitable private business. What the biology lacked in technical achievement it made up for in ideological conviction centred around class and race supported mainly by the state. We hardly need mention the sterilization campaigns, the assault upon the indigent, the mentally ill, the incurably sick, ethnic minorities and the camps because the apostles of the new eugenics will do that for us. What underwrites the certainty of the new eugenicists is their belief this time it will work because the market is now in control, for it was the state that formerly distorted the science of eugenics.

Eugenics has become a consumer item and Watson has gone on record as asking what's wrong in designing females with blonde hair, blue eyes and big tits as that's what men want? Yet female commodity stereotyping is infinitely more diverse than this and like as not today's infant and infantile eugenics may forever be condemned to follow the market, not shape it. In fact Watson's free market, and supposedly freely chosen stereotype, has definite Aryan characteristics, (the blonde beast not the beautiful blonde), and is every bit as likely, in the name of the beautiful, to produce nothing but horror. Ultimately it will prove to be the most devastating of ironies where, like in the past, it will be the insane that impose upon those with a chance of finding sanity. The only way out of this madness is collective creation and Lautreamont cautions us to read his terrible pages with maximum care..

Stuart Wise 2004

As common as muck: all male assembly around a piece of shit! Ranmore Common, Surrey, August 25th 2005. However the Adonis Blue is far from common and to see 10 together is a once in a lifetime sight. Included amongst them were a male Common Blue and a male Chalkhill Blue. Though female Adonis Blues were nectaring close by, none ventured onto this all male preserve. Male aggression and the territorial imperative were briefly forgotten as each butterfly drank its cocktail of mineral water at this faecal lounge bar on the roadside verge. Photographed over a half hour period around 13:30 hours.

The numbered sequence above captures the moment (Figs 9/10/11/12) the sun came out from behind the intermittent cloud. It was, for late August, quite a breezy, cool day, though perfect for observing blue butterflies that then did not hesitate to open their wings. The bank side that skirts Denbies Hillside (honoured with an aerial view in E.B. Ford's opus) was also sheltered from the wind and this, combined with the overnight rain that had softened the dried outer crust of the dog faeces, made the conditions ideal. Hence this wonderful chance occurrence, making up for what otherwise would have been a disappointing day. This marvellous natural spectacle will stay with us forever. Possibly because dogs are carnivores the mineral content of their faeces is higher than those of herbivores. On the manure left by the horses on the hillside only two blues, or at most three, could be found tarrying at any one time. Once the sun came out some Adonis Blues almost immediately quit their dog's dinner, necessary for the repair of cell tissue, and elected to nectar on the blooms of marjoram close by. On the far right of fig 12 a singleton can be seen doing just that. One can make out a male Common Blue with its wings open in the centre of fig 3and 4. In fig 8 a male Chalkhill Blue is just about discernible in the upper left corner.

The spring emergence of the Adonis Blue in 2005 had been exceptional. And if the 26th Aug 2005 was anything to go by, the second emergence was just as impressive. The cold spring weather of 2005 appears not to have affected the Adonis Blue though it decimated the first generation of the Common Blue. Our original purpose on Aug 26th had been to photograph the Common Blue, particularly the female Common Blue, on the Surrey Hills to compliment the numbers of second generation Common Blues we had photographed in South and West Yorks around Sheffield, Castleford, Leeds and Bradford. However we were disappointed to find the second brood of Common Blues all but gone. Even so, compared with the reasonable number we found in the north, there appeared to be far fewer.

The following is a theoretical drift sparked by this unusual encounter...........

This chance encounter of rare butterflies, dog excreta and two genuinely unprejudiced 'socio-biologists' (well let's pretend for the moment) keenly aware of the indissoluble unity of both man and nature and the need to conserve and liberate both in a single undivided act of revolution, immediately stimulated several lines of enquiry. For those attuned to the significance of 'chance', this encounter exhales the scent of certain radical avant-garde currents of the last 100 years, which have yet to bear their uncompromising fruits. However for the more 'scientifically' minded it led to a consideration of the nitrogen cycle, which is equally explosive. For the darling butterflies were intent on procuring the mineral content of the dog's faeces, in particular the nitrate compounds so essential to all life whether plant or animal.

When we allude to explosive consequences we were not just thinking of the discovery of nitro glycerine in 1846, of TNT in 1863 and dynamite by Nobel in 1867, all of them compounds of nitrogen, the 30th most abundant element. Though increasingly an essential element of war from the mid 19th century onwards, nitrogen became in the 20th Century also an essential element of agriculture. In fact one could say the agricultural use of manufactured nitrogen compounds was war carried on by other means, a war that is still being waged by biochemical companies, giant agricultural conglomerates and supermarkets to gain total control over food production worldwide. Prior to 1905 the fertility of soil had largely depended on plant bacteria and microorganisms in the soil. However in that year a German chemist Fritz Haber showed it was possible to make nitrogen and hydrogen gases react when heated to 500c to form ammonia, the basic feedstock for the chemical industry and the basis of artificial fertilizers.

78% of the earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen and today close on 50 million tonnes of nitrogen is extracted yearly from the atmosphere. It is an energy intensive process because nitrogen is an unusually inert gas and the nitrogen molecule N2 is one of the most stable molecules, being held together by an extremely strong bond. Only when a high temperature is supplied does a reaction begin to take place and ammonia produced. Ammonia is, of course, very soluble in water and ammonia based fertilizers (nitrates) can be poured onto the ravaged soils of the world's breadbaskets and rice bowls which, with each passing day, become ever more depleted of all organic nutrients. Had the soil a voice we would hear it repeatedly scream for its seasonal fixes of nitrates, phosphorus and potassium cooked and packed into bags labelled NPK/Agricultural Narcotics, K being the chemical symbol of potassium. Once set in motion the use of nitrate fertilizers becomes a vicious spiral it is nigh on impossible to escape from. As the soil howls for an even bigger fix of nitrates, it is a habit far harder to break than coming off junk because to the farmer and agribusinesses increasingly hooked up to, and hooked on, the world market there is even less margin of choice than there is to a junkie. Despite the growing organic sector, cold turkey on an industrial scale would spell near worldwide economic ruin as well as widespread starvation.

A century ago we were solar-derived energy eating animals. But not any more. Today for every calorie of food energy consumed, ten calories of manufactured energy goes into its production and transportation. As we vainly strive to reproduce the energy that powers the sun (atomic fusion) we are becoming less directly dependant than ever on that energy. This primal act of hubris can only result in the most terrible disaster.

Prior to that watershed year of 1905 for agriculture, war, pesticides and chemical defoliants, nitrogen fixing was almost entirely an organic process. When we inhale we take in oxygen and breathe out CO2. However the large percentage of nitrogen we breathe in returns to the atmosphere unchanged. The process of biological nitrogen fixing, without which human and animal life could not survive, is the work of symbiotic bacteria, rhizobium, present in the root nodules of certain plants (the leguminosae) and which are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and azobacter, free living soil micro organisms. From there the fixed nitrogen was (and still is, of course!) incorporated into living things both plant and animal and from which it emerges as excreta from animals and from decomposing dead matter.

There also has been an enormous increase in the atmospheric nitrogen that soils can absorb and which previously was largely due to lightning that caused the highly stable nitrogen element, because of the high voltages passing through the inert atmospheric nitrogen, to change into a weak solution of nitric acid (HNO2). Combined with rainwater it reaches the ground where it forms nitrates, which are then absorbed by plants. Back in 1850 it has been estimated each hectare of ground received about 10 kilos of nitrogen per year, mostly from nitrogen compounds dissolved in rain. Today however about 45 kilograms per hectare is deposited annually. Most is from the burning of fossil fuels, car exhausts and the fuel burnt to heat homes, which produce various oxides of nitrogen. It is only now becoming apparent that this is seriously threatening the diversity of plant communities favouring certain grasses, in particular mat and bent grass. Combined with global warming encouraging the unseasonable growth of grass, it is paradoxically leading to a year round, bilious greening of the countryside at the expense of other plant life. Together with the brochure appeal of smart rye grass, so favoured by house builders and newbuild industrial construction firms, this deathly green substitute for the deceased and unlamented Astroturf, only adds to the depressing spectacle of invasive expanses of mono-grassland with not even a hint of daisies and dandelions to relieve the monotony. Again we are just learning about this as we are about the role of nitrogen in the acetcholins, the neurotransmitter that passes messages from one nerve ending to another. Nitrogen is also a component of many other biologically important molecules such as haem - part of haemoglobin. So the storehouse of knowledge increases but to no avail because true knowledge and the capacity to use it has been stripped of power. Sciencia no potestas est.

But to return for a moment to those lovely blue butterflies feasting off excreta. Like every other butterfly enthusiast we were familiar with the sight of butterflies drinking their fill around the perimeter of rainwater pools on non-porous soils. This rainwater also contained water-soluble nitrogen compounds. In old woodlands the nitrogen content of standing pools would be largely organic deriving from the action of largely non leguminous, nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Frankia and other tree and plant bacteria and finally micro-organisms in the soil that are uniquely adapted to absorbing nitrogen from the atmosphere and turning it into a usable compound.

However because chalk and limestone are porous this terrain dries out far quicker than it would on more acidic soils. So the chance of rainwater forming pools and remaining for any length of time is considerably lessened. In that case for downland butterflies the only other ready source of nitrates has to be animal excreta, especially excreta that has been made soluble by a downpour. Hence the somewhat revolting and quite common sight of beautiful butterflies gorging themselves on shit and so different from those fairy-like woodland pools, glinting in shafts of sunlight, around which assemble White Admirals and even the occasional Purple Emperor.

We also began to wonder if faecal feasting was once a much more common sight than it is today, not only on chalk and limestone down land but on all types of soils. Reliant as soil was on crop rotation (the practise of leaving fields fallow) and natural organic processes, nitrates would have been in much shorter supply than they are today and so butterflies would have tended to seek out the excreta of grazing animals far more than they now do simply because standing water and damp, muddy soils are nowadays far richer in nitrates than they were in times past. We are, of course, guessing but the reasoning is soundly based even if the facts are lacking. The most destructive excess of this super abundance of nitrates can be seen in the phenomena of eutrophication, the excessive growth of algae and higher plants on natural waters due to their 'fertilization'. The plant life dies off and pollutes the water as it decomposes, removing oxygen in the process and killing of fishes and other freshwater life. In fact fertilizers are the largest source of the pollution of ground and drinking water.

Happy as pigs in shit, these Adonis Blue males were wholly absorbed in downing their faecal cocktail. They were oblivious to our presence and had we wanted to feast at the trough alongside them they would have given place but not flown off. A National Trust estate van passing within two inches of them and even a dog sniffing around as dogs do, failed to rile them and only the suns rays seemed to affect them, closing their wings when it clouded over. This was a living testimony to the power of nitrogen and if we reflect that that the average human being carries around a total of 1.3 kilograms of nitrogen that is quite a weight to lug about. We cannot argue the case for nitrogen too strongly: it is a constituent of DNA and as such is part of the genetic code and a constituent of the many amino acids that form enzymes, the basic ingredient of all proteins.

It must have been a rich cocktail indeed because one certainly cannot approach puddling White Admirals, Clouded Yellows, Purple Emperors or the Brown Argus with the same ease. The fact that it was a carnivore's faeces and not a herbivore's must have made all the difference. The high protein meat diets of dogs contain more concentrated nitrogen compounds than that of typical ruminant let out to pasture and which invariable spends more time feeding - and defecating. And so the liberal amounts of horse dung on Denbies Hillside proved far less attractive to the butterflies when compared with the dog dirt moistened by the over night rain and partially reheated by the sun. Admittedly the dung was more exposed to a cooling breeze on the hillside but, even so, one or more butterflies would, as they did in the past, occasionally alight to imbibe the nitrate content. But a closer inspection of the dung clearly showed the presence of plant fibre (i.e. undigested cellulose) because most mammals lack the enzyme catalysing the degradation of cellulose and which is found in some invertebrates (e.g. termites) fungi, bacteria etc. Had the horses on Denbies Hillside been fed with artificial feed rather than left to graze on sparse down land grass it may well have been a different story. It also led us to wonder how much artificial feedstock, either directly or indirectly, went into canned dog food and just how energy intensive the rows of Chappie on the shelves of supermarkets really were, including the energy that went into the manufacture of the tin cans. For any estimate of the nitrogen cycle, which is today a highly capitalised cycle, must include an estimate of the vast amounts of energy expended on the manufacture of artificial fertilizers not to mention the energy expanded on the global food transportation network. The nitrogen cycle is inescapably part of the looming energy crises and these assembled Adonis Blues were radiating a message from those unclouded blue wings, the most saturated, intense blue wings of the genus that in the not too distant future, thirty years at the maximum, the game will be up.

With the rapidly approaching energy crises there will undoubtedly be a return to a more traditional form of agriculture, particularly soil husbandry. Already the value of the nitrogen-based fix is being increasingly questioned. For instance the UN's Food and Agricultural organisation admitted in 1997 that wheat yields in both Mexico and the US had shown no increase in 13 years. An intensifying energy crisis will only increase the cost of artificial fertilizers as soils become ever more organically impoverished. And it will take years for these manufactured soils to recover from decades of drug dependency. But what form the social content of this latter day farming revolution will take is any bodies guess and is dependent on the tempo of the struggle against capitalism, a struggle that has been all but annihilated and never have the rulers of this world felt so secure in their desperation.

It could result in a hell on earth, somewhere between a warped physiocracy (with a bizarrely reworked 'Tableau Economique' to match this new agrarian emergency) and modern feudal vassalage with the manufacturing sector restricted to the repair (recycling!) of whatever machinery is still around. Paper money would cease to exist and there would be a return to solid coin based largely on the produce of the soil with vast estates inherited from today's immense agriculture concentrations, overseen by vicious modern landlords disposing of the labour of armies of truly 'post modern' agricultural labourers living a brutalised hand to mouth existence. Defra could be replaced by a lethally bureaucratised Soil Association. For the moment, this amiable, approachable though somewhat naive association has yet to undergo the malforming transformation of a high profile organisation like Greenpeace. Though never a paragon of clarity, its woolly populism once gave more than a margin of free scope to individual initiatives and to a joyous, if confused, contestation. Not any more for Greenpeace is today a 'bloated corporation' run by suits on 'substantial salaries while someone else does their job', intent only on avoiding confrontation, striking deals with oil corporations and putting the rest of the organisation's employees on short term contacts. (See the interesting article 'War and Greenpeace' by John Castel, former captain of 'Rainbow Warrior', in 'The Independent' 8/8/2005). It all sounds very familiar and Greenpeace looks to be gearing up to face a future that in terms of previously unbelievable and aberrant forms of capitalism, will make the last 30 years of fictive values and treading water appear 'rational' and benevolent.

It is becoming obvious that if humanity is to be in with a chance of surviving the next hundred years, the future will have to be predominantly agrarian once more. The number of individuals compelled to draw this conclusion is rising exponentially. Inevitably it is a very mixed bag, ranging from the greater clarity of Rene Riesel (formerly of the Confederation Paysanne in France) to the far more muddled Colin Tudge. The latter's latest book 'The Secret Lives of Trees' is a fascinating study of trees and, by continually emphasising humanity's never ending dependence on trees, revolutionises our evaluation of them. Not quite the same can be said of 'Oak: The Frame of Civilization' by W.B. Logan, a book that appeared around the same time. Though it is about the oak tree's human story, the age of oak ends with the steam driven, iron-clad ships of the American Confederacy in the civil war of 1860-65. Dealing not with a particular species but with the tree family, the sheer quantity of tree science Tudge gets to grip with in a masterly fashion, leads him to conclude we can never do without trees. He is therefore forced to confront political economy in the shape of money, government, political parties, big business (however not the state, which is crucial) but by seeking an alternative within political economy rather than its abolition which includes money, government, political parties, business and the state, it is unlikely he will be able, in the long run, to prevent a single tree from being felled. Riesel would never make the same mistake and thus neither he nor Tudge would ever see eye to eye. However it is up to Tudge to make the first move. For we have every reason to believe this totalising approach is on the increase, particularly from within the life sciences, though it also turns up in other unexpected places with increasing frequency (e.g. geology). This approach is driven, as never before, by scientific logic, it does not come from without in response to a social upheaval. It is therefore not a moral choice but recognition of inescapable fact. However there are false and true totalities and regrettably it is the former that is likely to predominate and do more harm than good. Hence it is necessary to stress, above all else, the correct critique of political economy. Yet this very wording 'correct' causes the flesh to creep reminding one of all the other absolutes no longer relevant. What you can say is that over the last 75 years a certain still largely unknown path has been clearly though slowly demarcated which we now have to traverse and discover a lot more about negotiating its many twists and turns. It began with a Marx contra Marx, a separation of the state capitalist Marx from all the theoretical subtleties surrounding Marx's analyses of the capitalist mode of production and the potential points of transcendence. Such approach has already accounted for a great variety of insight. For those looking for a more grounded approach to the ecological crises this montage is yet in its infancy and for those who are naive on this subject they could do worse than peruse Loren Goldner's website at https://www.breaktheirhaughtypower.net/ all the while recognising that Loren has yet to bring eco-critique and energy crises into his wide-ranging and excellent general orbit. Despite the well-intentioned and broadly right perspectives belonging to the green anarchists there lack of theoretical rigour leaves much to be desired.

And now for another drift related to the Adonis Blues.....

Extremes meet and a coda has to be affixed to this scientific preamble one that stems directly from the avant-garde movements of the past 70 years and their harbinger from even earlier times. The manner in which chance - a once in a lifetime chance opportunity - has been emphasised and its capture on camera is significant. For some it will immediately evoke that now classic instance of all chance events, 'as beautiful as the meeting of an umbrella and typewriter on a dissecting table'. To describe it as an image (though it let loose an endless stream of images in art and advertising it cannot be held responsible for) is just plain wrong for it is intended as a frontal assault upon the stock in trade of literature. Most likely written within weeks of Darwin's publication of the 'Origin of the Species' it has the quality of a direct observation, a record of a simple, though disturbing, coincidence, something that the man, Isidore Ducasse, and not the author, Lautreamont, had chanced upon on his daily rounds. It is overwhelmingly present in a way a novel restricted to a specific place and time, and therefore safely cordoned off by history, can never be. It is also not intended as a poetic metaphor, a mere seeming that alters nothing in reality: it simply is. Lautreamont's observation was intended as a blunt instrument that doubled as a demolition hammer and a tool essential to the task of reconstruction.

The objects that make up Lautreamont's embryonic observation are utilitarian objects that were, at least as regards umbrellas and typewriters beginning to be mass manufactured. They are not ornamental but everyday objects free from the stylistic mishmash borrowed largely, though not exclusively, from the Greco/roman/renaissance past an anxiety ridden industry, fearful at the lack of precedent, was becoming good at faking. The concomitant Greco/roman/renaissance body beautiful ideal was also undermined by Lautreamont when he wrote 'as beautiful as the trembling of an alcoholics hand'. It would be a mistake to think Lautreamont found beauty in disintegration rather that the realization of beauty is not possible other than by personally undergoing a profound experience of disintegration and understanding it from within. Otherwise one will be trapped by one of the palliatives to capitalism none of which ever succeeds and only makes matters worse.

And in an aphoristic addendum entitled 'Poesies' (more like the 'pocketful of poesies' that plague victims caught a sweet spring-like whiff of as they were first struck down) to the Songs of Maldoror, Lautreamont states unforgettably 'poetry will be made by all'. This chance meeting, the most famous in all 'literature' even as it was consigning literature to the dustbin, also implied praxis, a praxis that was to be taken up by the most radical moments of surrealism in the 1920s and early 1930s like their perambulations, which endeavoured 'to leave behind the ball and chain of art'. Though 'a dismal failure' by 'setting out on the road' they set a powerful and very influential precedent that would be repeatedly taken up in one form or another, throughout the rest of the 20th century. Unquestionably the most significant was the derive initiated in Paris during the late 1950s which sought to rid the perambulations of their aimlessness and overarching emphasis upon chance. They were meant as a prelude to urban insurrection (and in fact were in retrospect) a reconnoitring of terrain with that end in view.

However from its origins in Lautreamont (and others like De Quincey and up to a point Nerval) these perambulations, becoming ever more lucid with the passing of time, at least up to the mid-sixties when the original purpose of the derive was irrevocably lost, were overwhelmingly urban in character. The countryside was dismissed as boring, uneventful and predictable, the antithesis of encounter - by chance or otherwise. There is no adoration of nature in Lautreamont: it is as repulsive as everything else. It is a grotesquely deformed, aberrant nature that has evolved (the debt to Darwin is obvious) beyond anything we would recognise as nature. With hindsight the Songs of Maldoror could be said to be an anticipation of the bio-economy, the stage at which biology becomes industrialised and Fordist assembly lines give place to the bio-assembly line of genetic engineering and bionic prosthetics. Unlike Fukuyama's 'Our Post Human Future ' The Consequences of the Bi-technology Revolution' (the title of his 2002 book) this supernature has all gone horribly wrong and, at the end of history, the promise of a superior technohumanity is cruelly betrayed and turns into the ugliest, subhuman, deformity.

An anticipation of what is still to come, this hateful nature has become the ultimate commodity. But even before Lautreamont, in fact from the closing decades of the 18th Century, nature had become the object of a rescue operation. To the failed painter Goethe, it had to be visualized differently one that implied the metamorphosis of painterly values (transcendence of art and post Newtonian science) into a new unity of nature. Kant's 'Critique of Judgement' was unquestionably the main influence behind this advance. Under the theme of 'Nature as Art' it was carried further in the Germany of the 1800s than anywhere else, a development that has never been recognised, still less analysed, as fully as it deserves to be. It led to the most preposterous claim to be able to see into the life of things to such an extent it was possible to surpass nature and become a demiurge of creation, a designer of life. For this was part and parcel of the logic of absolute idealism. It was in this spirit that Goethe wrote his grandiloquent creationist preliminaries for what would eventually become the very sober 'Metamorphoses of Plants', though his idealism reflected that of Hegel rather than Kant who would never, for one moment, have countenanced such exaggerated claims.

These inflated pretensions were a response both to the French revolution and the industrial revolution and in them there is a deepening awareness of the dialectics of man and nature and that, though a part of nature, man - universal man - was beginning to impose himself on the rest of nature with a power and scope unprecedented in all of human history and in the process appeared to be reinventing nature, society and man.

Strangely enough in the hands of Keats' poem 'The Song of Opposites' this dialectic becomes a homely cockney dialectic within nature: a cheery song of opposites and chance occurrence as if nature itself was becoming a boring routine event, the natural equivalent of mass production. One says 'strangely' because of course Keats is far from cheery enmeshed as he was in an opulently-denied despair and yearning with nature as a vast metaphor of promise and thwarted desire. Looking for the unusual in nature also became a disguised wish to change life and hence comes into the inheritance of the avant-garde tradition. A history extending back over 200 years also shaped our response to these Adonis Blues, which we were well aware of at the time.

After the defeat of the UK's miners' strike (1984-5) all hope of a better world ended in this country. And so the both of us some 15 years ago began to seek solace in the countryside. Something then happened we were not prepared for, that caught us unawares like we had been pushed from behind. Not only did unexpected things happen within the order of nature like finding a Hedge Brown a 150 yards from Wormwood Scrubs prison and then a few years later stumbling by chance on a small colony on the scree slope of Malham Cove, but we began to have significant encounters in the field. If we chanced on someone with a camera or a pair of binoculars it invariably led to far more than an exchange of pleasantries. These encounters would with increasing regularity hit on the very basis of contemporary civilisation by continually asking awkward questions seldom raised elsewhere. Conversation would float as effortlessly as the clouds over head from observation on the behaviour of a butterfly to the catastrophic consequences of a consumer boom in the newly emerging BRICS (Brazil Russia India China) as if neither contradicted the other but were profoundly interconnected - as they are.

Tramping, as we often did around the Surrey Hills and the Chilterns we were struck by the place names which were richly evocative of the puritan revolution and the civil war of the 1640s, names like Burford, Puritan Way, Milton Close, Pulpit Hill and St George's Hill forever associated with the name of Winstanley and that profound moment that was to ring throughout the ages, when a group of men and women took over the land and began to dig. From a patch of ground on which the Small Blue was flying we had gazed at the hill from afar. A short while later, without ever leaving heath land, we were on Banstead Down where the Marbled White was introduced during the 1950s after dying out there. As for Pulpit Hill -----we had gone to Little Kimble in the Chilterns in the late spring of 1997 to look for the Duke of Burgundy Fritillary when we came across this rounded, steep sided, chalk mound with the name of Pulpit Hill. Entirely by chance we had, earlier on in the day, stumbled into the ground of Chequers, the prime minister's country residence. We had left quickly not because ordered to by security staff rather that we had no desire to remain there, it was so park-like and barren of wild life. How enticing in comparison was Pulpit Hill, the true victor in the civil war and not Chequers or parliament.

On the summit of Pulpit Hill there was a lone cow, as unmoving as stone, framed against the deep blue sky. There was also a thick grove of hawthorn through which ran a carefully tended tunnel roofed by impenetrable branches that had been cut and shaped probably centuries ago. And round and about the Common Blue teemed in such numbers that, when they came to roost, as many as five could be found on one grass stalk. And yet we also felt something was missing, the name reminding us of the days when the countryside was also teeming with people and hedge preachers who found in nature not just equality but the blessings of desire, a god given and therefore equal right to indulge the passions freely, endowing what was to become the stand point of enlightenment scientific neutrality with a new meaning: 'nature to be commanded must be obeyed'. However this was passionate, not instrumental reasoning in which we ourselves have still to be the test beds of the humanely possible.

This also has became a feature of the new terrain of encounter a place where a hidden love of darting, stolen looks of undoubted warmth and the thoroughly genuine seems about to burst its shackles and find new forms of expression. The air crackles with a muted eroticism as though the sexes were beginning to be at ease with each other and more able to speak their minds and be their true selves. A surrealist worth his or her salt would have instantly recognised it. Once when visiting Hell's Coppice in Bernwood Forest a couple of miles walk from Sandbeds on the outskirts of Oxford to search for the Brown Hairstreak we happened to bump into a middle aged couple with grey hair who had also stationed themselves in a lane bordered with buckthorn and blackthorn in the hope of catching a glimpse of the elusive insects. After awhile they moved off and we followed a half hour later. We knew the Brown Hairstreak likes to jink around tall ash trees usually ashes situated on higher grounds. There were several large ashes that bordered a large ploughed field a few hundred yards away and we had in the past espied the Hairstreaks on the top branches. The path to these ashes ran through a dense woodland so thick with scrub it muffled the sound of intruders. And intrude we did, for on straightening up after crawling practically on all fours through a tangled mass of low branches and brambles, we came across the couple leaning up against a tree laughing and kissing each other full on the lips, the woman's skirt riding up around her waist. They were not the slightest bit abashed and carried on as if all that had surprised them was a pair of muntjac.

We were slower to recover from our embarrassment and yet we both remarked how such a scene would once have been typical and that the divorce of human passion from the setting of nature was to the detriment of both. To the lyrical sound of giggles coming from within the wood we did see our Hairstreaks high up in the top branches of the oaks. A couple appeared to be performing a pre-nuptial mating ritual and presently disappeared from view. How I wish at that moment I had a balloon which could carry me up, up, up and away just above the canopy for I knew no one had ever witnessed or photographed a pair of mating Brown Hairstreaks in the wild.

Climbing up into the canopy would not have been the same as hanging there just above the tree tops, able to move about silently and at will without disturbing as much as a leaf. I half imagined to myself a dream like structure that could do this. Viewing 'A Treetop Odyssey' in the summer of 2005 I realised that my dream machine had become half fact and was even being devised whilst I lay on my back in the ploughed furrows staring up at the top ashes sometime in the late 1990s'. This scientific adventure story was about a journey atop the canopy of Madagascan forest, a unique vantage point from which to view a unique island with a unique flora and fauna. An airship had been used from which was suspended a webbed cradle, nicknamed the pretzel, which enabled scientists to walk the canopy. However the thrill of the new at what up to then had been impossible, soon gave way to doubt then contempt, and finally outrage. The cost must have been colossal and the credits gave no indication who paid for the bulk of this expedition. Led by Prof. Halle from Montpellier University, academic funding could never have stretched this far. Seeing that the expedition included a couple of botanists employed to capture scents by a cosmetics company and other scientists employed by biochemical companies in search of - in fact the biopirating - of yet another block buster drug, the source of the funding was immediately clear, so clear that on no account had their sponsorship ever to be mentioned. This was a seductive example of the kind of bio rapacity that had underwritten the Rio biodiversity conference of 1992 and the rules stated, though no one dared say so out loud, that conservation had to yield a profit. This, after all, is the opinion of the eminence grise E.O. Wilson, sociobiologist and myrmycologist, whose views on bio diversity had played such a part in the conclusions that flowed from the Rio conference. That biodiversity - not withstanding its profound scientific claims that biodiversity tends to yield even more biodiversity - has been guided by the profit motive from the moment it began to slip glibly off the tongue, is a major reason why biodiversity groups attached to councils (yet another reason for their being totally ineffective) are worse then useless at the local level when it comes to stopping the annihilation of the species. Capitalist society is rotten to the core. Nature is not yet but could be entirely engulfed by it, beginning with the free market monetarist philosophy that underlies biodiversity.

What gladdened me the next day were the number of friends I met in the street who had watched the program and had felt the same way as I did without me needing prompt them. This indignation was much greater than could be expected given the present climate of rewarding robber barons, pension fund cut purses and the haves and have more. It demonstrated how sensitive the issue of nature is becoming, as sensitive as the cap on a phial of nitro glycerine.

It was in Hell's Coppice we encountered an amateur naturalist who though an ardent wild life photographer and still high from having photographed a Wilson's Petrol (possibly the world's commonest sea bird but not around these shores), had long ago rid himself of his TV. He was so proud at having done what, at some time or other, we had all wanted to do but lacked the resolve. Would our lives change, had his, and the question went unanswered because no one asked it, though I could now kick myself for not asking it. Here was an opportunity to probe the depths because TV is a media that has yet to find its form and content and will never do so while capitalism exists.

Earlier on that day we had fallen in with a tutor from Balliol College. How the conversation drifted is yet another example of the potential that now exists for encounter in the countryside. It began innocently enough, while we were casting our eyes over the blackthorns. 'Looking for the Black Hairstreak,' he enquired, for this was the exact spot the Black Hairstreak was discovered by a school boy in the early 1900s'. Immediately the news got out the place was swarming with lepidopterists from nearby Oxford University and come Friday afternoon tutors would say 'see you in hell' rather than 'see you after the weekend'!

We have yet to see our first Black Hairstreak in Hell's Coppice but according to this young man still in his 20's he had, several years back, counted as many as 20 on one bush. They may now have gone for good and he also mentioned he had been privileged to see the hibernacula of the March Fritillary by the side by the side of the path leading to the makeshift car park. Not anymore for the National Trust in its absolute lack of infinite wisdom had seen fit to lay a tar macadam road to the now paved over car park, and - heyho - the Marsh Fritillary is now only a distant memory. We each shook our heads in disbelief and it was then by the by it came out he was a tutor in Balliol College almost as if it was something to be ashamed of, for he certainly did not go out of his way to mention it. Of course we immediately wanted to know if the memory of another being, a human being, had survived the passing of time - that of E.B. Ford's. Very much so, and we were regaled with a number of telling stories, well worth recounting some day, regarding this great lepidopterist. The close relationship between J.B.S. Haldane and Ford had always interested me for Haldane had dominated the biological sciences in this country during the 1930s and 1940s, exercising a profound influence on Ford. Knowing Haldane was a 'red' (though being a Stalinist that also meant red with the blood of the workers he idolised, and writing trenchant articles on scientific subjects for their edification in the pages of 'The Daily Worker') I attempted to move the conversation in this direction. Alas, he did not perceive what I was driving at and all he could say, in this respect, was that Ford had objected to opening up the senior common rooms to women on the grounds their voices were too shrill! After the scandals surrounding 'the dark lady of DNA' (Rosalind Franklin, who succeeded in photographing the helical structure of DNA before Crick and Watson deduced it and who has only received a very belated recognition and astronomers like the all but ignored Henrietta Levitt who painstakingly mapped the Cepheid Variables, crucial to understanding the scale of the universe), the male dominated scientific fraternity is now desperate to make amends for its sexist past, an act of contrition that conveniently covers up a far more fundamental question; the relationship between capitalism and science. Despite the increased integration of women into science this question is still scarcely ever asked.

This also had a bearing on my desire to know more about Imms who had written a very influential book in the 1930s entitled 'General text book of Entomology' though he was better known as the author of 'Insect Natural History' which came out after World War Two as part of 'The New Naturalist' series. He had also been a close friend of Ford's and when he died in 1949 it was, to Ford, not only a loss to entomology but a deeply felt personal bereavement. Imms had brought together a vast mass of material into a very readable whole. He also marked the moment entomology lost its innocence and was fortunate enough not to have straddled the two worlds of pure entomology and applied entomology with World War Two as the dividing line. Even so he anticipated this development being appointed in 1913 reader in agricultural entomology at Victoria University Manchester and then, on the outbreak of war, crop inspector of the board of agriculture and fisheries. It wasn't immediately apparent that the chlorinated gases used as a chemical weapon on the western front could, once suitably modified, be deployed against insects.

At the same time Imms was putting together his masterwork, Vincent Wigglesworth was composing 'The Principles of Insect Physiology' which came out in 1939. With a name to match the job description, Wigglesworth profoundly influenced the course entomology was to take following the end of World War Two, hitching entomology's so far unsullied reputation ineradicably to the bio chemicals industry and the green revolution, actually the first of the 'green' misnomers. The post war green revolution was part of a campaign to sell a complete package including heavy machinery, prodigal irrigation schemes and hybrid varieties of soy, wheat, rice etc. responsive to pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides. It was the first attempt to gain global control of agriculture, the latest being that of GM foods.

Entomology's changing face began commendably with Wigglesworth telling his students at the London School of Tropical Medicine that more people had died in the First World War from insect borne diseases than had been killed in action. With this sobering thought, applied entomology had come of age, just as the shift in emphasis meant any extra entomological investigation into social causes would henceforth be strictly off limits, especially a probing analysis - and one that badly needs to be done - of the relationship between applied entomology and the agrochemical industrial military complex. A 1945 edition of 'Time' had published a picture of the first atomic bomb explosion alongside a report announcing DDT as the ultimate weapon in the war on insects. In 'Silent Spring' Rachel Carson had cited four examples from the 'Journal of Entomology' wherein researchers had listed chemical industry support for their researches. The Colorado beetle is perhaps the worlds most recognisable and notorious beetle. It was also the first to become resistant to pesticides: genetic variation and the insect's rapid rate of reproduction kept yielding generations able to tolerate each new poison.

The indiscriminate use of pesticides violates a fundamental law of evolution and it always amazes me how the agrochemical companies in their search for the ultimate insect poison, continue to overlook the obvious. Or do they? Most likely they are aware of it; only it does not make business sense to publicly acknowledge it. In fact Wigglesworth spanning the two worlds of pure and applied entomology was also aware of another shift, that from state to private capitalism. He did not unfortunately express it as bluntly as this but the tendency towards the privatisation of science bothered him greatly not seeing that state sponsored science was not the same as a genuinely public science, a science open to all and only possible once commodity society is abolished. This confusion continues to this day and was particularly marked in the feud that broke out around the mapping of the human genome. Of course we prefer Sulston, and the others that helped him, to Craig Venter who threatened to undermine this international effort and make the human genome into a corporate monopoly. But the title of Sulston`s book 'The Common Thread' detailing the history of this scientific breakthrough refers to more than just DNA for it is also a plea on behalf of the public realm which, as is typically the case with virtually every scientist, becomes confused with that of the state-of-the-common-people, which, regarding the present day state (or any other), is a meaningless populist illusion.

There is a revealing entry in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography on Wigglesworth - and also telling on account of its pulled punches but which is enough to wish for a more candid exposure: 'By the time he died much research in his chosen field had become managed, unpublished, or even hidden, with untested information reserved for industrial gain, business profit, political showmanship or military power'. Perhaps the only well-known scientist in this country in recent years who would have scoffed at the dichotomy of public and private in terms of the state v the private market is Dr. Chris Pallis, the eminent brain surgeon and former 'head' of the ultra leftist group, Solidarity but who was nonetheless, quite nervous about mingling his scientific research and career with his theories on society. In a way this was hardly surprising as the frequent visits to his house by the Special Branch received savage tabloid attention. It can be said that Chris Pallis as a scientist was partly in the tradition of Needham and Haldane, his specialism separate from his identification with the workers' movement. It was though a significant advance as Pallis forthrightly saw through all the cruel and bloody deception inherent in what officially was known as the past workers' movement, not only its variant social democratic forms but those of Leninism, Maoism and Trotskyism. However lack of a critique of society's totality (which also marred Solidarity's contribution) meant comments on medicine and medical research were limited confined primarily to a condemnation of the growth of a cumbersome NHS bureaucracy.

One of Wigglesworth students, James Beaumont (who was later to be knighted as indeed was Wigglesworth) - we have come along way since Lady Glanville was judged to be off her rocker, citing as evidence her passion for butterflies - found that insect skins were covered with an infinitely thin layer of wax. It would be a mistake to think an entomologist like Beaumont was an unwitting dupe: his researches on the permeability of insect eggshells that are even more waterproof than the insects were done with the aim of showing how poisons can get in. In the 1970s he was to work for Geest devising a means of coating bananas in wax which did away with refrigerated containers: these cryogenic bananas would still look fresh after being shipped thousands of miles and unripe fruit became a thing of the past. The analysis of insect wax had advanced the science of poisoning; now it was serving the make believe art of fresh-food retailing, which since the 1970s has invaded the shelves of every supermarket.

The career of Sir James Beaumont reflects the changing fortunes of entomology from its gradual acceptance as an academic discipline of no 'use' to anyone, to being of central importance to the giant agrochemical companies and latterly to biotech firms seeking a final solution to the insect question.

We had wanted to put these questions to our new acquaintance from Balliol College in the hope this more informal setting in a country lane, well away from the prying eyes of academia ever ready to snitch on those not prepared to shut up, would lead to a more frank exchange. Surprisingly he had never heard of Imms and was temporarily put on the back foot but his new regard for us was at once apparent. The only chapter in Imms 'Insect Natural History' which could be of practical use is the one on biological forms of control, the only really effective form of insect control up to World War Two. However to read it as a statement of Imms's ecological sympathies would be mistaken: he was lucky enough not to know any better.

I am indebted to our new friend for another reason for he made me aware of the surreal starting point of Ford's book on butterflies. 'What other book on butterflies' he claimed, 'begins with the Fall of Constantinople'' He was right and I had forgotten or rather the fact had never struck me, as it should. Yes, there was always something not quite right in the head about lepidopterists and would that we got out of our heads more often.

However this young lecturer was not altogether secure in his ivory tower. With a wry smile he mentioned how the city of 'dreaming spires' had been renamed the city of 'screaming tyres', referring to the habitual practise of 'taking and driving without care' cars from the city centre and racing them to an appointed spot on the Blackbird Lees estate where residents of all ages and sexes would turn out to watch the live performance. This was not much more than harmless fun with an edge and well before the fire and brimstone game playing became a deadly business and the screech of tyres a prelude to a drive-by shooting. Though town and gown and the saga of the Cutteslow Walls - a wall separating the university precincts from plebeian quarters - have long passed into history, this lecturer was still gnawed from within by something more demanding than a social conscience in the abstract. If butterflies were to die out (and make no mistake, this is a very real possibility) so would his scientific specialism. To him the former luxury of scientific neutrality was not an option and his indignation at the wanton destruction of the Marsh Fritillary in Hell's Coppice that of a person with his back to the wall.

Not everyone we meet in the field is quite so committed to nature though as a general rule there is a great openness and readiness to show interest. This is particularly true of brownfield sites and other places that have so far eluded classification permitting nature to flourish unchecked and unaided and frequently the better for that. In the summer of 2005 - on the 9th of August to be precise the very same day we were to see second generation Dingy Skippers at Waleswood, South Yorks - we met nearby a former engineer on what had once been the Kiveton Park pit spoil heap now in the throws of the most goddam awful makeover sponsored by Yorkshire Forward. We explained we were concerned about the fate of the Dingy Skipper and that despite specific instructions, essential habitat requirements had been wilfully ignored. He was immediately interested and soon he was giving us an invaluable lesson on the geology of the spoil heap, picking up bits from the surviving portions of exposed spoil without which the Dingy Skipper does not stand a chance of surviving. What I had taken to be iron ore or oxidised iron and which imparted to spoil heaps a touch of ochre was, I learnt, burnt shale and a reminder that these nature rich heaps once had a tendency to catch fire. A self-taught geologist, he was fascinated by atomic weight and marvelled how a small lump of iron ore could weigh as much as a far larger chunk of coal.

This former engineer was an innocent at large, a typical South Yorks type whose disarming authenticity and sincerity belongs more to the industrial past than present. Though he didn't say so in as many words, the miners' strike of 1984/85 had changed his life. And now he passed his days drifting from one derelict site to another, rummaging amongst the bones of long dead industries in and around Sheffield like he was searching for his sanity and lost hope in the crumbling remains. He said he had taken early retirement but he was only in his early forties. Bit by bit the true story came out. He had become a victim of the intensification of labour and the lengthening of the working day, driving 200 miles to work where he was then expected, at eight in the morning, to launch himself into exacting calculations, on which lives depended, and then, come knocking off time and tired out, do the return journey amid ever mounting levels of traffic. He was going to visit a friend in prison who was convinced the CIA were listening in on him. His friend had been given a 7 month stretch for boarding a bus, snatching a mobile out of a woman's hand, and then after first smashing the mobile to bits, fighting with other passengers and the bus driver. It was possible to sympathise with this 'theft' of a mobile, for this act of paranoid critical activity had nothing to do with making money. A mental hospital was by far the more appropriate place where, if lucky, he could at least rest. But from now on our new found lapsed-engineer friend would be looking out for the Dingy Skipper on every abandoned spoil heap he visited.

Of all mental disorders there is today none more ubiquitous than depression. It is a growing affliction seemingly hell-bent on becoming a universal malady, the mental equivalent of the common cold. I recall some years back reading a book on botany that mentioned how a particular botanist was prevented from completing important work on account of a recurrent manic-depressive cycle. I mentioned this to a friend - the same who had come up with the title 'Dialectical Butterflies' for this website - how such details were becoming worthy of mention. 'And not before time' he replied.

'Nature Cure' by Richard Mabey is an account of a depressive episode in his life and his subsequent recovery from it in nature's arms. Yet there's no escaping the fact it is a 'nature' reeking of wealth. Nowhere in his book do we meet up with the forlorn souls who are in the habit of frequenting nature reserves, heathlands and wastes where traditionally idiots get the drop on royalty and being without money is no stigma, unless of course you are tempted into a hut run by the RSPB. At one point Mabey was so bad that he admitted himself into the same asylum near Peterborough the great John Clare had passed the majority of his later life. The penniless Clare was sectioned, Mabey went of his own accord paying for the privilege, which would not have come cheap. Rejected by a farmer's daughter because of his lowly labouring origins and then eventually made homeless by the enclosing of common land, Clare gave a new grounding to the romantic treatment of madness and depression. He was driven mad - and nature with him - by social forces and the loss of nature that he felt so deeply, was also an act of the expropriation of his livelihood down to his childhood memories. Though much transformed, this melancholy dialectic of man and nature is essentially our own.

This is not to minimize the pain of depression but it is obvious that the sad people we have met and cause tears to prick at the mere thought of them, have a different tale of woe to tell than that of 'Nature Cure', one of broken relationships, of lives blighted by poverty and unhappiness with not the slightest prospect of ever finding a job.

Like the person we met in Strumpshaw Fen, Norfolk one day. His torn coat, frayed trousers, shabby shoes and spectacles held together by elastoplast, told its own story. He was from Nottingham and his weather beaten face meant his life was passed in the wild. He was carrying an old tripod on which was mounted a very battered, second hand birdscope, the very inferiority of his equipment contrasting with the very latest in camera and optical technology competitively hung around the necks of a number of others, for the fen is managed by those fat cats of nature conservation, the RSPB. He did not fit in and we instantly warmed to him as he did to us. Whenever he sighted anything of interest he made brief notes in a fat, soiled notebook. How we would have loved to dip in that notebook. Did it contain more than just field observations, perhaps cryptic records of his mental states, or equally brief accounts of his conversation with others, which only he could understand? Where did it begin and where did it end? Did it even have a beginning or end? Were such notebooks the start of a real dialectics of nature, a taking up where Clare left off, though minus the rhymes, in which madness, nature and property relations, which the seizure of common lands was only a part of, were raised? We discussed train times journeys and travel concessions, one that would have enabled him to get to and fro on the same day from Nottingham to Ashstead on the North Downs where, with any luck, he would see the Purple Emperor. In the meantime we would break off to look at a Marsh Harrier or Swallowtail or fall silent to listen to Ceti's Warbler in between discussing the pros and cons of introductions, which he was unsure about. For this guy was learned and with a past he preferred to forget about and by becoming totally absorbed in nature able to achieve, in the best sense of the term, forgetfulness of self.

Fragments of conservations that were going somewhere and other half forgotten recollections slowly worm their way up. Like meeting an ex-soldier dressed in battle fatigues, his army issue tent draped over a branch in a corner of Raw Nook, a former railway siding on the line between Bradford and Halifax. He had made himself an unofficial warden of this now rich wild life habitat. By expressing a need to draw closer to, and bivouac if only for one night, in the heart of nature he clearly wished to do more than just conserve nature. Nature was a bolthole in more ways than one for it allowed him to escape from his housing situation on the Woodside Estate where his harmless eccentricity had attracted, and was bound to attract, the attention of conformist local bullies (i.e. not youths) who never gave him a moment's peace. The fact that he was ex-army - and therefore not a danger - would only have increased their cowardly determination to hunt him down. He had come upon me unawares, materialising out of the undergrowth, and causing me to jump. His army uniform of green and brown and likewise his tent were the green and brown of nature's primary means of camouflage Used by standing armies worldwide for aggressive and defensive purposes, this camouflage had been put to other uses permitting him to close in on shy birds and take impressive photos. It also allowed him to disappear into the background and find the faceless anonymity he craved.

Sometimes addresses and e-mails are exchanged on parting and the polite au revoir, 'be seeing you around', turns out to be true.

Once upon a time we chanced on a school teacher in her thirties in Strumpshaw Fen. A year later we just happened to meet her in the same location. We straightaway asked her if she had managed to get up to Garton Loch to see the Ospreys. Her blushes were poignant and lovely and, starting to feel more confident, spoke of her hatred of teaching and how like a prison school had become and the little she actually felt for her pupils. She couldn't wait for Friday afternoon when she would make a dash for her car and race through the countryside like a mad woman, ignoring all the rules of road safety, just to get a glimpse, for instance, of the Stone Curlews before it grew too dark. Still living at home with her parents and sleeping in the little bedroom she had been brought up in, nature was her salvation, her release, her reason for living, the benchmark from which to judge the rest of society, and the bedrock of her frankness when it came to speaking her mind about school. For this woman cared and did not have to lie and spout nonsense in front of nature like she was required to do in the classroom.

On brownfield sites especially those, which by definition implies a significant amount of industrial dereliction, other kinds of fruitful encounters are possible, especially if the industry is still just to say ticking over. These places attract industrial historians - and in the case of Healey Mills Marshalling yards in Horbury, West Yorks and where the Grayling was discovered in 2003 - railway enthusiasts in their droves. Sometimes they position themselves at the perimeter and stare through binoculars and many is the time we have asked them what bird were they observing. They, in turn, immediately assume we are there for a final examination of the elderly rolling stock that has been shunted into this industrial grave yards prior to being interred by the yard's undertakers. From talking at cross-purposes initially, a strange cross-fertilization could ensue. On being told of the yards unexamined, but already astonishing insect life, and the need, at all costs, to preserve it, appreciation of this living museum turned to wide eyed wonderment. One often feels like accompanying these train buffs if only to learn the correct names what to us, is little more than a heap of scrap metal but which is essential if we are to bring out a reality that is sometimes beyond belief, like when the Grayling lands on an old hand-operated railway points lever.

It also brings back memories of our childhood in the 1950s when one day we would be out chasing butterflies, the next sitting at the end of Doncaster or York railway station with another identification guide in our hand: Allen's 1/- guide to the steam trains of the LNER. And how in the company of other kids and, in the genuine spirit of youth, game for anything, we would sneak into the railway sidings and poke our heads around the corner of Doncaster engine sheds or the Roundhouse in York sidings. We knew it was not really permitted but a blind eye was turned more often than not. How I wish I could today trespass with the same ease onto the sprawling and increasingly derelict railway sidings of Doncaster, York, Leeds and elsewhere to see what wonders await amid the decaying rolling stock, now too eaten away and fallen to bits to ever move. Nationalization is not the same as socialization but even so the illusion that nationalised industry was owned by the public meant access was far less restricted even to us kids. Some must have been injured for hoards would invade sidings and main railway stations on a Saturday but still the practise was tolerated. Nor were we ever really warned of the dangers of playing on railway lines not on account of parental irresponsibility but because we were freer to make up our own minds and equally free to shoot the rapids and drown in the river Calder if the raft made from oil drums and odd bits of wood nailed and lashed together had capsized.

On the 23 July 2005 I was detained for a short while in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards and threatened with arrest. Prior to this for some three weeks in the late summer of 2004 I became quite depressed and took to my bed. A dismissive letter from a stuck-up biodiversity official on Rotherham Council saying he had not seen the Dingy Skipper on the site of the former Orgreave coking plant had been the trigger. Nor according to him had there been any other recordings even though we'd seen them there in relative abundance. And his word was law so let the destruction roll-on, this time with the approval of the local biodiversity group. It was enough to make anyone give up the ghost. Having found the Grayling colony in Healey Mills the saving of it has become a deeply personal matter to the both of us. As I was being escorted out the yards perhaps 10 or more Grayling rose in front of me. I excitedly pointed them out to my captors: 'look, look' I said 'the Grayling'. I forget the exact reply but the intention was to crush all life out of the Grayling and me: there were plans afoot to develop the yards in the next eight years and if I was ever to go anywhere near the yards again I would be arrested on sight. Just the thought of pulling the wings of the Grayling and every other butterfly and insect in the yards excited their malice like they had regressed to being five year olds, bloodying a stone with the bashed-up bodies of flies and beetles. It was this that I found the most wounding. How I wish I'd had the foresight to keep my camcorder on and I know now never to turn it off during confrontations like these. For it gives an idea of the unspeakable readiness of people, invariably that little bit higher up the social scale and in some minor managerial position, to quite happily consent to the destruction of every living thing, not just as onlookers but as active participants. I had been in the yards during weekdays and the May Gurney track maintenance workers had paid no attention to me, which had given me a false sense of security.

As I walked up Healey Rd, Ossett and then on past my old school, the road rose up to meet me and my eyes were blurred with anger for I couldn't see straight. The last time I had done this walk was over 50 years ago. I mentally rehearsed a gallows speech as I was been led of to the cells of how it was a far, far better thing to save the Grayling than my own life! Back in Bradford the mock-heroic, self-dramatisation gave way to more considered reflections. Why hadn't my captors taken me out by the fishpond when I specifically asked to be led through the grounds of the angling club that rent the land from EWS, the yards owners? Were they afraid the anglers would come to my rescue and point a few things out, like the yard's ambiguous legal status? With a long tradition of poaching from country landowners behind them, anglers make excellent backroom lawyers, for the seizing of fishing rights had been a big part of enclosure. (No account of Thomas Bewick, the greatest bird and wild life illustrator this country has known, would be complete without mentioning his sympathy for poachers and his unswerving loyalty to radical causes up to his dying day in the late 18th century). I had pointed out that public rights of way ran through the yards and were clearly indicated on old maps. Later I was to find out the land the Yards had been built on had been requisitioned by the War Department during World War I when a de facto nationalisation of industry had prevailed. It was essential the coal and iron ore be quickly moved to the furnaces to aid the war effort and the area between Horbury and Huddersfield and around Dewsbury was crammed with pits, the last ones at Emley Moor and Caphouse closing after the defeat of the miners' strike in 1985. (Incidentally both sites may well have contained colonies of Dingy Skippers. Emley Moor is now a bleak modern industrial estate with bleak nature-furnishings and Caphouse the site of the National Mining Museum. Though we did not find any trefoil on the latter site there was plenty in the lanes round about, which suggests it grew on the former soil heap prior to it being made into, of all things, a nature trail!) But before 1914, the land the Yards now occupy was under water for some of the year, for it was swamp land, part of the wide Calder flood plain and possibly it was on this very spot a singleton Swallowtail, once on show in the Tolson Memorial Museum in Huddersfield, was seemingly caught in the 1840s. Swamplands, or to give them their more fashionable title, wetlands, belonged to everyone, even more so than tilled or grazed common land where a system of primogeniture based on custom was in operation. Enclosure of common lands in each case required a separate act of parliament, which plainly did not happen when the wetlands on which the Yards are now situated were first seized. It was an illegal act, that for reasons of state ignored parliamentary procedure and if push came to shove EWS could find themselves in a very awkward position. Even if EWS are unaware of the doubtful legal grounds it is standing on overall (as unstable as the land it was built on, evident from the widespread subsidence), the brutal over re-action of local managers suggests they are bent on preventing access by blocking off both ends to what they admit is a legal right of way through the yards along the elevated pathway that runs from Horbury Bridge to Healey Mills.

A protracted legal campaign could bring EWS to its knees or at least to the negotiating table for, as I learnt from one train buff, EWS is deeply in the red. Nonetheless, if past experiences are anything to go by, the heart would go out of the Yards if they became an official nature reserve. The fact that it is an underemployed working yard and functioning industrial museum in which the exhibits quickly end up as scrap metal, makes it a constantly changing environment all the more magical because nothing in it is simulated. It is for real. Everyday one freight train pulls out the yards around three in the afternoon. It grinds slowly forward along the railway lines that have buckled under the weight of the big diesel locos and lack of a proper foundation, a legacy of the haste at which ballast was thrown over the bog at the outbreak of the First World War nearly 100 years ago. The train does not dare to pick up speed until it joins the mainline to Dewsbury otherwise it would almost certainly be derailed. Out of sight we watch the train pull past us. It is long and drawn out and the effect can be mesmeric close to. After that the yards proper fall silent but we never feel safe until we have seen the May Gurney van depart. The yards are then ours but we now know not to expose ourselves to the view of passing passenger trains. We keep an eye on the same signal box we did when we were young kids in short trousers and dive for cover if on the off-chance we should see anyone, though we are by now pensionable hooligans.

And now imagine (it's easy if you try) a tannalised wooden fence running down the centre of the yards: to one side there is a functioning marshalling yard with its splendid array of old diesel locomotives, burnt out carriages, aged rolling stock, thrown away oil cans, rusting bolts, rubber pads, rotting sleepers, concrete pads and what not. On the other there is a large area of exposed hard core from which the rusting railway lines and all pieces of jagged metal have been removed, everything in short likely to remind us this was once a railway siding. Sure the Grayling is there and doing very well but nothing is going to stop me or you from looking wistfully at the other side of the tracks as a Grayling flies over the fence and weaves in and out of the silent, drawn up locomotives and rolling stock. I know what I would do: I would ignore the signposts telling me this is the limit of the nature reserve and not to trespass on the railway sidings and be over that fence like a shot. For we cannot confine nature to the nature reserve and if we continue to believe we can safely section it to places of asylum where it will be looked after, we ourselves will eventually go mad and die off.

What angered me most about my temporary detention in the Yards was the humiliating manner I was infantilised by this wretched nobody of a yard manager (or so he said) who was only obeying orders. His first words to me, so loud they echoed around the deserted yards, were 'do you know you are trespassing on private property' not that I was in danger of been run over, though it was quite obvious the only way these crooked twisting railway lines could accommodate rolling stock is if it was shunted up the track inch by inch. There was no reasonable answer to such a question: at 61 I was a naughty boy all over again. It would have made not one scrap of difference either if I had asked why there was no notice warning people not to trespass at the entrance to the yards on the path that leads from Horbury Bridge. And it would merely have been academic to this apology for a human being, used to giving and taking orders rather than questioning them, had I pointed out that when I was a schoolboy how come no one, including the police or rail workers, had ever once said to us kids 'do you know you are trespassing on private property''. Rather we were ushered off railway precincts and warned not to come back for our own good, which of course we still roundly resented. This yard manager's first words to me had emphasised the retreat of the public domain and the fetishism of private property to such a pitch it was now hallowed ground. By rights I should have instantly sunk to my knees. For it reflected the wholesale privatisation of life where even the public realm is being swallowed by the private as we are forced into a cell like existence(i.e. home life) somewhere between a monks cloister and a prison landing.

Private debt good public bad and the raving insistence on private property before all else.

Earlier on that day the first of August 2005 waiting for the cloud to clear I had taken refuge in 'the heather triangle', the site of the former Ossett sewerage works where in the space of 50 years since its closure there has been a rapid succession from sphagnum moss, to clumps of soft rush and other grasses that root on boggy ground, to broom, birch and sallow and finally to heather and trefoil and a generous covering of early marsh orchids. Whenever a passenger train travelling from Wakefield to Dewsbury had passed I would slide down deeper into the heather to avoid being noticed. Though in a good year the Grayling normally flies in the triangle I saw none in 2005 so, to pass the time, I had glanced through a newspaper article entitled 'Pester power: Trouble in Store' about kids as consumers by Madeleine Bunting. Still smarting, that evening I wrote the following entry in my 'nature' diary: 'these born to buy kids (not born to live kids) by the age of 10 would frequently know 300 brand names and more. Would that they knew 300 species! M. Bunting is one of those journalists who sees something but never able to grasp a subject with all the radicalism it demands. Sitting here alone I could only think what kind of a future is there for humanity when today's children are like they are and that it is increasingly being left to much older people to fight for the right of nature to exist'.

Two hours later I couldn't have been more infantilised by authority for if I had been an ultimate consumer, say a teenage biker rigged out in all the latest gear caught crashing through the Yards on a Harley Davidson (which does happen), the flunkeys who apprehended me would have been far more inclined to render homage to consumer brands and have treated that biker with far more understanding and esteem than was to be my lot. On the scale that calibrates infantilism there was none lower than I. Moreover it seemed to reflect the growing infantilization of nature. In this increasingly actual, comic book, pop up world of nature, trees in public spaces, are pruned to become lollipop trees resembling the first naive attempts of tiny tots to represent trees. Rabbits likewise have taken to living in cottages because their burrows have been filled in as they are a bio-hazard and a danger to passers-by who would sue a fly for buzzing too loudly if they could get it to appear in court. Recalling the sheer obtuseness we encountered over the past year my lip quivers with fury. The high profile given to all things green belies the hostility one meets with on the ground. Much of this has to do with how we are inducted into nature by the media and especially TV and thereby persuaded of its fullness, for paradoxically nature as representation is closer and nature as reality further away than it ever was two hundred years ago, The immensely popular 'Spring Watch' is unmistakably live and in comparison to which my spring watch is as denuded as the bare trees. Though trumpeted as a reply to Reality TV, like the latter it blurs our perception of what exists. Recently a well off young couple tried to get a rookery destroyed that had been mentioned in the Doomsday Book on the grounds that the rook parliament was disturbing their peace and privacy! In fact this says it all, for it is all about the loss and stamping out of whatever communication is left, even amongst birds! I rather think this couple could have paid lip service to green issues but come the crunch, the reality of nature was just too much and couldn't be switched off like TV. By the same token if we wish to conserve nature all we have to do is click on the box that says 'do you want to save nature' and it will be.

It is not even a matter that nature is alright in its place, for today nature itself is not right unless its sting is drawn and designed by a health and safety executive mindful of litigation. The result is to take the risk out of nature, to render it innocuous and teach it manners at the very moment it is about to give humanity a lesson it may never recover from, never mind ever forget. This is why I made a plea earlier on to keep the Yards as they are though knowing full well this is not possible in the society we live in. Should the Grayling and other butterflies like the Brown Argus and Dingy Skipper, also present in the Yards, be rescued they would be made to drag out their lives in a sanitised habitat protected from the only disasters that really matter, like laddering a pair of tights or getting chewing gum stuck to the soles of one's shoes. No one will then even begin to guess at the pleasure, at times bordering on ecstasy, I felt that day I discovered the Grayling in the Yards - how it was like walking on air when I saw them flying amid the toxic industrial detritus and stationary locomotives, flushing them up wherever I went until quite late in the evening.

The Yards are a perfect example of what have come to be called a brownfield site. There has been along standing prejudice that nature cannot possibly thrive on such sites. Amongst the New Naturalist series outstanding for their combination of text that does not talk down and a preference for brilliant informative photography - Markham, Beaufoy, Hoskins and even Julian Huxley - over illustration (as though one of the aims of the Russian Constructivists that the reactionary role of the artist had to be replaced by the revolutionary one of the technician had been taken on board in a typically British absence of mind that only reinforced the overall cultural conservatism) there is a volume which includes a chapter on the magnesian limestone strip that extends from north of Nottingham and peters out on the cliffs of Cullercoats Bay just north of Newcastle. I underlined the following comment on account of its ready acknowledgement of prejudice.

Wanting to know more, I found out we had been raised on the magnesian limestone strip just north of Darlington and running directly beneath Heighington Station where Stephenson's Locomotion No 1 had been placed on the level crossing of the Stockton and Darlington Railway. For a mile and a half to either side the countryside was astonishingly rich in wild life particularly in the railway sidings and on the railway embankments leading up to, and just beyond, Codlings Bridge. Trains and butterflies went together and many is the time we would be tearing up and down these embankments chasing a Dark Green Fritillary when a steam train thundered by pulling thirty or more wagons filled with coal from the Durham coalfield. Never once were we told to stop by the railway authorities or ever warned to be careful by the platelayers who plied the line, swinging their long hammers with unerring skill to bang in the wooden chocs that had fallen out the joints holding the rail in place.

The passion that we feel for Healey Mills Marshalling Yards is an attempt to relive, as the French surrealists exhorted some of the best moments of our childhood and youth in a present that has become much more property conscious and paranoid. We also see it as a right to the reclaiming of childhood where there was not the same division between nature, industry and human habitation.

So it is already more than mere sentiment and about recognition of the facts. No one has done more to put the issue of brownfield sites on the map than Oliver Gilbert. Though a specialist in lichens from his chair in Sheffield University he became aware of the fig trees by the banks of the Don writing two influential books 'Habitat Creation and Repair' and 'The Ecology of Urban Habitats'. These fig trees are still there (as is the unrecorded one by the muck beck by Shipley Station, Bradford) but the steel furnaces against which they were photographed for Mabey's 'Flora Britannica' have gone forever. Recently we have travelled the road that leads from the M1 to Sheffield city centre many times It is a landscape of industrial devastation a still overpowering reminder of Sheffield's former industrial might now grown silent and like a bomb site in places overgrown with buddleia and sparse grasses - just perfect for the 'urban' Grayling! It has to be our favourite street in the entire world.

But where the devastation ends landscaping begins and, with a sinking feeling, one soon notices the carefully tended, very boring, flowerbeds on Sheffield's roundabouts bearing the Vertase logo, a firm specialising in the reclamation of toxic land. Gilbert Oliver had ended up teaching landscape architects and no doubt he tried to drill into them a need to respect and encourage the overlooked biodiversity of these sites. There is very little evidence that he succeeded and we had to ask ourselves has there ever been an instance latterly where a landscape architect has improved the visual appearance of reclaimed land never mind showed proper care for whatever wild life was there in the first place? To the last man and woman they are nature sculpting deadbeats we can well do without, put to work whenever a local council has a mind to improve the appearance of a wasteland that left to itself is showing lots of promise or when industrial new build or a housing estate needs to be set off by a sham of greenery.

Oliver Gilbert may not have objected to brownfield sites being renamed urban commons because the changed definition implies they were here to stay. No such luck, as the on going destruction with even worse to come, of former pit spoil heaps of South and West Yorks, shows. Nowhere is safe for long and everyone who seeks to give a nature a hand by planting some tender shoots of say trefoil must know the bitter disappointment when the following year they have been dug up and destroyed in the name of development. It happens with a frequency that rules out chance mishap.

And yet we are likely in the long run (40/50) years to have the last laugh. But it will be a bitter laugh and a pyrrhic victory one not worth the having because of the cost involved. For anyone with half a mind who takes time out to reflect will realise the present day civilization is doomed, doomed by its all consuming need for energy and raw material driven by the power of money and capital.

We are almost on the brink of a historic turning point at least the equal of the Neolithic revolution of 8 to 10,000 years ago. Its immanence has yet to sink in and though the numbers that would unhesitatingly agree are still a trickle in this overheated world trickles can become torrents within minutes.

It is not just consumer capitalism that is a stake but a whole way of life based on industrial capitalism, which in the not too distant future will be judged the most gigantic act of hubris in the entire 3 million years of Homo erectus. We are suffering, far more than enjoying, the last days of consumer capitalism where no thought is given for the morrow, where last week's must have is not this weeks, where the day - and only for the day - of instant fashion in clothing and electronic gadgetry in particular draws ever closer.

For like minded people the question that is forever on their lips is when will the realization sink in there is no turning back and that humanity has sleep walked into the most gigantic catastrophe from which recovery becomes more impossible with each day that passes. Its immanence is such that one cannot help but wonder how people will react when they wake up from a deep sleep to a nightmare world. Struck dumb with horror are words that come to mind. And dumb animals, frightened for their lives and at their wits end, are easily stampeded and easily herded once exhausted.

Right now the only hope I have left is that there will be, come the hour, an explosion of practical intelligence and that in the last moments people will come together and prove able to launch a final, desperate act of resistance without which the cause not only of human freedom but of life itself is lost. There are years of conditioning to be sloughed off, years and years of systematic cretinisation with each generation more dumb than the last. And there is so much relearning to be done, so many footsteps to be retraced in so little time, if there is to be any hope at all. The accumulated contradictions today are so immense and of such incommensurable proportions the mind reels before such enormity and critique lies dying unable to raise an arm in protest and offer hope. To live without hope is an impossibility and just about the worst thought that can occur to anyone is that the hope of utopia has gone for good.

And yet coming through apocalyptic end-of-oil scenarios in particular (though not those of global warming) is the unmistakeable influence of utopian schemes that bring to mind Sir Thomas More, Charles Fourier, William Morris and others. The authors of these latter-day scenarios whether former economists or retired geologists have no left wing axe to grind. The logic of events has forced these conclusions upon them rather than they forcing themselves on events. And so roads will become orchards, back alleys, gardens, parking lots, fields and motorways the new strip cultivation of the agri-nature future. Craft production will return, as will draught animals and a mode of transport far more dependant on animals. The country will take over the towns and cities and whatever is left of manufacturing industry will be of a local nature and globalisation in 50 years time a dim memory.

There is a neat inevitability to these schemas, the heir actually of the crudest economic determinism arising from a simplistic reading of Marx ('Capitalism like an iron law of nature begets its own negation') as though the brightest of daybreaks is possible on the last second to midnight.

There will be a return to an agri-nature in place of industrialised agriculture. Again there is no margin of choice. But it will be a parody of a genuinely transformed relationship between man and nature, of that higher relationship that has long been dreamt of. It will be the cruel awakening from past utopias their ultimate disabuse, as it will be for the utopian hopes of conservationists that this sustainable agriculture will be nature friendly. Frightening though it is to admit it how long will it be before mass starvation becomes a fact of life not just in Africa but everywhere? 'Give me the bread motherfucker' will mean just that. Quite simply with the energy crises agricultural yields will fall with an accelerating rate despite the fact there are limits to agricultural yields from the application of industrial fertilizers. And rather than food for free, food prices will rocket. Whatever is left of nature will be left to look after itself, such will be the pressure to feed the world's population. Against all the odds it may thrive surprisingly well. However don't for one moment be seduced by the idea that the 'greening' of the cities will be a urban commons writ large. It will be a place of nightmares and not dreams a caricature of Clare's common land where nature was not there, as it is today, but here, there and everywhere.

I see in the crumbling Healey Mills Marshalling Yards a vision of industry's future. Whatever manufacturing capacity is retained it is bound to be dramatically different from what it is today. A great deal of dismantling will need to be done and America, Europe, Japan and China will resemble a vast junk yard of spare parts awaiting to be put to new uses, a real scrap heap challenge for history's terminally dispossessed and not for the delectation of TV audiences. Again only the deaf could fail to hear in this an echo of the appropriation of capitalist industry by the workers and its reorientation toward social ends, which required the closing down of most of it. Whatever role consciousness would have played in all this, - and this reorientation of production would have entailed the widest ranging public debate in all history, truly the stuff of dreams and not to be missed - what lies in store for most industry is its auto-destruction with the workers performing little or no part in it, at least initially. Taken out of their hands the workers historic destiny would have been, once again, done for them, expropriated this time more by the tools of their trades than by the vanguard parties they naively put their trust in. When consciousness arrives too late upon the scene the most dangerous events are given free reign to do their worst behind the backs of people.

On the day after I was detained in the Yards I was out filming the Purple Hairstreak in Odsal Woods when a man approached me in his 70s who asked me what I was doing. My head still whirling at the thought that precious habitat might shortly be destroyed by a brutal act of vandalism with not a voice raised in protest, I was immediately on the defensive fully expecting to be ordered off this right of way because it belonged to South Bradford golf club. Instead he showed an interest and glad to have a sympathetic ear for once, poured out my tale of woe. Having lived in Bradford all his life he knew of the Yards and was intrigued to learn they harboured such an amazing array of species. However the fact that butterflies were doing so well in this working industrial environment did not surprise him because his memory stretched back to war time Bradford when every piece of available land, including railway embankments, were covered in allotments. More than anything else it was the butterflies he remembered, more than he had ever seen before or since in Bradford. I asked him if they were 'Cabbage Whites' attracted by the rows of brassicae but he assured me there were many other 'colourful' ones, presumably Small Tortoiseshells and maybe Red Admirals. He delighted in the memory of such profusion for we never remotely see the likes of it today.

These allotments were part of the 'dig for victory' campaign, in fact a greening of urban spaces on a scale almost impossible to imagine in post war - or even pre-war - Britain. The onset of the first oil crises in the 1970s had revived memories of this event or, more precisely, images of this event, with rock posters cashing in on the act and photographs of a horse and cart been drawn through a square in Brussels, headquarters of the EEC, and therefore invested with additional symbolic weight. Cars even more that after 'the night of the barricades' in May 1968 began to look finite creations though for very different reasons. The car survived the trashing of May 1968 as it did the oil crises' of the seventies and early eighties. In fact as an object of consumption it grew and grew in number and importance becoming bigger, flashier, more stretched, more energy-intensive, more necessary, more of a machine for spending yet more time in, a life in itself and here for good - only then to start choking on what it was guzzling. It never ceases to amaze me how the cars eventual demise, despite having yet to fully sink in, resumes through an altogether different route all but forgotten radical projects as though there is no escaping, in one form or another, the historical denouement sketched out over 40 years ago. I had thought the chief danger to the Yards came from housing overspill from Horbury Green, an expensive looking, legoland fold with an interior courtyard (for cars not people) but this proved not to be the case. It would have meant building a road bridge over a main railway line and that would be enormously expensive. Ironically it is the energy crises that may spur the Yards transformation from a near derelict siding into a modern facility once the cost of road transport begins to dramatically outweigh that of rail transport.

In a front page article, which attracted considerable attention in The Independent, James Lovelock, warned that it may well be too late now to do anything to halt global warming. The 'siege economy' (though these are not his words) he now regards as inevitable resembles that of wartime dig-for-victory though another name is equally applicable; that of 'war communism'. Lovelock is under no illusions either about green alternatives to fossil fuels like bio fuels: there simply will not be sufficient agricultural land to grow such fancy items on. Though he does not expressly say so (though that is what's implied), climate change and the looming energy crises will effectively bury the car industry. I had half expected the article to endorse nuclear power but by now Lovelock probably realises nuclear new build in Britain will not make one jot of difference overall and that the nuclearization of the world is just a scientific phantasm and can never become fact, at least in its fissionable form.

There is a new tone of desperation in the article, the expression of a mind on the brink matching that of the earth. Lovelock has finally lost his faith in the capacity of science to effectively respond to a challenge on this scale: there is no wonder of science in the offing powerful enough to defeat this monster. The normally optimistic boffin, secure in the knowledge science will eventually come up with an answer, has become unrecognisable both to us and to himself. Adrift in uncharted waters like so many others from the science monkey house, there is a chance, though a very remote one, he will finally begin to make anti-capitalist sense. Gone are the barmy schemes for umbrellas in space the size of the moon to deflect the suns rays or flippant gestures we are not sure if we are meant to take seriously or in fun - like his readiness to welcome a lead case of spent uranium fuel into his kitchen because the heat generated by radioactive decay would save on his electricity bills!

Lovelock had also warmed to the deserted concrete sarcophagus that is now Chernobyl. In the first flush of enthusiasm for nuclear power he had outrageously suggested that the original inhabitants of Chernobyl return, not because it was safe to do so, but because it was becoming an eco-tourist destination: if plants and animals were thriving there why shouldn't human beings and what matters if genes mutate, cancer abounds and lives are cut short, we are all going to die anyway, the only difference is we are the only species to know that. Behind the mask of stoic indifference he had a point to prove: if the price for maintaining the equilibrium of gaia was nuclear contamination, even world-wide nuclear contamination, then it was a price worth paying. For certain he did not see in Chernobyl, as it now is, a vision of the future (though a post- human one that oddly almost doubles as post-revolutionary one) for he had spent his life ignoring the fact there was an alternative to present day society. The gaia hypothesis had appeared in the early 70s at a time of revolutionary ebb that would eventually turn into the most sustained period of reaction in all history. By an irony of history eventually a horrible mockery of this revolutionary alternative will almost certainly impose itself brutally.

The nearby town of Pripyat was constructed in the 1970s to house 48,000 people a typical, soviet style, concrete jungle (now actual jungle) of communal living, blocks sports stadia, community centres and so on. It could be Livingstone, it could be Roehampton, it could be Dunkirk, it could be Rotterdam, in fact anywhere in Britain and Europe. In the silent town square poplar trees sprout through the concrete and the football pitch has become a small forest. Herds of rare wild horses roam the streets, as do foxes, wolves and wild boar. For the first time the place looks fit for human habitation - and, with a few essential alterations, it is, if it weren't for the radiation. Nature left to itself has renovated these loveless blocks of concrete making them more appealing then any design makeover to date and in a far shorter space of time than it took the Healey Mills Marshalling Yards to undergo a similar transformation. And there is much that is enticing about Pripyat and not only to the herds of rare species of wild horses, the foxes, wolves and wild boar but something that is now humanly desirable about it, and fit for habitation for the first time. But Lovelock's attraction is essentially different to ours: rather than see gaia upset he would prefer to see the place inhabited once more and if the price for that is to live in a radioactive world well it's a price worth paying. That nature left to itself has carried out a task of reconstruction on these loveless blocks of concrete far more appealing then any makeover to date is not what he means. Lovelock's vision of a self-regulating planet is a natural process in which homo sapiens is part of that process but not a dominant part. Rather than use such finally nonsensical terms as positive feedback it would make more sense to substitute consumer capitalism. That would begin to make for a proper debate one that could appeal to the mass of the people because it would put the destiny of the planet firmly in their hands. It is now obvious the equilibrium has been upset and the full import of Lovelock's theoretical anti-humanism becomes apparent shifting toward a perverse rationalisation of what could well have been an initial killer instinct.
There is a letter of Shelley's written to Maria Gisborne. It is a most unusual letter because it is expressed in metrical form and could be called a poem. However it is a letter and as always with Shelley at his best, in his eagerness to find what lies on the other side, pushes hard at the formal limits of poetry. There was not his like anywhere else in the world at that time or anyone able to fully appreciate his radicalism, including Shelley, for he often leapt outside himself and far into the future.

The letter is not just formally innovative, an anticipation of the decline in literary form that was to mark the rest of the 19th Century and the early decades of the 20th century, it is also a statement about the formal possibilities of industry as though the first major uprising in history by the industrial working class at Peterloo needed to be rounded-off by a fundamental refashioning of science and industry. For Shelley the potential is limitless, the task protean. It begins with the hammering of swords into ploughshares but beyond that who can say. Shelley is a trifle bewildered by the objects of industry he finds at hand in an engineer's study. They are mysterious objects but their very indefiniteness is a powerful stimulant to the imagination, an imagination that henceforth would be in the round and not confined to a piece of paper. In their protean presence the traditional Shelley i.e. the poet Shelley is outclassed - and knows it: poetry, that archaic lumber-room and museum of the imagination, has had its day.

Unable to suppress a childish impulse he makes a paper boat and floats it across a bowl of mercury for the industrial revolution is not just a sign of the maturing of a universal humanity but also has the potential to realise childhood dreams. The bowl is of walnut, the liquid in it mercury. The naturalist Shelley is effortlessly able to name the wood and he must have been familiar with mercury's notoriously toxic properties and its mind-altering reputation.

The toxicity of industry was in Shelley's day a fraction of what it is today. Yet never the less we are at a comparable protean turn but an end rather than a beginning which would continue well after Shelley's death and found its most advanced expression for a few brief years in Russian Constructivism both socially and technically. The late 1960s and early 70s were the last occasion a creative renewal of industry was on the cards stretching from the sabotage of assembly lines, industrial detournement and even industrial reconstruction naively expressed in the alternative Lucas aerospace plan was on the cards.

There is scarcely even a glimmer of such constructive insurgency today. And yet at the same time industrial capitalism is being undermined in a way its customary gravediggers had never anticipated but which the archly conservative Ruskin had foreseen. In the meantime we can only wait and wonder when will the truth of these dire warnings sink in, for with each day that passes the planet drifts out of our orbit and beyond our saving.

We are approaching a cross roads from which there is no turning back a reminder that Marx had written in the 18th Brumaire 'at long last to create a situation from which no turning back is possible'. However the emphasis - an emphasis that makes all the difference, is on create: what we are facing is a situation that will have been largely decided for us, one we did not make and is not of our choosing.

Stuart Wise. January 2006
(with critical omissions and additions by David Wise)

All sciences ought to be dragged into a confrontation with capitalism: the big question is why they aren't seeing how, with increasing frequency, they come so close. Geology is no exception though it is far more likely to be true in the case of a zoologist, a botanist or a lepidopterist. One would have thought the slow time of geology would have rendered it completely impervious to a critique of capitalism. But not so though I need to read Richard Fortey's 'The Earth' to get an idea of the lie of the land.

And so to 'Rock School' (Dec 31st 2005 The Guardian). The article is about a paleoclimatologist Jane Francis, a lecturer employed by Leeds University. Unfortunately the cheery face in the accompanying photograph also suggests the sun always shines on Jane Francis and her dire, incontrovertible, prognostications staggeringly at one remove from her own life. What she learns does not devastate her and one is forced to ask at what point does scientific objectivity become academic indifference?

She had studied geology in Southampton in the 70s.On graduation work was hard to find so she opted for post graduate studies eventually joining the British Antarctica survey. For years Antarctica has been the preserve of geologists and explorers. Recently it has become clear that the continent is fundamentally responsible for the way the world is today: it may even have played a part in the route of homo sapiens to the top of the eco system. 40 million years ago it was a green house world with high atmospheric C02 . Antarctica had already drifted to its present position when, for reasons that are still not clear, ice began to form in the Antarctica.

Her vision of a transformed world (actually a 'scientific' proxy for revolutionary revenge on the folly of building large cities on flood plains) alarmingly accepts the melting of the ice caps and the rise in sea levels as probably inevitable: 'She thinks we live in ridiculous places. Something like 65 metres of potential sea level rise is trapped in the ice so London is gone and Cambridge will follow. Leeds is OK but Florida goes as do Bangladesh, the Pacific Islands and Holland. She has just been to Shanghai and saw it had been built on the Yangtze delta. She thought: 'well how long is that going to be there''

This apocalyptic fatalism is a consequence of the resigned conformity of her life, broadly faithful to the only moral that can be drawn from geology - that of the vast span of geological time which subducts historical time in a comparative instant, barely leaving a trace. Such a schema saves her from having to take a truly radical stance. Nothing can be done even though part of her knows very well this is no longer just a matter of nature's way: 'We fiddle too much with natural systems. The point is the earth takes care of itself.' though a major part of her analysis suggests otherwise but remains prudently hidden, like the bulk of an iceberg, through fear of what all most certainly would happen if she was too outspoken. Jane Francis is one of those who have identified, documented, read the book of nature correctly only to close it at the final chapter on homo sapiens. Too much is at stake, not least her job, and the myth that nothing can be done certainly makes for a more comfortable life in the short term. So there will be no rock-fall of critique crushing all before it. And we may as well accept in a few million years mankind will be preserved as 'a little black line of carbon. If that. We wont leave much record in the rock sequence'. And so life goes on, the life of academic respectability. She proudly displays her Polar Medal. She was only the fourth woman to be awarded it.

As she crossed Millennium Square in Leeds she briefly stopped to look at 'The Earth from Space' photographic exhibition. 'To Francis it demonstrates the new cooperation between science and art she has long been pushing for. She has been working with musicians who are composing pieces using rocks that sing. 'My arty friends on Portland wanted to know why some stones made a note of such a perfect pitch when you hit them'. This new type of scientist appearing after the late sixties is a sucker for installation art and tends to press the feminist angle but cannot begin to critique either.

Geologists also have a vested interest in the use of stone in construction. It makes daily life more interesting, and walking more of an adventure: 'Walking back to the station through Victoria Quarter, she can tell the origin of every surface. 'Look at those ripples in a piece of sandstone, probably local, formed in a river about 300 million years ago. I hate it when people grind rocks up and put them on a road, I don`t mind if you make buildings out of them, slabs tiles anything that enhances beauty. But grinding them up to make to make tarmac or cement? That's an abuse'. Geology came of age at the very moment when artificial building materials began to increasingly dominate cityscapes. This desire to return to building materials whose origins are recognisable, around which we can weave a fascinating history, has the potential to transform cities. And by becoming aware of more radical traditions which arrived at similar conclusions though from a very different starting point, a dialogue with radical critiques of art becomes possible. The contemporary cult of art and the artist no matter how formally 'radical' they might appear to be, such as making music out of stone, ultimately seeks to suppress all knowledge of these radical origins, despite being entirely, though contradictorily, dependant upon them as source material. However such spurious radicalism is by now so run of the mill that even a vague acquaintance with the actual sources is becoming a rarity, such is the growing ignorance of history.

There is an accompanying map of the perambulation around Leeds beginning at Millennium Square where the 'Earth from the Air' exhibition was showing. Next step on the map was the Civic Centre where Francis 'enthused about the fusion of science and art while analysing the lime deposits'. The third stop was at her laboratory in Leeds University where 'she unveils a future map of the world, sinking as the ice cap melts'. And finally onto Victoria Quarter where she marvels at the ripples in a piece of sandstone. One cannot fail to be reminded of the situationist map of Paris though it is unlikely that either the reporter or the geologist knew of its existence or iconic importance. For icons like these, though more influential than ever, have lost their meaning and value as the beginnings of a critique of urbanism that subsequently lost its way. The derive has become an aesthetic perambulation linked to rising property values, a mere avant-garde gloss on the traditional estate agents description or, as in this instance, an extra curricula scientific derive in an artistic wrapping which coyly flirts with radicalism (the false and unimaginative reinvention of cities through natural disasters such as happened to New Orleans in 2005). Given that Leeds is now the UK's second city, a city that over the past 25 years has totally remade itself as a financial centre second only to the City of London, it should come as no surprise. The Leeds Festival in the summer of 2005 featured an installation artist who between announcements giving the time of arrivals and departures from Leeds City Station reproduced the sound of the river Aire as it passed beneath the station fifty feet below. The Arches was always a thrilling dark place and a Piranesi-like gallery ran alongside the tunnel through which the pent up river surged. First there were the boutiques and now this to seal off the tunnel from real adventure. And don't go down the mines Daddy, for there's an avant-garde artist at the bottom of the lift shaft. During the summer of 2005, Leeds Radio ran a short piece on another installation artist, a former member of the Pogues, no less, who was making music out of the sound of dripping water in an abandoned mine close to Leeds. This water music is the opposite of music to the ears, more an advertisement of self in the hope of grabbing sponsorship from willing corporate bodies increasingly in that canned subversion tradition of Banksy and acolytes eager to tap into that huge floating wall of money which present day capitalism has at its disposal providing there is an art gallery displaying vacuous though costly product at the end of the process.

This hasn't happened out of the blue in Leeds as over the past few decades there's been a slow build-up. A background of playing with the limits of artistic form, though only occasionally grasping the nettle, was probably given the initial push way back in the early 1960s when a pronounced surrealist influence made an entrance guided by the figures of Patrick Hugues, Eric Thacker and Antony Earnshaw. The latter two in particular revived somewhat the radical departures of the surrealists initiating random walks and train rides throughout West Yorkshire seeking encounter, interesting objects and locations. Following quickly on their heels, Happening and Installation ensconced themselves on the fringes of the local cultural establishment through Robin Page and Terry Atkinson followed by a watered down theoretical edge in the shape of ex-situationist, Tim Clark, with books like The Image of the People - about Eduard Manet - and The Absolute Bourgeois - about Gustave Courbet. (More recently the guy has tried somewhat lamely to recover his initial radicalism through publication of the undoubtedly good Afflicted Powers book around the 9/11 catastrophe in New York). Most of these individuals in one way or another taught full or part time at the university or local colleges and art schools. Nonetheless these moments of adaptation, compromise and recuperation possibly helped spur into existence more genuine currents like Infantile Disorders in the 1970s out of which sprang The Gang of Four and Mekons punk bands ( and much to the disgust of the original ID protagonists), the Armley Surrealists and especially the now defunct loose grouping around the magazine Here & Now. These currents set in motion a more radical critique especially re-evaluation of the modern day urban geography of Leeds; how it could be thrown and disrupted in imaginative ways thus putting space into the orbit of other radical, more human uses.

Remember as previously mentioned, Leeds is the second UK city and the second financial centre. A reinvented artistic makeover and ambience parallels this rise as a world stock market player at the same time as the critique of culture has also somewhat slipped the leach encompassing subversion and practical activity. Alas what was liberating in these experiments never fulfilled their promise or acquired a hard edge. Increasingly a dark night closed in. What is left are fuzzy memories and pale shadows, yet it is this ambience that forms the background to the geological derive of Jane Francis and her cohorts.

The following contains comments on The Lucas Aerospace Plan published elsewhere on the www.revoltagainstplenty.com web1 . (Lucas Aerospace is now, of course, BAE defence systems). It was put together some time in the mid to late 1970s. It was a collaborative effort by three people and the aim eventually was to dig a little deeper and in particular go behind the scenes and statist razz-mattaz fostered by the so-called left and seek out the views of shop floor workers in Lucas Aerospace as well as imposing, rightly or wrongly some of our own. Above all we wished to puncture vanguardist illusions that were continually diverting mass struggle and leading it along false paths to nowhere. These few pages, like so much else that was valuable, never saw the light of day and it was only by chance that we recently came across this survivor from the trash can, folded up and covered in dust, seeing the experiment had been raised in a conference we went to on workers' control in Latin America. However its discovery, saved from the gnawing criticism of the mice, was extraordinarily timely for this experiment of near on thirty years ago is once more in the news and not only in Latin America. But the historical background could not be more different.

For a number of reasons we were never wholly for the Lucas Aerospace alternative plan nor were we ever wholly against it. This set us apart from, on the one hand, the naive enthusiasm of people like Hilary Wainwright (the idiot is still at it only this time promoting Porto Alegre illusions re Gordon Brown's community control initiatives) who co-authored a book on Lucas Aerospace that required a lot of reading between the lines to make the effort worthwhile, and, on the other hand, unsubtle, ultra leftist, blanket dismissals: For there can be no doubting that the Alternative Plan left a legacy that continues to absorb. We believed then, and still do, that ours was one of the few balanced approaches to this significant event in labour history. (Joao Bernardo's in Portugal was another).

The revival of interest in the Alternative Plan is due to a number of reasons. However two in particular stand out. The first concerns the decision to renew in the UK Trident's nuclear capabilities, the second the growth in 'sustainable' technologies that are presently undergoing an unprecedented degree of expansion and one set to continue into the indefinite future.

Should the Labour government plump for renewing Trident then jobs will be saved. If not then redundancies will run into 1000s. If jobs are then to be saved the only alternative will be to follow the biblical injunction and hammer swords into plough shares - exactly the situation the workers at Lucas Aerospace were faced with back in the mid to late 1970s. It is hardly surprising therefore that memory of that distant event has been reawakened particularly in Scotland because it is the Faslane site on the Clyde that will be most affected by layoffs. However the dormant collective memory has also been aided by the fact that breakaways are occurring in the Labour party in Scotland and, given that a system of proportional representation exists in the Scottish parliament, these parties are experiencing a considerable degree of electoral success, as are Scottish greens. This altogether more fluid situation as compared with what exists south of the border at Westminster means that it is okay to mention the Lucas Aerospace plan in Scotland's less policed political circles. Indeed for the first time in British political history situationist theory is edging through the post modern doors of Scotland's theme park parliament building and was even faintly recognisable in Gordon Brown's banal speeches before he became PM of Gt Britain plc. None of these amounts to much and the most one can say it is preferable to the stifling conformity south of the border.

On top of the decision to renew Trident has come the embarrassing revelations of a slush fund to grease the palms of the Saudi royal family in order to secure armament contracts worth billions and billions, the bribes themselves by the arms giant BAE allegedly amounting to £5 billion. We shall never know for the enquiry by the serious fraud office was halted by the attorney general Lord Goldsmith, the very same person who had legitimated the dodgy dossier and declared the war in Iraq to be legal. So much for an independent judiciary - if anyone needed reminding not least the Middle East states Blair is lecturing on the need for a constitutional separation of powers. There is much talk in the highbrow media of a 'stench of corruption' as if the cash for peerages row alone wasn't enough. But little will happen because in contrast to the 1970s there is no mass movement, no tiger to ride to force through limited change in the political realm. Where once feet could be heard marching in the streets there is now only the silence of defeat. The Lucas Aerospace alternative plan unfolded against a background of momentous struggle. Without that major ingredient the plan was unlikely ever to have got beyond the drawing board stage. The fact that prototypes were produced - though only prototypes - required a loosening of the financial purse strings inconceivable in today's climate. Who paid for these prototypes to be made - Lucas, the Banks, the Labour Government - who? For at this stage they were a cost of production not saleable commodities and fear, the dream of a better life as well as the cooptation of class struggle all had their parts to play in equal measure. The Lucas alternative plan has to be seen in this context, a context we largely took for granted when writing our appraisal, never suspecting for one moment within ten years it would be all but over bar the shouting.

When Labour came to power in 1997 it promised it would implement an ethical foreign policy which amongst other things meant control of the arms trade for Britain is second only to America in terms of armaments production. However during the ten years Labour has been in power there has been a massive off shoring of manufacturing capacity and jobs until today where arms manufacturing counts for 40% of the total manufacture the rest being made up by pharmaceuticals. In fact overall one could say reactionary war on all fronts and drug taking on all fours just about defines Britain these days.

With the ending of the Cold War there came inevitably a drop in armaments production and a limited conversion to peace time use as happened after the end of World War Two though on nothing like the same scale. Crucially however the decision to switch production had come from the top down over, the workers themselves having no say in the changeover as by now the masses were being definitively expunged from history at least in the west and with it the very idea of class struggle as the motor of history. Factory occupations became a thing of the past as increasingly did the more traditional factory equipped for large scale production - though at the same time factory size in China was becoming the modern equivalent of the Great Wall stretching factory construction to an immensity never seriously rivalled in the west. In fact the counterpart of these mega factories in the west are the mega warehouses and superstores of a retailing sector increasingly dependant on imports and developed to their furthest extent in America with Britain not too far behind, though available land is a far bigger obstacle to further growth than in America.

Alternative technology has reflected the downsizing of the UK's industrial base. In comparison to the production runs envisaged by the Lucas Alternative Plan it is essentially small scale and if demand was to significantly increase then, short of an energy price rise which would make relocation prohibitively expensive, production would be switched to cheap labour economies elsewhere. Either that or succeed in suppressing industrial wages to the level they are in China and India, a juicy prospect the accession of east European states to the EU now makes possible. Much of the alternative technology sector is directed at the UK's single biggest appreciating asset - the home - a fact that immediately sets it apart from the more broadly based social aims of the Alternative Plan which even so had evolved alongside a housing boom (though about to go bust) and unprecedented levels of home ownership. Already the DIY chain B&Q is planning to stock miniature wind turbines that can be fitted to the ridge beam of roofs or chimney stacks and which will just about take the chill off the water when the hot tap is turned on. At the higher end of the market there are solar panels and combined heat and power units and before long the familiar double glazing sales pitch will be replaced by a triple glazing one in a bid to sell the mirage of carbon neutral homes when there is not even the remotest possibility of that in the near future, even in terms of basic heating and lighting, - never mind the now well known fact that increased energy efficiency inevitably leads, under consumer capitalism, to increased energy use. The home, as an appreciating asset, fuels the credit mechanism which fuels consumption leading to yet more carbon emissions because energy is still mainly fossil fuel based.

At the time the Alternative Plan was dreamt up no one thought to compare what was happening in Lucas Aerospace with the arrival of 'community housing' on the urban terrain like, for instance, the Byker Wall then nearing completion in Newcastle. This on paper was an attempt to reconstruct social housing from the ground up with future tenants having the deciding say in their design and construction. In retrospect there are now obvious parallels with what was happening in Lucas Aerospace that were far from evident at the time. Both had arisen out of separate but related struggles, the one located in the factory, the other originating in working class communities about to be levelled but obstinately resisting all efforts to 'decamp' them to high rise estates, a word then in favour amongst planners and evoking Nazi resettlement projects. In effect the latter struggle amounted to a rejection of post war planning and architecture and was a major factor in undermining, like never before, the professions of planner and architect but not enough to result in their abolition. Offspring of the steady rise from the mid 19th century onwards of state intervention into the free market and with no professional history prior to that event, no other profession remotely compares with that of the planner in this respect. From its origin in the 19th century the aim of planning has been to subordinate the market to that of use (like in 'land use planning') and this required above all an economically proactive state able to 'bend' the law of value. And if today planners are having to use words and expressions alien to the spirit of the town and country planning tradition it is because the planning process is increasingly been pushed to one side and the planner is having to reluctantly come to terms with, and choke on, the language of its free market political enemy. However in the 1960s and 1970s it was challenged by a far more suss and humanely grounded enemy; an independent tenants' movement that sought to translate planning's empty lexicon belonging to the fairy tale world of a an alternative political economy into a reality that transcended both the free market and its statist derivatives by insisting upon a genuine use value for the first time in the history of shelter under capitalism. Its vague longing was for housing by the people rather than for the people, the latter long since relegated to a council house statist conception. But then, just as it was about to break away from everything that had hitherto comprised social housing, the movement submitted to the social reformers of planning and architecture (like Ralph Erskine in Newcastle) and lost the initiative, even helping revitalize these now reviled professions. In fact the entire history of the community architecture movement culminating in Rod Hackney's (by now Prince Charles favourite architect) presidency of the ARIBA can be read as attempt to retrieve respect for the architect, beginning with the manipulation of grass roots movements that had done so much to fatally damage that respect and which the profession despite big names like Rogers, Foster, Ghery - and even because of them - has never been able to fully claw back. This division between base and 'superstructure' was also apparent in the Lucas Alternative Plan and we were not wrong to insist on the importance of this division in the piece we wrote in the late 1970s.

Today alternative technology and building are far closer together than they ever were in the late seventies and just supposing there was to be a re-run of the Alternative Plan, say in BAE in response to layoffs in the armaments firm, then we could expect to see a string of products directed toward energy saving in the home, shops, offices, public spaces and transport. Not that this is likely to happen but even if it did the social dimension that comes from widespread struggle would be absent. If it were there vital questions would be asked of these new inventions that would propel them beyond their immediate context. And the first question that would be asked is: 'OK, fair enough, but in the meantime we are confronted with this monster capitalism and without its abolition your energy saving inventions are no more than palliatives that are side-stepping the main issue'.

A necessary, and much needed digression, on Jack Common. A Geordie urban derive and the proposed Newcastle Commune of the late 1960s

One has only to compare the award winning BedZed 'zero energy development' at Wallington and visible from the carriage window as the train pulls into Hackbridge station on the London Victoria/Sutton line with the likewise award winning Byker Wall in Newcastle for the difference to be obvious. Originally a Victorian working class area of densely built terraces Newcastle City Council in 1960 decided to redevelop the Byker area. Though much of the housing was in need of major repairs, most residents wanted to stay put in Byker, a resolve that grew stronger as the decade wore on. Come the late 1960s the residents knew for sure what lay in store for them and were more than ever determined not to swap their terraced slums for high rise anxiety, mod cons and atomised living. In 1968 the bard of Newcastle street life, Jack Common had died, his autobiographical book 'Kiddar's Luck' and 'The Freedom of the Streets' infusing these same mean terraced rows with joy and liberation, a message its residents were now really taking to heart. For sure, Common must have had a real impact on this rebellion though it's also one impossible to accurately calibrate, a factor which always makes individual contributions so tantalising and still so necessary. To crown it all major revolts at that time were massively impacting upon the urban terrain and the smell of burning hung in the air, which the Byker residents had also to be aware of.

We have often wondered if we also had influenced local reactions to redevelopment in some vague way. Fascinated as we were by the prospect of a radical seizure and transformation of the urban terrain, like happened in the Paris Commune of 1871, one of our band had produced a sticker proclaiming: 'Prepare now for the Newcastle Commune' which had been stuck on pubs and hoardings fringing the Byker area in Shieldfield and elsewhere around Newcastle. The main point however is that by now our increasingly articulate contempt for architects and planners knew no bounds, a view that had been growing since 1966 and with each passing year taking an ever more radical direction. Thoroughly disliking the slash and burn policies of contemporary official urban demolition, the delights of real destruction were a different matter and the necessary precondition for a new world with present day, or old, forms of construction arising from a changed, and constantly changing everyday life and, not the other way round as planners and architects have to believe. We only asked of these finks to commit professional suicide, which a visionary few did. It wasn't much to ask as we were doing the same as artists so we weren't being hypocritical in our demands. In a sense both us and the residents of Byker had arrived following different routes at similar conclusions but unfortunately at the time insufficiently appreciative and wary of each other to make a real difference, though if the subversive drift of the times had continued for certain some coming together would have happened. However the combined, though still separate impact certainly unsettled architects and though by no means enough, the Byker Wall was designed to halt any further radicalising dialogue in its tracks. So the residents of Byker were subtly discouraged from even daring to imagine anything more than the amelioration of the urban terrain.

In 1967/68 we had not read Common, or even heard of him, though there was a literary current in Tyneside that had, a current that we despised because it was literary (e.g. Sid Chaplin, Basil Bunting) and hence reactionary, as dense as a fog on the Tyne and unawares an apocalyptic vision of total change had been hatched right in their midst in Newcastle. When we did eventually get to read Common in the 1970s it came as a revelation. Though his background was sufficiently similar to ours - and also like that of many other sympathetic people we knew on Tyneside, including Colin Hutchinson who was chiefly responsible for producing 'Revolt against Plenty', the first of a number of reprints of Common's writings - he was able to begin to link up the region's hugely innovative railway, engineering traditions with a critique of art which, though not revolutionary to the same degree as ours, really only required tweaking. It is possible to edit some of his comments to make them sound more revolutionary than they in fact are.

In his collection of essays 'Freedom of the Streets' (1938) he says 'Artistic revolutions are generally appeals from art to life'. In social revolutions the process is very similar - a point of view that still maintains a separation between art and life but open to being pushed that bit further. For basically that is all that it required, the working (and unemployed) stiff from Tyneside having a more radical artistic critique than any then current in Britain and one that evolved intuitively. Reflecting more coherent developments on the continent it left his sometime friend, George Orwell, standing. (Orwell denigrated surrealism as a bourgeois hoax and had no time for it.) Common, more open to the unconscious and perhaps less afraid of it and luckily shorn of that public school up-bringing that requires one always stays in control, objected to surrealism's individual appropriation of the unconscious as if it were a personal possession. As always his way of expressing it was inimical, for he also had a tendency to break-up on the reefs of the inexpressible, just like his mentor Shelley: 'The surrealists put their shirt on nightmare as a dark horse, but they take care to hang on to the cuff-links'. The clothing metaphor is very apt for what he was dimly anticipating here was the valorisation of the unconscious by capitalism and its consequent exhaustion as a fount of inspiration just in itself, a tendency that was not to achieve its utmost impact through advertising until well after World War Two. However, rather surprisingly Common did not make the link at all explicit and in fact his beloved Newcastle had by the 1960s, became the city outside of London most identified with absorbing art into advertising, with art taking the cue from advertising rather than the other way round. This capitulation to the commodity economy not only had the effect of devaluing art and the high minded nonsense that went with it but also had the unforeseen consequence of helping bring on a far wider ranging critique of the commodity economy that, come the beginning of 1967, was set to explode.

Not that Common was blind to the increase in advertising during the 1920s and 30s. In fact he speculated, long before the invention of lasers, on the possibility of using the moon as a screen on which to project adverts. He even had some thoughts on the eventual commercialisation of space. However though seemingly overlooking the conscription of the avant-garde into the selling of capitalism, had he not died in that watershed year 1968, our guess is that he would eventually have responded positively to such slogans as: 'Culture. Ugh, the one commodity that helps sells all the rest'.

We were also mightily impressed by his subversion of the audience/performance nexus when he argued that it was more instructive to stand behind the screen at the cinema and observe the audience than watch the film. There was more here than just the beginnings of a critique of audience passivity and its submission to cultural spectacle. We also much admired his account of an informal engineering brain-storming session he had witnessed as a young lad in his house, for it was not all that different from our own experiences. In his 'Right to get Drunk Strike' text he pays homage to the engineers he had personally known: 'You see they liked their work, they studied to know how to do it and long after they were out of their apprenticeship the most of them liked nothing better than to be given a ticklish job and find a way around it - even when they lost money over it. Often I've sat as a lad listening to my uncles and his lads discussing points about their work -...they'd argue each illustrating his ideas with a stump of chalk and the front of the chimney piece for a blackboard. That's how British craftsmanship was taught in thousands of families. It's why bridges stay up and dams don't burst-..' We also knew this skill was primed for a break out, given half an opportunity, and that there was a mute Tatlin (the constructivist 'artist' at the time of the Russian revolution) lurking in many an engineer frustrated by the utilitarian conventions of the day. A number of examples spring to mind from our own childhood in the North East and West Yorks, so we are rather surprised Common did not follow up his superb vignette with something even more eye-popping.

The reason has to be unemployment, for many of the Tyneside engineers he revered would then be on the dole and fit only for the scrap heap, their skills no longer in demand: 'We don't value what we've got here; we'll let it all go from us, rotting on the dole. Perhaps only Soviet Russia knows how important such a tradition is, for there it did not exist'. Though never a fan of Russia and lacking a theory of state capitalism until at least the 1950s and maybe right up to his death, Common keenly appreciated how new Russia's engineering traditions were, a newness that was sufficiently unformed to make room for the avant-garde ' that and a 'revolution' of course. More's the shame then Common never knew anything about the Russian avant-garde because he would have been quick to see in it the visionary rays that occasionally flashed across the shop floors of the North East's engineering factories and whose scintilla of sparks burnt deeper than the already 'deeply satisfying something in the steady running of the belts, the endless hum and clang, the low colours'. (Who else besides Common would have noticed these 'low colours', for this is not an artist's eye, rather that of a painter and decorator who has learnt to value themselves differently and see their job in a new light).

In 1968, the year that Common died, a superb reconstruction of Tatlin's glider was completed by Raf Fulcher in the art school of Newcastle University. It is now on display in the Moderna Musset in Stockholm, but by a kind of ironical rights it should be honoured as the talisman of the reinvented Newcastle we have all come to know and loathe today. It is only now clear it marked the beginning of the end for Newcastle's world-renowned traditional engineering sector - the shipbuilding, the steam locomotives and functional bridge building which Common took such a pride in. As a lad he described in 'Kiddar's Luck' how he would linger at the end of Tynemouth pier (as we did) 'in the hope a really big ship would come in'. If she was Tyne built we swelled with communal pride and wished we were on her, going to rule far seas by the might of riveted steel and true craftsmanship.' Note, by the way, he says 'rule far seas' and not lands, for Common was really describing a victorious encounter with the elements and not the oppressed peoples' of the empire, a perspective that is more than half way toward disengaging engineering from capitalist social relations.

After completing his reconstruction of Tatlin's glider, Raf Fulcher went on to work for the open-air industrial museum at Beamish that was then being set up. Just south of Gateshead and no distance from Wylam where George Stephenson had made his legendary twin colliery engines 'Puffing Billy'and 'Wylam Dilly', this was the spot where Tyneside's industrial heritage was now destined for, anticipating the moment, over 30 years later, when the region would be increasingly given over to cultural display of one sort or another. Raf's skill at getting Tyneside's rusting industrial legacy to work once more had been honed by the task of reconstructing Tatlin's glider, a task he carried off to perfection. However he would not tinker for long on this industrial dowry heap and was captured in no time at all by the university-neutering machine where he has continued to rot to this day. This avant-garde Fred Dibnah potentially has so much to say - and yet he will be unable to break his vow of silence, like so many other people on Tyneside who were once witnesses to radical events. His comments on the fledgling industrial museum at Beamish and which set the pattern for countless other similar museums around the country, could be invaluable and assist in the cobbling together of a theory of industrial archaeology as counter revolutionary fashion that sought to reduce working class history to an innocuous totality of decorative tin boxes, coronation mugs, jam jars and interesting bits of machinery. Real history is thus replaced by a neutral aesthetic historicism essential to the pacific marketing of history through tourism. That Beamish museum also chimes with the increased valorisation for tourist purposes of Tyneside's roman past is no coincidence.

And it must have ceaselessly crossed Raf's mind that the general ambience that gave rise to the banal, throw-back clap trap 'art engineering' of sculptor Anthony Gormley's 'Angel of the North' and the much vaunted 'Eye Bridge' that spans the Tyne from Newcastle to the Baltic Exchange (a former flour mill and now the main rival to London's Tate Modern) incontestably has its origins in his 1968 unsung reconstruction of Tatlin's glider. Just as Tatlin's glider approximates to the form of a bird so the 'Eye Bridge' is actually based on a human eye and 'blinks'. However even though the bridge does 'work', unlike the flightless glider, it will never rival the Tatlin original or even, for that matter, Raf's replica. What Tatlin was part off in Russia and Raf was part of in Newcastle will always count for far more than the piffling 'Angel of the North' (would that it blow down and become the 'Fallen Angel of the North') or the 'Eye Bridge' because they are essentially the products of a commodified art /life inspired counter insurgency that achieved, against all the odds, its most concentrated expression in Newcastle and that arose out of a defeated revolution. Raf does not wish to be reminded of this.

Since reconstructing Tatlin's Glider, Raf Fulcher went on to construct one artistic abomination after another. Among them are: 'Garden Front' 1997 for Jesmond metro station for the Nexus public art group; The Swirle Pavillion 1998, for a Community Tyne and Wear development company; A post-modernist Folly for the Quayside; Grizedale Forest sculpture, a Cumbria site specific installation 2000 and so. All of them play on the Icteric theme of the elements but frozen in time via Yves Klein together with early Icteric inspired land art and obviously carefully avoiding any revolutionary conclusions.

The philosophy of history becomes historicism the irretrievably past and can only be remembered; the marketing of historical memories not as a prelude to the present that helps understand the present, for that is forbidden. The proper understanding of history is no longer an aid to combativity, rather it is reduced to a museum of no relevance to the present and yet it is all about the present, reducing past history to domestic possessions to supercede modes of transport and former work places. It only sees value in the past but is about the present; it is a reactionary world view faithful to external trappings. A past totality reduced to an aesthetic.

In Newcastle, contemporary aestheticism has been collaged together neutralising all that was best about its past history, old as well as so explosively new. The miners who were once the backbone of the Ashington School of Painters have recently been awarded a big, new museum complex and the public street toilet 'netty' that in Byker produced one of their most celebrated and amusing 1930s paintings, has been preserved as a sculptural memory openly acknowledged also as a Geordie tribute to Marcel Duchamp who played such a part in the fiery subversive movement that erupted in the city during the late 1960s. And as far as the Ashington miners are concerned and for those who derailed The Flying Scotsman north of Newcastle in revenge for the defeat of the 1926 General Strike, why their memory becomes that of a Fluxus-coloured anestheticised event like a replica of a Wolf Vostell happening of the 1960s where two pre-arranged steam locomotives careering at full speed crash into each other and nothing more than an event, endlessly after, to be displayed on the walls of an art gallery.

The contemporary magazine Transgressions put out by some rather more enlightened teaching staff from the geography dept of Newcastle University, none the less cannot situate the demise of the derive and other innovative urban vanguardisms within the context of Newcastle. We need only note the quayside's "Hadrian's cycleway" meander sponsored by respectable moneyed bodies to instantly realise everything of meaning and importance has been evacuated as participants cycle there way through streets designed to death past forlorn, packaged references like the Swirle Pavilion and the junk, obelisk-like sculpture relating to the six senses called "The Blacksmiths Needle" with its passing nod to Tatlin's 'Monument to the 3rd International". Everything of value truly gone, lost, trashed and stolen....

This selective detour through nearly two hundred years of Tyneside history has been necessary to set the scene and now we are once more back at community architecture, the Byker Wall - and a critical omission in Common's work that needs some explaining. He touches on many other subjects but never specifically architecture or even building for that matter, though his last moments were spent on a building site in Newport Pagnell, dying of a heart attack there. And yet his 'right riveting read', 'Kiddar's Luck', is mainly about the terraced streets of Heaton and Byker, these very same streets that Newcastle City Council wanted to knock down and, come the late 60s, the residents were saying no to. To Common these streets were more like arteries, the living tissue of a bricks and mortar second skin that was being propelled through space and time. However it was the people who lived there that made it appear so and no one has expressed this communal arena, this 'gutter flow', better than Common:

'These people live on the street. Why there's such a good communal stir and warmth out on the pavements that it would be a queer kiddy that would sooner sit in doors than mix in it - even if the indoors was a palace --- no wonder that the moment he can toddle by himself he makes for the street door like a duck to the pond. Who wants a mother in a crowd like this. A kiddy in the street comes to know these street corners as intimately as he knows the furniture in his own home. Each of them in turn has been his playground. ------- This street is his own place'.

Common also adds: 'The average working class house is a small and inconvenient place' and it was this domestic claustrophobia more than anything else, more even than the attraction of 'mod cons', that drove the working class into the bleak high rises of the New Jerusalems from the mid 1950s onwards. The housing legislation of the last half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th Century has largely been taken up with the question of improved space standards and the reinforcing of the nuclear family. Such comments as 'who wants a mother in a crowd like this' would have been utterly repellent to the proponents of these space ideals that reeked of entombment. These improved space standards would always turn into an even greater confinement (and family disintegration of the worst sort) and it was this the residents of Byker in the late 1960s were most opposed to - that and the loss of the freedom of the streets that went with it.

There is another little noticed aspect to this whole affair and which potentially had explosive repercussions. The representative apparatus of the working class was beginning to crumble throughout the developed world and in its place a more direct democracy was evolving. When the residents of Byker became convinced they could make a better job of housing than the local authority they were not only challenging professional roles they were also undermining local democracy and an on-going deference by local councillors to the bureaucratic apparatus in City Hall.

We know that to be true more than most. To our eternal shame we had an elder brother who besides teaching in the architecture school of Newcastle University also had his own private architectural practise, doing, on occasions, jobs for the council. Never tempted to vote anything but Labour he had come to despise his background as only the upwardly mobile working class can. Any scheme that was submitted to the council also had to be approved by the elected local councillors whom he derided as 'the pigeon fanciers' because they could be gulled into agreeing to anything by a few slick words. A few of these local councillors were corrupt for this was the era of Mr Newcastle, Dan Smith, the city boss who would later go to jail for accepting bribes. However the question of corruption is neither here nor there, for it was not a matter of the usurpation of direct democracy, for that was still only a dream on the horizon of the fledgling tenant insurgents like the awakening residents of Byker who were beginning to slough off their local representatives and all they stood for, or rather bowed down to, and to give notice that the revocable mandate must also extend to the actual reconstruction of the urban terrain. By giving the formula a pioneering new content this was a unique addition to it and one capable of rescuing it from the tedium of repetition because it raised many new questions requiring new answers of the sort the ultra left only rarely regard as valid if not actually mad. The people of Byker thus stood alone disarmed of a theory of a practical unitary urbanism they were groping towards and which the best theorists, like Vaneigem had only briefly sketched.

At this juncture Erskine and his mob of community architects step in and essentially derail the process, stopping it from reaching anything like its maximum potential. Our elder brother was disturbed by the revolts of the late sixties even modifying somewhat his attitude to architecture and the formerly despised 'pigeon fanciers'. He was employed in some minor capacity on the Byker Wall and though continuing to be down on strikes, particularly in the Tyne shipyards, he began to use his past to his advantage slapping down the naive, not very clued-in though could be venemous young snipers of the professional left, including feminists, and, if threatened, asking them (for example) if they had ever lived in a house without water or had to go down a dirt road to a pump to get it - because he had. Although true, that sort of raw experience of deprivation was enough to silence most people, including these Young Turks though, of course, not us. In fact this architectural 'workerism' had become indispensable to the professions reconstruction for it was 'the workers' as tenants come the late 60s who were the real power behind the rejection of 'the modern movement' in architecture and not just some fancy stylistic revolt. Though our elders brothers' faith in the modern movement of Corb, Mies, Gropius etc was hardly shaken at all it was certainly not the case with community architects who by now were awakening up to its latent authoritarianism and the fact it had been favoured by the varying degrees of state capitalisms'. The modern movement like the rise of town planning has to be seen in the context of the rise of state capitalism.

Though more total perspectives were instantly denigrated and vilified, there were occasional touches that simply would not take place today like Erskine using a funeral parlour as his on-site office where residents waiting to be re-housed could drop in, consult the plans, make suggestions etc. This in itself implied a criticism of the remoteness of the usual architectural practise just as it proved to be a necessary cleansing operation if the role and prestige of the architect were ever to recover from the much needed roughing up. Alan Milburn, the former Health Secretary, was still writing about the Byker Wall development in an article in the Sunday Times in December 2006 but now the funeral parlour has become 'a corner shop'. Typically this mildly irreverent deviation from the norm must now be passed over in silence as though it never happened.

What was good about all this activity in its heyday - and we are the only people who can put it together - stills awaits its encounter and renewed realisation in a now monstrously alienated world teetering on the edge of complete collapse.

And so to BedZEEEEEEEEEEd and the Stern Report

In contrast there is not the remotest hint of role crises in the very recent BedZed development, neither on behalf of the developers, wholly at ease with their market orientation, or by the architects. The development was the brainchild of Bio Regional Development Group, the Peabody Trust and the then little known architect Bill Dunster who is now groaning under the weight of official citations, the heaviest of all (and which could well prove to be his undoing) being the ambiguous backing given to the BedZed development by the Labour government following the publication of the Treasury's Stern Report. When the UK Solar Award described the project 'as perhaps the most influential of all housing this century- did they mean the century to come? Whatever the time frame there will be few if any similar projects that come anywhere near the impact the development is having and will continue to have.

Constructed for an unknown market, BedZed was an eco spec development (as the brochure says: 'Bio Regional takes a market led approach') comprising 100 homes, community facilities and workplaces for a further 100 whereas the Byker Wall was a continuation of post Second World War 'social' housing policies but one now threatened from without and within, caught between the twin pincer movements of a disgruntled clientele (an insurgent proletariat groping beyond the pitfalls of private v state capitalism toward genuinely revolutionary social solutions) and a resurgent belief in free markets (Selsdon man) as the social democratic consensus was torn up, the Byker Wall and community architecture in general being its most advanced expression.

In fact the subsequent career of Erskine was to reflect this move away from state sponsorship toward a private market that mixed entrepreneurship with a growing awareness of ecological issues especially the pressing matter of sustainable construction. Erskine's Millennium Village set for completion by 2000 on the Greenwich Peninsula and forming part of Sir Richard Rogers master plan which included the now notorious Millennium Dome had already anticipated by three years the BedZed development. The much-hyped selling points of the Millennium Village include a combined heat and power unit. Trumpeted as 'the first UK private housing development to inaugurate CPH' it is said to reduce energy consumption by 80% which is only 10% less than Bed Zed. There is also a water cycling system, storing rainwater to flush toilets which reduces water consumption by 30%. Moreover, 30% to 40% of wood and aluminium was recycled and the cedar for louvers, sun shades and rain screens was obtained from sustainable harvested sources. Turned into a hollow parody of its former self, the design also echoed that of the Byker Wall, paralleling the trajectory of installation art that, in many instances, particularly in Newcastle, had previously been a confused prelude to social revolution but has now become mainstream, an avant-garde buttress to the status quo and its main line of defence, no less. In Erskine's latter-day, haunted, design there is not even the pretence of sociability pace the Byker Wall. But come BedZed and 'behavioural modification' is very much the order of the day, especially the pious emphasis upon car pools, an individual choice involving residents' life styles and external to how the development was constructed and functions from the point of view of sustainability.

Whereas thirty five years ago the burning issue for ruling elites was how best to deflect social movements, the aim now is to inject an element of lost sociability - though no more than that - into living no matter how spurious on reflection it turns out to be. For instance it is exceedingly doubtful if the car pool is now anything other than a token gesture given the isolation of the BedZed development next to a former huge sewerage farm (and now wild life haven) across which in the distance can be glimpsed Croyden's huge shopping emporium.

Immediately following the publication of the Stern Report, the BedZed development hit the headlines making it famous overnight. Though advertised as a zero energy development this was patently untrue right from the start, the project using 70% less energy than typical housing of a similar size. Like the Millennium Village, the BedZed development also has a CHP unit this time run off wood chips supplied by the local council, though 'The Times' and 'Daily Telegraph' immediately picked on the fact that it was not currently working. However the ultimate aim of zero energy housing is to break the vicious circle of improved energy efficiency leading to an actual increase in energy consumed. Logically this must lead to a fundamental critique of consumerism, gadgetry, the market and capitalism but since when has logic proved decisive when dealing with fundamental capitalist irrationality? The recommendations of the Stern Report though couched in the language of markets and commissioned by the Treasury under the auspices of the Labour government were certainly too much for it and it was immediately contradicted by the Barker Report also sponsored by the Treasury into how best legislate the time-consuming current planning process out of existence and replace it with State diktat.

A former chief economist at the World Bank and now chief economic advisor to the treasury Stern's report is steeped in market language. Assessment of the economic impact of climate change is described as 'the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen'. In response to market failure he wants more of the same and the outcome of carrying on with business as usual is 'catastrophic' comparing it to the combined effect of the two world wars and the 1930s economic crash. Stern seeks to put a price on the on the cause and effect of climate change on the biosphere though his attempts to quantify failure - 'the economics of genocide'- exceeds any possible assessment in value terms, a classic case of the quantative turning in to the qualitative. What price can one put on such a catastrophic event as the melting of the icecaps or the desertification of rain forests? Yet the overall language remains that of the economist who still lacks a critique of political economy and looks to economic remedies to save the day. Also it involves a criticism, which taken a stage further implies a critique of convenience, and consumer capitalism, which then at all cost must be stopped from ever probing too deeply. What the Stern report wanted and will get are at best half measures which will merely draw out the catastrophe but still not substantial enough to prevent. With nothing to say on green issues never mind the prospect for a green economy, the latter was heavily weighted in favour of the present 'growth agenda' euphemism for capitalism, Stern resigned from the Treasury following the publication of the Barker Report, the announcement of a new runway for Heathrow airport and the Chancellor's failure to impose green incentives or properly tax airlines in the autumn budget.

Stern's excruciating eco-friedmanism arising phoenix like from 'the greatest and widest ranging market failure ever seen' is no more than a determination to finally make markets work, greenery being the magic ingredient that will change capitalism forever into an equitable, responsible, sustainable, stable system. This forlorn hope flies in the face of humanity's accumulated experience of capitalism and the problem henceforth will be how to stop a growing concern with green issues from turning into a full blown critique of capitalism. The only way 'we can have our cake and eat it' - and which is how The Guardian described the report's bland conclusions implying both growth and greenery are still possible (and which obviously the smiling Blair gave his full endorsement to) is in future to massively up green propaganda and the quotient of greenwash. This was vividly illustrated when Ruth Kelly now, note well, Treasury secretary for homes and communities, visited the recently opened up birders' RSPB reserve at Rainham marshes in the Thames Gateway whilst a few miles away an industrially derelict site, described as 'England's rain forest' because of the remarkable diversity of its insect life, was about to be half concreted over. Uncritically acclaimed in the press and on TV, this visit marked a new low in cynical manipulation though on the surface it appeared all progress and light and quite without precedent for any government minister, certainly a Treasury minister. Henceforth it would make more sense to drop all mention of the corrupted word sustainability and in its place initiate a debate on the present alignment of finance capital and nature, for the Labour government intent on the destruction of the latter in the name of its conservation has just added the two together, the final total amounting to 'your money and your life'.

The Rainham Marshes PSPB reserve is located on the north side of the Thames estuary amid the critically important industrially derelict wasteland of the Thames Gateway, a massive housing venture of 250,000 new homes. 20 years ago the marshes were stagnant back water that regularly ignited because of all the inflammable waste that was regularly dumped there. That the RSPB in the meantime has been able to successfully reclaim this devastated wetland habitat only goes to show that landscape design is best left to conservationists or anyone else that has a feel for nature but no feel for landscape architects whose main purpose in life is to destroy landscape and nature.

However on the Ruth Kelly grace and favour occasion the RSPB reserve was being used for political ends in a way no other conservation body has so far been used. That the RSPB submitted without a murmur may turn out to be a factor of immense significance for the future of nature and politics. It was only to be expected a media personality like Bill Oddy would be invited to the opening. A more appealing figure than the head masterly David Attenborough, his garrulous nature buffoonery has won him a far bigger audience than his previous traditional role as a comic in The Goodies. Millions of viewers regularly switch on, at peak viewing times, to watch the BBC's 'Springwatch' and now 'Autumnwatch', the program becoming a kind of nature soap opera with more than a dash of Reality TV - viz the tension, with more than a hint of thwarted sexuality, between Oddy the Oldie and the program's other presenter, the former model Kate Humble. However the media scrum was not there for him (or her), rather it was there because of the presence of the Treasury Minister Ruth Kelly, the media having been alerted beforehand by the Treasury's publicity machine, the DCLG (Dept of Communications and Local Government).

For some time now it has been recognised in political circles the Thames Gateway was lacking in a 'coherent vision' and 'identity' (see Financial Times November 22nd 2006). In this age of brand names, the lower reaches of the Thames had no identifiable image to work on (unlike Newcastle, Sheffield or even Norwich) that could be recast to launch the area into 'post modernity.' In line with Prescott's stress upon housing, it had become City of London overspill, rather like Docklands before the building of Canary Wharf, only much more featureless, a colossal low density sprawl of Legoland redbrick with few rail links and wholly dependent on the car and out of town shopping centres. Of course the project from the very start had been described as sustainable, the description becoming patently threadbare as early as 2003 when it was recognised it was failing on every count other than looking sustainable and jumbo-rustic. The scarcity of water resources in the increasingly drought stricken south east only added to the growing barrage of criticism, there being no water recycling of any sort anywhere in the Thames Gateway - not to mention other failings like poor thermal insulation and the fact the eyesore was car mad and microwave, fridge freezer crazy.

Something had to be done to improve the rhetoric of sustainability and in the process create an identity for the area. The architect Sir Terry Farrell (who incidentally had been trained in Newcastle and had shared a little in the melting pot Newcastle was becoming from the early to late 1960s) had argued that the Thames Gateway should be a new kind of national park with linked parkland and green spaces along the Thames estuary. Previously, in his oversized fish tank 'The Deep' in Hull, Farrell had used the showcasing of the marine environment as a selling strategy and image booster for this somewhat overlooked city on the mouth of the Humber and still traumatised by the run down of its traditional industries - the docks, fishing fleet and the waterfront trades linked to them. The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) had also been working on an identity project as part of attempts to rebrand the Gateway, believing the TG identity should encompass themes such as reconnecting with nature and the estuary through greener more sustainable communities.

Though a hollow, dictatorial pretence, nevertheless Farrell's idea of a 'National Park' smacked too much of the National Trust and a zero growth conservationist spirit and so the Treasury has sought to distance itself from Farrell's and CABE's recommendations wanting instead the name: 'Thames Estuary Parklands', a looser term which lent itself to developments such as industrial parks and the anti nature, sham of greenery that invariably lines their boulevards. Hence Ruth Kelly's surprising appearance at the opening of the RSPB reserve on Rainham marshes. She had also emphasised when opening the eco visitors centre that TG would in future become an 'exemplar for low and zero carbon development' thus stamping the formerly amorphous sprawl of the TG with a new conservationist identity and sustainable mission, Rainham Marshes becoming the symbol of its incorporation and coat of arms which should bear the legend, if it was honest: 'We Betray'. When Ruth Kelly mentioned 'low and zero carbon development' she must have had the BedZed development in mind, the Treasury's embrace likely to prove fatal to the project's legacy for it will now result in a rash of shoddy imitations that are a hollow mockery of sustainability. And provided it is able to sustain the pretence (the only sustainability that matters to finance capital) all these inferior developments will receive the Treasury's seal of approval.

How can we pretend to be doing something whilst not doing anything? This is the government's dilemma and this is why Ruth Kelly's visit was so important. Henceforth it is the advertising of nature and conservation that must do the hidden persuading, the green wash/brain wash that is going to become so integral to political survival and the survival of the state. Treasury greenery has to be the most cunning, treacherous greenery of all. When he was Chancellor, Brown brought Stern into the Treasury poaching him from the World Bank. In late 2006 he painted himself green publishing a booklet: 'The Green Shift (or should that be shifty') Environmental policies to match a changing public climate'. It was funded by Britain's biggest green house gas generator EON, the German firm which owns Powergen, and also by Scottish power who went to court to demand that the European Commission give them more licenses to emit an extra 20m tons of carbon. From the title it must be clear that the government fears the changing public climate more than climate change.

However it is equally obvious the Stern Report will provide a massive boost to the market in 'alternative' technologies, the hardware becoming mainstream affording the green entrepreneurs (Dunster, the BedZed architect, has patented a quack wind tunnel designed to increase updraft to roof mounted wind turbines) and consumers much smug self-satisfaction whilst evading the real question which social ecology poses but market ecology does not - that of the overthrow of capitalism. Visiting the BedZed development we became aware of the scope for green entrepreneurship - everything from the manufacturing of educational wall charts illustrating birds, such as The Guardian and The Independent produce as supplements, but now have become rolls of wallpaper, to lamp shades knowingly depicting Monarch butterflies, the designers obviously having dipped deeper than merely looking at colour plates of the butterfly. There were even bags of pellets composted from recycled materials to be used as fire wood displaying, amongst others, the Butterfly Conservation logo. Though not yet become a brand name the business potential is huge and who knows if bcuk might one day replace fcuk?

BedZed's heating system uses just 10% of the energy ordinary buildings of the same size would need and this is supplied by woodchips from trees provided by the council. When the chips are burnt they also generate some of BedZed's electricity. Cupboards in which hot water tanks sit are lined rather than the tank so people can use the cupboards to air clothes. The development takes some of the water from the roof and encourages people to use there cars as little as possible. Each flat has its own garden, densely packed like the inner city. Alternative technology is profoundly entrepreneurial in a way the Lucas Aerospace plan was not. In the latter, there was a considerable element that was against the market, replacing it with need though still preserving exchange. This was always the left social democratic contradiction. Dunster has patented a wind turbine a wind turbine mounted on an aerodynamic tower that he claims will raise wind speed between two and three times. It's a building for a nightmare future, a kind of ecofuturism, the greening of the Italian futurist architect Sant Elia, of concrete and high rise trees, concrete green jungles and so on.

And yet within the BedZed complex there was still a disarming friendliness about the place as if the staff that worked there were committed to its aims and needed all the help they could get. When asked if we had come by car we proudly said no and for the first time our reply was not greeted with shock horror as though not owning a car was a sure sign of social inferiority. Peering through the windows on the ground floor of Dunster's architectural practise we were surprised when the door opened and we were invited in to take a look around. Talking to the receptionist later we mentioned that we were sure we had seen a Marsh Harrier quartering the ground of the former sewerage works on the other side of the railway. Our guess turned out to be right for the receptionist would leave scraps of meat on the fence outside for the Harrier bringing the bird right into the heart of the BedZed development and near enough into Dunster's offices bringing on that happy time when vultures will tear every architectural practise to pieces. The Marsh Harrier is a rare bird and just in itself this observation was very memorable, perhaps even a contribution towards understanding the bird's ecology. But when combined with other things like discussing ventilation systems, wind turbines, combined heat and power units, car pools, four wheel drives, public transport, home ownership v rented accommodation etc some kind of totality is being posed although one that needs to be pushed much further as essentially this totality is ring fenced by capitalist paradigms.

Down with eco-business: A Thames ex-lighterman's barge and a hoped for eco-collectivity

We were much struck also by BedZed's grassed roofs and the fact that Canadian flea bane had taken root in some of them as they do on vacant lots everywhere. However these weeds were left untreated, as were the reclaimed floorboards, which were used as bed ends and thermal insulation, the screw heads though buried still visible. We were beguilingly reminded of a number of construction projects we have been engaged in over the last decade which we enjoyed doing but did not set much store by at the time, certainly not in terms of even remotely considering then as in any way prefiguring the future. An old barge we converted on the Thames just happened to be opposite one of Norman Foster's stepped high rises that was then going up on the opposite side of the Thames, some of the apartments sold before the foundations were laid and changing hands several times before being completed. We did not doubt then or now that what we did on the barge was way better than Foster's bit of steel and concrete slap across the river. Foster of course does not know this but he may still recall the day when one of our gang, en route to a builder's merchants, accidentally on purpose spilt a cup of coffee over him as he lay stretched out in a chair, taking his ease in one of Battersea's gentrified river front forecourts, saying: 'Oh look the arsehole who fucked over the waterfront'.

Some of the timber that we used on the barge had been taken from skips and were simply large pine tree trunks that had been squared off either by a machine or manually and would have held up house fronts in the days before steel joists started to be substituted for wood sometime during the 1880s. Had we not rescued these amazing bits of timber they would have ended up on a bonfire and by retrieving them we were acknowledging the chopping down of the world's great pine forests and honouring their memory. Each piece had its story to tell and in this increasingly standardised world we will never see the likes of these rough-hewn, one-offs again. But this was only part of the picture and though a vital part, the actual constructing was accompanied by a free wheeling looseness, which none the less worked and was integral to the design and execution.

An architect had drawn up a plan, which we immediately abandoned as impractical, and with no definite plan of our own, grew the design as it went along, not quite sure how it would work out. We took it in our stride though we were all at sea to begin with, not used to the sometimes extreme pitching and tossing caused by the wash from passing boats. And it took several days to find our sea legs and back on land as we tried to get to sleep at night the room would rock. We also rapidly learnt a spirit level for instance was of no damn use on a boat that was settling at an angle on a sand bank twice a day.

No single person could ever have pulled it off and looking back we all wonder how ever we had the balls to take the job on and, though competences were unevenly distributed, it would not be accurate to describe it as a division of labour. Things were just never that rigid. There was also an indispensable extra dimension to the whole thing and that was everyone engaged on the job had their eyes turned toward the future, knowing capitalism was simply unworkable. And though we concentrated on the job in hand and even took a pride in it, we were all conscious, to varying degrees, the job we were doing was fundamentally compromised by the fact it was not outside the social relationship engendered by capitalism. So inevitably we felt a distance from what we doing and therefore not an expression of what we really believed in or what we were capable of. The barge could only be an alienated product of our labour even though it outclassed everything currently being built on the Thames embankment - not least because we could not fully believe in what we were doing which could only be invested with real meaning in a post capitalist society. But in the meantime in the run up to that desired prospect what really matters is not just how a thing looks, the materials used and salvaged etc but the spirit in which it is done.

In future some of this vital ambiance must eventually imbue projects that take the BedZed development as their starting point - for there are bound to be many. Otherwise things will not urgently move in the subversive direction they have to. Yet clearly there was a gulf between the barge and the BedZed development - we being infinitely the more open-minded and clearer about the steps to be taken if the world is to be saved. The ethos behind BedZed development seeks to save the world without changing it, which means it is doomed from the kick off. On the other hand we were not innovating technically and the barge could have been more energy efficient with perhaps a double cavity layer of insulation wrap or a wind turbine with the necessary minimum of two metre blades mounted high up on a mast. The barge is fitted with an enormously expensive central heating system run off bottled gas and which replaced the briquette fired pithers system that successfully heated part of the lower deck but barely took the chill of the air elsewhere. In the winter the barge could be freezing cold and in summer just the opposite, the deck becoming almost too hot to touch but much cooler below where we had fitted a tongue and groove wooden ceiling with foil backed insulating wrap and a layer of red anti-oxidising paint in-between.

We certainly felt much closer to nature working on the barge than we had ever done on a building job before. It became important to know if the tide was coming in or going out and if we were going to spend all day being flung about. The souls of our feet registered the moment the barge lifted off and the moment it settled on the sand bank. The behaviour of the cormorants altered according to the ebb and flow and we would count the number of seconds they remained below the surface. The ferocity of the tides would vary according to the moon's position and on some evenings the ebb tide would roar and for the first time we all began to appreciate not only the immense gravitational influence of the moon but its capacity to influence psychological life which mariners must have been almost as open to as the inmates of asylums. During the night Canadian Geese would land on the tennis court sized roof and deck leaving their unmistakeable droppings behind for us to clean up in the morning. That is until the more aggressive Grey Lag Geese arrived and cleared them off, eating the young chicks. On our way to a builder's merchant one morning we counted 15 Herons on a moored barge similar to the one we were converting. We were also working on the boat on the day of the sun's eclipse. Sometime around midday the sky began to darken and a gaggle of Mallards that used to collect on the shingle beach beneath the stone pier began to roost, burying their beaks in their dorsal feathers. A crowd had assembled on the Thames embankment and broke out into applause at the height of the eclipse, some letting off fireworks. In 1928 the last time there had been a total eclipse people sank on their knees as the moon's shadow raced across the earth toward them. Now it had become spectacle, nature's ultimate stage show.

Working out in the open my ears became attuned to a particular birdcall, which I rapidly identified as that of the Grey Wagtail. Ever since I have instantly thrilled to the call, noting that in 2006 I was hearing it well into late autumn when normally they should be making their way to N. Africa. We built an improvised bird table for them on the prow of the boat. The bird table had been bought from the RSPB and we had laid a pine tree trunk athwart the stern and stuck a broom handle through it attaching the table on the end of it and lashing the broom handle to the trunk with steel wire hawsers. Though back to front, instead of a mermaid we had a nature bowsprit. And like virtually everything else on the barge we had only a vague idea as what to do next and as much surprised by the end result as anybody. In the society of alienation this is as close to un-alienated labour as it's possible to get.

We also had set to work on another boat moored on a wharf near Battersea Power Station. This is not the place to go into the trial and tribulations of that particular job. However since the emphasis here has been on the peculiar closeness we felt with nature when working on the river bank, mention must be made of one particular incident. Getting off the bus in the morning we had noticed webs of caterpillars, which soon spread to the sycamores overhanging the embankment, denuding them within days. These turned out to be the caterpillars of the notorious Brown Tail moth, once more or less confined to Spain, and whose hairs break when even lightly touched, causing the body to erupt in a rash. Though the trees were some distance away, nevertheless some caterpillars were finding their way into the hull and soon we were all scratching. We were never sure how they got there - perhaps they spun a silken thread from their tails and were carried by the wind into the boat's interior. On reflection the most important point about the incident is the way we had been confronted with two sets of unusual problems, one to do with a freak occurrence of nature (which set us thinking about climate change and the fact this moth had few natural predators in this country) the other to do with how we were going to squeeze as much space as possible out of the hull's wrought iron interior which meant bending large sheets of marine ply. We were determined to avoid at all cost the land lubber, cut and run approach of studding the boats hull out with up-rights and making square shaped 'house' rooms out of the interior, which to say the least, was wasteful of space and simply evaded the challenge of creating the sort of unusual living spaces former industrial barges are tailor made for.

This way of working and its openness to nature indeed its wide openness in many other respects and typical of construction sites where there is no overarching repressive authority, though no subcontracting, has to be the way of working if there is to be any future. We scrounged timber from far and wide even rescuing a shaped armrest from the embers of a fire up north and transporting it back to London in the boot of a National Express coach. This eventually ended up as part of the bathroom skylight and the catch on the gate at the top of the gangway leading to the floating pontoon. However this task of salvaging choice bits of timber was not done with an eye to business. The same cannot be said of the recycled timber used in the BedZed development, which will have been purchased from any number of builders' merchants now advertising reclaimed timber. For the recycling of waste material is set to become big business driven not just by necessity but by an increasingly anguished middle class that is beginning to wake up to the devastating consequences of reckless consumption but remains as remote as ever from taking up a genuinely revolutionary critique of consumer capitalism as part of a critique of capitalism per se. The favoured option, ethical consumption, is not even a half way house because it is about choice within capitalism not opposition to capitalism though it constantly risks turning into that.

We think it important to point out that the carbon footprint of the eight or so people involved in converting the barge over a period of time would have to be amongst the lowest in the 'highly advanced' world. Not one of us owned a car and we all used public transport when not cycling into work. One travelled to India by plane but the preferred option when travelling two and fro to Europe was by the Eurostar express. We did use electrical tools but an eco plumber who would sit in on the endless discussions - and which were such a joy even when opposite opinions were expressed - frowned on this if carried to excess. The argument that they saved time and that we would price ourselves out of a job if we did not use them did not greatly impress him either. He even thought it would be a good idea to get rid of washing machines and go back to hand washing using a bar of carbolic soap, a wash board and a poss-tub. We were all old enough to just about remember this and did not relish the idea. Yet on reflection only one of us had a washing machine and even he preferred to hand rather than machine-wash his shirts. The fact that the plumber had a wacko side to him only added to the thrills and spills of the site. He had written an article in the plumbers' gazette entitled 'Plumbers and Madness' and of course we all said 'well he should know' whilst at the same time conceding he was making a more general, very valid, point, plumbers tending to be the most child like and off the wall of all building operatives. (We were once bystanders to a bit of mad hatter daftness that lasted a good hour between a plumber in his 40s and his young mate not yet twenty making pea shooters out of 18mm copper pipe to pop each other with in celebration of the fact not one of their 100s of joints leaked). 'Our' plumber was so salvage crazy he refused to renew the copper pipes that ran into the pithers stove and which had seen better days. Overtime they must have become blocked and one Xmas eve we were all racing to make the barge habitable including the plumber who was determined to get the pithers stove up and running. All appeared to be going well the pithers stove shedding a lovely warm glow around the lower deck when the time came to go home. Later on that night one of us received a somewhat conspiratorial, hushed phone call from the plumber. Apparently the stove had blown up and we all had visions of the boat rocketing to the moon.

Things go wrong and they have done at the BedZed development. The CHP unit has broken down and the ball race on the ventilating cowls has seized up and no longer turns as it should. This has been solved at Dunsters's Penryn development in Cornwall by adopting the ball race from the Ford Mondeo which can run over a quarter of a million miles. For sure this re-invention was an impressive way of detourning the consumer muck of present day gadgetry but wish it had been done within an anti-capitalist framework.

This gives a new slant to the fabled Mondeo Man that troubled middle England voters whose troubles will only get worse. It is also the kind of innovation that Dunster is likely to patent. Though touched with an inventive genius our fabled plumber will have no such luck because try as he might he is unable to act in a business like manner and always excellently fucks it. What's more he is only a plumber and not an architect, a fundamental 'trade' differential that in a country like Britain counts for everything and soon causes accusations of class prejudice to fly. Thus he invented a water conservation for St James hospital in Leeds, invited to do so by a middle management representative from Yorkshire Water he met in the fox holes dug to oppose the Newbury by-pass. The managers of the hospital were impressed by the water conservation scheme but typically then doubted that a mere plumber could have possibly invented such a scheme. To add insult to injury, they then became sceptical of his abilities to install the scheme and simply appropriated the scheme, possibly altering a few details here and there, knowing the plumber would be unlikely to go to law. The project was then handed over to a major building company and the plumber compensated with an interview on Yorkshire television and a free meal at Harvey Nichols new shopping emporium in Leeds, both of which he refused point blank saying in any case he loathed Harvey Nichols and would never dream of going into the store. What angered him the most was the banality of a meal at the UK's premier snob store as somehow providing sufficient compensation. The guy pushed to the brink of violence by constant humiliation just to say contained himself.

Though he was up to doing the job himself he felt he needed others on board to stop him, we suspect, from going off at tangent and becoming lost in detail the more the mad boffin succeeded in gaining complete possession of him. So he asked if we would be interested. However we knew him from old and we were well aware that a touch of genius was accompanied by a streak of madness that was not easy to live or work with. (He was also a twin and what he had to say on the subject of twins must be appended to the already vast literature on twins - in particular how twins are irresistibly drawn to the idea of revolution and apt to be more feral than other kids from an early age, their parents unable to maintain much of a grip on them for any length of time). We learnt he had already approached the former shipbuilding firm of Cammel Lairds on the Mersey with precise specifications for a water tank that would have to be transported over the Pennines on a large trailer accompanied by an escort. We knew he would have been quite capable of stopping the convoy on the M62 because a plant on the motorway verge had caught his eye, oblivious to the fact he was causing a tailback that stretched to Manchester. And he was uniquely able to absolve himself of all responsibility forever repeating 'no es mia culpa' when things began to go badly wrong.

His way of working had to be commended for he was constantly stepping outside the job to do other things on the whim of the moment. When working on the barge he would go out of his way to recycle the tea bags, emptying their contents on to the acidic, nutrient poor, soil of the pot plants on the deck that was continually being degraded by the salt sea spray. On other jobs he would point to trees right in the centre of London he had planted years previously back in the 1970s and 80s. One evening about to knock off work he went all pensive and wished he was going on to attend a post revolutionary meeting that was going to decide how best to flood the Notting Hill flyover and create an aerial waterway where once there had been a motorway. This was a pre-eminently practical suggestion, but his imagination was not always so luminously materialist and intent on seizing hold of lifeless things to put them to a new use. Once when working on the barge we were all much entertained by his conviction that the increase of Kestrel Hawks on motorway bank sides had to be due to their gorging on the bloody flesh of crash victims!

These imaginative flights of fancy coming from a person ill-adjusted to capitalist norms must make the general ambience of BedZed developments and their ilk definitely prosaic in comparison. They will not have the stories to relate, or experience to draw on, we have, or the insights or even ultimately the inventive capacity for they lack a far flung social imagination. Nothing of the conformist odour of the architectural practise clung to our off-beam building gang. The pity is we can't tell the entire truth about it either because, as an endangered species of builder, it would only make matter worse in this stifling climate of conservatism which it is essential to combat if remedial action against climate change is to be at all effective. Though between ourselves we often say 'most builders would not take this trouble' we would, on most counts, be judged 'irresponsible' though that's the last thing we are. But people who know this, and can say why, are as much under threat as we are. At the end of the day - and it is the end if there isn't an unprecedented world uprising by the poor sometime fairly soon - our approach has to be understood and broadened, not whittled down to nothing which unfortunately seems to be the likeliest outcome - until such times as a catastrophe forces a rethink and by which time it may well be too late and what we once practised turned into an ugly travesty.

Community build and the Lucas Aerospace Plan arose out of a workers' movement that was beginning to push at the boundaries and, here and there, crash right through them. And we were right to feel distanced from them because they were also attempts to reign in that movement and divert it into constructive channels which, if they did not anticipate tendencies within capitalism that would become central to it ten years later, were certainly designed to stop the flood tide of revolt from turning into a revolution. We recently chanced on a writing pad filled with obsessive note taking on Lucas Aerospace. In order to relive the obsession we mentally went back 30 years recalling how we searched and searched for any mention of capitalism amongst the many utterances of its chief protagonist, Mike Cooley, wearily copying out his many comments on the man/machine interface as though that was the fundamental problem. In fact Cooley's technicist preoccupations have much in common with those of Dunster, the architect of the BedZed development who has even less to say about capitalism than Cooley. However there is one essential difference: though Dunster is not riding a wave or even making waves he is causing ripples to flow in the stagnant pool of conformity that is Britain today. And he knows, deep down, that it is not a matter of an either/or, 'architecture or revolution' as the abysmal Le Corbusier claimed, (adding 'revolution can be avoided') but both, the real problem being and, which Dunster and others will increasingly have to cope with, how to initiate change and yet stop it from becoming full blown revolutionary critique.

Notes within a thesis form: Deal or No Deal

1

Today the aim of BedZed developments cannot just be confined to the constructing of zero energy spaces. To a degree it demands a change in life styles in particular in carbon intensive life styles and has therefore to stimulate and encourage the desire for change and not stifle it as did the community architecture movement and the Lucas Aerospace venture of 30 years ago. But as it stands that change in life styles is little more than easy living and New Years' resolutions.

2

To build differently we have to live differently. If social ecology is ever to become more than a mere word it requires that people come together and act. And that is just not happening. The preferred option is to roll over and die and on this ground-zero passivity it is possible to erect a 'sustainable' Tower of Babel that must forever circle around the truth but never land on the ground. Only direct action will rip off the eco masks of the despoilers and expose them for the sham they are and in that sense today's climate of passivity is very different from the conditions that led to the Lucas Aerospace plan and the need to derail mass action.

3

The call amongst the greens has been for leadership for true statesmanship showing they have no critique whatsoever of the wages system, exchange, commodity exploitation, value, surplus value, the state; absolutely essential omissions that are bound to doom all their endeavours to complete failure. A report called 'High Stakes' published later by the Institute of Public Policy and Research saw through the hollowness yet its remedies are equally as hollow adding there is on obvious political mechanism or program in existence that is going to do the political and technical job which is true though what is false is to believe there ever could be. The Ecologist in its Dec 2006/Jan 2007 issue sank to the abysmal level of calling for a green Winston Churchill, which Al Gore in his eco-market film 'An Inconvenient Truth' also plays lip service to!

4

The growing debate about the benefits of public transport is also awakening inveterate car users to the realisation they are missing out on a level of communality that can lift spirits. Can any car journey ever match the chance encounters of public transport, the odd balls or the illuminating snippets of conservation overheard on a bus or on a local train service? It moved one letter writer to advise ex-PM Blair to try sailing to the states then 'buy an old Chevrolet and share the driving with Cherie just as many of us have done.' However it is the last sentence that's the real clincher: 'You might even find yourselves with something genuinely interesting to relate at the end of the trip.' What this means is that the lives of politicians and celebrities are boring because devoid of real incidents their status and wealth precluding genuine contact.

5

Blair also insisted that science was the key to tackling global warming. What he may have had in mind are such barmy ideas as space sunshades which Mr. Gaia, James Lovelock, also supports, the earth goddess becoming totally reliant on this modern day techno-atlas for her continuing health. This sunshade would be 60,000 miles in length (!) would take 25 years to get into orbit and would cost £50 billion a year for the whole of its 50 years lifespan. It must be the ultimate flight of fancy and if this is what Blair means by science coming to the rescue then faith in a providential god who will step in at the last moment is every bit as rational.

6

Moreover the Blair's refused to give up long haul holiday flights rejecting the need to set a personal example on greenhouse gases by taking breaks closer to home. In an interview with Sky News he claimed that what he had previously called 'the world's greatest environmental challenge' did not require unreasonable sacrifices. He also unhesitatingly assumes that long haul holiday flights are the maximum embodiment of the pleasure principle, and not the painful, home from home, banal bore they have become to an increasing number of people looking for more fulfilling alternatives to the standardised holiday package - hence the growth of pseudo alternatives like eco-tourism, a have your cake and eat it substitute for a truly decommoditised eco perambulation. More than ever we are all now prisoners of a flattened universe with nowhere to go. Any attempt to increase taxes on aviation fuel would Blair says 'end up actually putting people off the green agenda by saying that you must not have a good time any more and can't consume.' This time though Epicureanism is no longer an option because the situation is so serious that having a good time re traditional notions of what good times are supposed to be, irretrievably joins with the last dance of death. But, more practically what will be the bitter harvest of disillusionment that is their inevitable accompaniment, once the nonsensical notion of a sustainable capitalism fails? The only beneficiaries from the mass paralysis following failure will be a stupidity the like of which we've never seen and for that reason will find favour in government circles around the world; i.e. those who have the most to profit from absolute stupidity.

7

Typically middle class lifestyles are also challenged from an unexpected and to them painful source. Like it or not the carbon foot print of the shameless of this world are less than theirs and from this earth enhancing perspective live far more responsible lives. This unchallengeable fact is unpalatable to the eco middle classes brought up on a thirty-year-old diet of feckless workers and demonic council tenants. To think - after all these years - 'the workers' and the work shy are becoming once more the salt of the earth, to be respected rather than despised, emulated more than rejected. Such are the ironies of history - or rather the essence of dialectics. Quality dailies and the tabloids are increasingly saying the same thing 'the richest fuel global warming - but the poorest suffer most from it'. The Democratic Republic of the Congo for instance produces virtually no carbon emissions and this includes the ecologically reinvented though utterly immiserated city of Kinshasa, a city of 6 million and therefore more of a warning of the breakdown to come than a model for the future.

8

How far can one push green lifestyles without the whole gathering a momentum and becoming a critique of capitalism? Can change come to mean more than ecological exhortations like the Independent's 2007 change your life posters? Can it forever stay mired in pious promises and hypocritical cant? Or will people eventually take to the streets unable to endure the culture of lies a moment longer? Monbiot though welcoming the Stern Report particularly his conclusion that it will cost far more attempting to live with climate change than taking remedial action amounting to one percent of global GDP a year does not like the fact 'the Stern review reduces the discussion about climate change to one about money.' 'Most of the costs of climate change are not measured in pounds and dollars but in the cost to human life.' BBC Focus; January 2007. Ah yes - but to go from here to the demand to change life aren't we back at 1968? And then we have to take note all over again of the positive achievements of the much denigrated workers' movement and bring the two together for the first time and for the most consequential battle ever to be fought.

Stuart Wise: Summer 2007. (Plus some additions from Flaky Dave)

• 1Libcom note: and now at https://libcom.org/article/redirection-production-lucas-aerospace-plan-mid-1970s

Above: Peppered Moth plus variations

(The following is a theoretical drift which originally saw the light of day as a letter to a very intelligent guy in Huddersfield with a passion for moths and, on a more general level, a fellow traveller on the same eco-revolutionary wavelength. It has since been amended, somewhat altered and put in a more coherent sequence)

**************************

Dear Huddersfield Mothman,

Thanks for your appreciative remarks on the www.dialecticalbutterflies.com website. Excuse the delay in replying but have been very busy.

Regarding melanism have you read the little book Of Moths and Men by Judith Harper? The title is suggestive of a feminist approach to the subject (i.e. women would never have been so easily duped!) and is subtitled: "Intrigue, tragedy and the Peppered Moth". But it appears Kettlewell may have falsified the evidence and the question of industrial melanism a far more complicated matter than has been made out hitherto. As is well known both EB Ford and the great Haldane uncritically accepted Kettlewell's findings. I do know the controversy over the Peppered Moth has cast considerable doubt on the EB Ford /Kettlewell thesis that it was an evolutionary response to industrialization and one we could see happening before our very eyes. Everyone wants to see evolution happening before their eyes but even so there can be no doubt that urbanism and industrialization has profoundly affected wild life and we are only just becoming aware of how deep and on going the process is.

I was going to send you a short resume I had been wrestling with regarding Marxism and science particularly in relationship to four notable 20th century British scientists – Haldane, (a geneticist, amongst other things) Bernal (a crystallographer), Levy (a mathematician and physicist) and Needham (a biochemist chiefly interested in embryology who in 1932 founded the Theoretical Biology Club to counteract the eugenic thinking of the Rockefeller Foundation that was promoting a reductive "science of man" which was also a science of social control. Nothing has fundamentally changed since, though the term eugenic has been discreetly dropped from the scientific vocabulary though the concept is still very much alive and kicking).

However, such a resume requires a return to basics and raising that most difficult of subjects, the relationship between dialectical and scientific reason. Even this division is suspect because Hegel would argue dialectical reason is scientific in fact more rigorous than mathematical or formal logic. The more I puzzle over it and think about it the more questions it inevitable raises and the more my mind goes dark pondering these thorny questions – ouch.

I read two essays by Levy and Bernal on dialectical materialism as a general science or a higher science, whichever way you like to put it. Levy, an honest man, who was eventually expelled from the Communist party (and to his credit the Labour party also!) clearly had great difficulties with its scholastic categorisations. He refers to the "laws" of dialectical change as written in "almost medieval language" and is "repellent to the scientific man". (See his essay: A Scientific Worker looks at Dialectical Materialism 1934). Interestingly the only scientist Henri Lefebvre respectfully mentions in his little book Dialectical Materialism written in the late 1930s is Hyman Levy. He most have felt attracted to Levy's lack of dogmatism and thought here was a fellow spirit who cannot easily be made to toe the party line even though Lefebvre continued to do so well into the 1950s.Though Bernal and Levy were friends, Bernal pretty much remained a faithful scientific apparatchik of the Soviet Union all his life and had no difficulty in accepting Engels's Dialectics of Nature as the new Soviet Sermon on the Mount. Lefebvre's Dialectical Materialism was important in reviving the long lost themes of reification and alienation so essential to a critique of capitalism. (Would that scientists could take up these themes today and it must remain one of the great mysteries of our time why a scream of pain, powerful enough to burst the ear drums and which has no equivalent in scientific history, has not rent the world's scientific laboratories). Lefebvre almost pokes fun at Hegel's triadic formulation of thesis, antithesis, synthesis central to dialectical thought, citing no less an authority than Hegel himself : "If one wants to count them" says Hegel").

In a forward to the fifth edition of Dialectical Materialism written in 1961 Lefebvre apologises for his adherence, twenty-five years previously, to dialectical materialism as a philosophy of nature i.e. the natural sciences. He blames Stalin and Zhdanov for this error – perhaps crime would be a more appropriate word - but he would have done better had he gone back to basics and indicted Engels Dialectics of Nature (c.1873) and before that Hegel's Philosophy of Nature. It is a commonplace of Marxist hagiography that Marx turned Hegel's dialectic right side up, giving it a materialist foundation. However as Lefebvre reminds us: "It was only with great caution that Marx embarked on this path (as in his application of the dialectical method to economics)". Engels, a connoisseur of Hegel if ever there was one, was more ready to throw caution to the wind believing the dialectical materialist method possessed a universal truth i.e. was applicable to all sciences. And he also thought he was turning Hegel right side up whereas Engels's critique, when it comes to nature, is basically the same as Hegel's who was the most materialist of all idealist philosophers, though Engels did recognise this when he perceptively wrote "idealist systems also filled themselves more and more with a materialist content". What other airy-fairy, wilting philosopher with their head in the clouds has wallowed in shit like Hegel, realising without it humanity would starve? To see in this a remarkable anticipation of the importance of the nitrate cycle is not to confer on Hegel the benefit of hindsight!

Hegel's philosophy of nature is a summation of tendencies begun by Kant within classical German philosophy. It is a strain to even attempt to read it today though my foreign languages publishing house copy of Engels's "Dialectics of Nature" was mislaid, without undue regret, years ago. It would be unfair to say Hegel's "Philosophy of Nature" died without issue but it did take the deification of Engels to successfully imprint its spirit on a third of the world.

In fact "naturphilosophie", of which Hegel's work forms a discrete part, was once hugely influential and, it has to be said, more scientifically consequential as regards actual discoveries than dialectical materialism ever was. (Its proper field of application I will repeatedly stress is the history of science and I unhesitatingly agree with Hyman Levy's considered judgement "the so-called laws of the dialectic, couched as they must be in very general terms, must have there principal application in the field of social and economic development. They appear to add little or nothing to the detailed methods of analysis of scientific workers"). We have only to think of Goethe's anatomical studies and great work on plant morphology. That most influential of 19th century geologists and naturalists, Louis Aggasiz (1807-73), was a naturphilosophe - and the first to suggest, as a result of meticulous observation, there had been several ice ages. So was the nasty Richard Owen, the life-long opponent of Darwin and coiner of the word "dinosaur". However to say that all naturalists who subscribed to the argument for God's existence from design, like William Paley, were nature-philosophers in the strict German meaning of the term would be wrong. Paley could point to the blue yonder and say that's where God is. But following Kant, the high priests of German nature philosophy rigorously rejected any ontological proof of God's existence but retained it as a regulative if not a constitutive hypothesis. The philosophers that immediately followed Kant introduced an ever greater dynamism ("praxis"!) into their respective systems with the result that God became ever less a preformed entity but something that was continually developing towards an ever greater perfection in nature and man.(In fact it was on the specific nature of the relationship between the two that finally caused Hegel to distance himself from Schelling, preferring to see in nature the "otherness" of man, or the "idea", and hence the alienation of man, or the "idea".) Whew! I have already pointed out the close materialist/idealist parallels between Hegel's and Engels's conception of nature but Hegel's conviction, which he loved to throw in the face of German Romanticism, that nature had been tamed and bent to mankind's purpose was one he shared with Marx. In the margins of a lecture he gave in 1805-6 he wrote: "Wind, mighty river, mighty ocean, subjugated, cultivated. No point in exchanging compliments with it – puerile sentimentalities etc". This comment is all the more fit for my purpose in so far as it was part of a lecture dealing with tools - yes tools – and the teleology of labour, which sounds more grounded if we call it the labour process. And then compare it with the following quotation from Marx's Grundrisse (1857-8)

"Where does Vulcan come in as against Roberts and Co? Jupiter as against the lightning conductor? And Hermes as against the Credit Mobilier? All mythology masters and dominates and shapes the forces of nature in and through the imagination; hence it disappears as soon as man gains mastery over the forces of nature".

What must be at once apparent to anyone reading this today is that we haven't gained control over the forces of nature and that nature is set to take the most terrible revenge.

(A little aside: Having discovered what has to be Britain's most unusual Grayling colony in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards midway twixt Wakefield and Dewsbury in West Yorkshire, I began to look into the origin of the yards, turning up an old photo of a huge iron foundry, the property of Roberts and Co! Could this be the very company Marx was referring to? And how odd that the foundry has long since gone and in its stead there is this most unusual colony of butterflies.)

What happens now? And what impact will this awareness have on the future trajectory of science? It all seems a very far cry from the glowing positivism of dialectical materialism. Suppose a hellish catastrophe is just around the corner? Despite the destruction of lives, by far the greatest Homo erectus as a genus has ever endured and its bitter, even insupportable aftermath, it also seems unlikely a nature religion will once more take root with all its myths, attendant rituals and suspension of disbelief. The handful of survivors will be living in a state of acute existential agony and bereft of that most precious gift, the dream of utopia. They will have no past worth remembering and no future to look forward to, and perhaps even incapable of reproducing themselves. The guilt over what that meaningless abstraction "humanity" has done in the past may be such that the survivors spontaneously abase themselves before any living object in the natural world, ready to beg forgiveness. There will certainly be no "exchanging of compliments with it" analogous to Hegel's cynical depiction of romantic nature schmaltz. The horrors that the soviet state philosophy of dialectical materialism (in fact the philosophy of state capitalism - a concept that now must never be given a renewed airing) strove to conceal is mild in comparison, even though it did involve the deaths of millions in the gulags. So let us now return to the cosier comforts of those years, which seem positively humane in comparison to what will undoubtedly come to pass short of an anti-capitalist revolution.

I have in my possession the first edition of Bernal's Science in History (1954!) in which he denies, under the influence of Lysenko, the existence of genes. ("genes were supposed to be material bodies - but – neither then nor since have they been isolated and their nature still remains hypothetical"- in later editions the offending sentences have been mercifully removed). What is amazing Bernal even managed to convince the great populational geneticist Haldane of it - but not for long and scientific integrity won out in the end when Haldane was forced to denounce Lysenko as a fawning, politically manipulated impostor. (In fact Julian Huxley had irrefutably exposed Lysenko as a fraudster and if Haldane had continued to ratify this perversion of scientific integrity he would have become the butt of ridicule in a scientific community that previously went in awe of him. As it was, Haldane remained a great scientist and both Crick and Watson were deeply indebted to him and the discovery of the DNA molecule may have been delayed if it wasn't for Haldane).

I don't know if Haldane wrote on dialectical materialism as a – as the - philosophy of science but would be interested to know more. And as for Needham - who cannot but be impressed by his four volumes on Chinese Science? I went on the internet to see if I could find a copy of his book The Sceptical Biologist and was amazed to find several copies for sale, all in America and Canada. (This came out in 1929 a year or so before Bukharin made an entrance at the international conference on science in which he strove to press upon scientists the acceptance of "dialectical materialism" as a guiding philosophy to their studies. The worst depression in the history of capitalism was beginning to bite and this conference, precisely on account of Bukharin's well-timed intervention, had a huge influence on scientists around the world. It also marks the beginning of the canonization of dialectical materialism as the Soviet Union's new religion which was then assiduously promoted by Stalin who, incidentally, seized hold of Bukharin's ideas on science whilst vehemently rejecting his proposed economic reforms which were an anticipation of Gorbachov's some fifty years later. After an infamous Moscow show trial Bukharin was bundled off to the Lubyanka prison and shot). However to repeat, it is mainly within the domain of scientific history, not actual scientific method, that dialectical materialism has scored its greatest success. Bukharin's scientific proselytising was greatly aided by what was generally regarded as a brilliant and innovative interpretation of Newton by Boris Hessen in Science at the Cross-Roads, a collection of papers edited by Bukharin and presented to the International Congress of Science and Technology held in 1931. This essay endeavoured to show how the general mechanical problems Newton set himself to solve were conditioned by the current needs of technics, particularly the technics of military and naval warfare. Later Bernal would write a lengthy book on science (op. cit. Science in History 1954) in which he argued as a matter of principle technical innovation tended to come before that of 'pure' scientific theory, which essentially was an extrapolation after the fact. And today Needham is chiefly remembered for his volumes on Chinese science. The volumes are also intended as a necessary corrective to the arrogance of western scientists. He claims for instance that the Chinese discovered the circulation of the blood before William Harvey but have never been credited with that discovery. By all accounts Needham remained a humble, approachable man all his life and he comes across as an attractive personality which is more than can be said for most scientists today, drunk as they are on petty power and the ethos of business – rather, in fact, like installation artists ever looking to hand out their autographs.

Needham also wrote on Coleridge in an essay entitled Coleridge as a Biologist in The Sceptical Biologist which I would be very interested to read. Under the influence of German philosophical idealism, the clash of opposites and their interpenetration began to play an increasingly important part in Coleridge's thought and I rather think Needham was perhaps the last biologist capable of tackling such a tricky subject. (Coleridges's favourite proverb was "extremes meet"- the debt to dialectical philosophy is obvious though surprisingly he never once mentioned Hegel to my knowledge, though he does Schelling who, for a time, was theoretically close to Hegel to the point of actually collaborating on some texts together. Coleridge is credited with bringing classical German philosophy to Britain almost unaided. He had plunged in at the deep end actually reading Kant in German, which is no mean achievement. However he must have found the Kantian antinomies repugnant and constantly strove to find a way beyond them, writing in his truly astonishing notebooks things like "the reconciliation of the many with the one – of a plurality with unity". He found this reconciliation in the realm of the imagination which "reveals itself in the reconciliation of opposite or discordant qualities". This, in essentials, is little different to Kant's view as expressed in The Critique of Judgement his last great work on aesthetics and natural organisms in particular – which revealingly takes up a major part of the book - and published shortly before the French Revolution of 1789. This latter work is commonly acknowledged as reconciling the two formerly opposed antinomies of pure and practical reason and was immediately seized on as pointing to a practical resolution of the problem. What a pity then these half-buried ideas in Coleridge were never subsequently taken up and given a more practical field to play in other than that of art or poetry and which, as the 19th century turned into the 20th century and then the 21st, became an ever more empty substitute for genuine, practical creativity. Who knows but we could have had an "English" version of Marx's - Thesis on Feurbach - the summation of romanticism if you like - and which would have been of huge relevance to our time. I will end this protracted digression with a couple of conjoint quotes from Coleridge's notebooks penned during the revolutionary West Country years of 1794-9: "Property intended to secure to every man the produce of his toil - as at present instituted, operates directly contrariwise to this. NB", "Poetry – excites us to artificial feelings – makes us callous to real ones". This very remarkable combination of thoughts needed the merest tweaking to become truly explosive).

The more quietist, reconciliatory, reactionary side of Kant's aesthetics, is nonetheless there in the attitude of some of today's scientists who are patently close to the end of their tether and ready to clutch at the ghost of a straw. This will no doubt come as a surprise to them but there is a definite correspondence. I was particularly struck by a review of Steve Jones book Coral by Richard Fortey (author of Trilobite! and The Earth, etc) who censures Jones for being insensitive to the beauty of coral reefs. This must surely be a plea entered on behalf of the bleakest nature aesthetic ever. In Keats' Ode to Melancholy beauty must die but in the scheme of things it will also be reborn. But not so today and after Keats, the definitions of beauty that really mattered were heavily ironic and designed to shock - the very opposite of "beauty". If Lautreamont were alive today and something of a lepidopterist – which he could easily have been - he may well have supplemented his remarks on the beautiful trembling of an alcoholic's hand, with something along the lines of "as beautiful as the last, disorientated Dingy Skipper and a bulldozer on a Yorkshire colliery spoil heap." In so far as it implies the opposite, irony is a dialectical mode of expression and if the axiom was to lead to uproar and the eventual saving of the Dingy Skipper on these spoil heaps then – yes - it would be truly "beautiful". But make no mistake about it, in today's increasingly repressive climate it could mean the ugliest of set–to's.

And the worst of it is there is scarcely a scientist alive today who dare tell it like it is. Neither Fortey nor Jones, for example, will come clean about capitalism and prefer in the last instance to opt for all manner of evasions rather than acknowledge it. The fact that Steve Jones never mentions capitalism to my mind vitiates his Coral book. Excuse me for thinking that it is blindingly obvious capitalism plays a preponderant role in the destruction of the world's coral reefs. Rather than admit it, Jones plumps for a lame Darwinism as though this mass extinction at present under way is a natural rather than social event and cannot therefore be prevented. Someone like Steve Jones is more open to such questions but yields to a Duchampian readymade Darwinism, patently a cop out, at least avoids the indignity of being ostracised from a highly conservative scientific community increasingly afraid of its own shadow. (Just how much, intellectual humiliation and abuse is a scientist prepared to put up with before she/he joins a picket line?) His co-conspirator in remaining silent has to be Richard Fortey who is also aware of the impending destruction but mounts a desperate final plea on behalf of nature's beauty commending us to enjoy it while we can though it is fast fading from the scene. Colin Tudge is prepared to speak his mind and is doubtless regarded as somewhat off it by the academic community. I greatly benefited from reading his book on trees and one day must get around to reading his: "And so shall you reap." Yet in our opinion his critiques of political economy remains rudimentary despite his increasingly vociferous condemnation of capitalism. He wants the democratisation of money rather than its abolition. None the less, the guy very recently (The Guardian July 31st 2007) probably accurately predicts that the outcome of the Summer of Floods will be "that Britain's farming should go the way of its coal-mining" seeing the county's climate has become too fickle for agriculture. (Globalisation's answer is always to up the ante closing down the offending object/subject.)

Most paid-up scientific intellectuals are however fearful and /or benign in their critiques so it is hardly surprising that conservation practise, if one can even call it that, is what it is. The naiveté of groups like Butterfly Conservation and Buglife when faced with the all-devouring ogre beggars belief. Ted Benton the bumble bee expert is prepared to call into question the profit motif which in every case takes precedence over conservation matters. But even so his nascent critique of political economy must be pushed further - much, much further. As for James Lovelock the question does not even figure in his analysis though few who have bothered to study him would doubt the conclusion spilling over from his Revenge of Gaia that if things continue as they are the end result will be billions dead. The two hundred millions who died in the two world wars become almost paltry beside Lovelock's death certificate for Homo sapiens. The fact that he is prepared to countenance this unprecedented catastrophe, the worst by far in the entire history of the human species, with such equanimity is indeed chilling. And what about the survivors of such a holocaust? Will they be able to function as per normal? Lovelock never once raises the question what life will be like for the survivors of such an unimaginable holocaust. Psychologically it will be wretched in the extreme. There will be nothing to look back on or even forward to and humanity's utopian impulse will be extinguished forever. The pitiful remnants of humanity may well fizzle out because the hell of continuing to live on in the aftermath of all that suffering will be just too much for the human mind to bear.

Dialectical Materialism as a term has, of course, long fallen out of use. Maybe it is due for a more thoroughly worked-through revival, maybe not. However it does strike me certain concepts belonging to what may loosely be called dialectical materialism find their way into the work of Fritjof Capra, particularly his Tao of Physics (1971) and The Turning Point (1982). Significantly Needham receives a honourable mention in the latter book. I also think it significant The Tao of Physics commences on a beach in California with a surf-city, tableau-vivante, epiphany resembling one of those dreadful alternative collages of psychedelic quantum particles set against a shadowy backdrop of Hindu deities that Allen Ginsberg could easily have cooked up. In a sense Capra is concluding what Robert Oppenheimer (the tortured inventor, with others, of the atomic bomb) initiated and it is not difficult to imagine the despairing Oppie, taking time-off from reading the Mahabarata, singing along to "Hari Krishna, Hare Rama". Finally Capra's two books have almost certainly been influenced by the anarchist Murray Bookchin and The Institute of Social Ecology he set up first of all in the 1960s. But of course Capra discreetly avoids mentioning Murray as did Rachel Carson of Silent Spring fame, way back in the 1950s because Murray made no bones about his anti-capitalist convictions. None the less she pillaged Murray's themes, the book being a nauseating example of recuperation – the means whereby the essential sting is taken out of valid arguments – thus making them somewhat acceptable to the powerful system which imperiously rules this impossible world.

However Capra believes "the revolution" will come from a revolution in perception alone. It won't. It can't. By itself a change in outlook will not change society and no where in his books are basic questions like funding, the role of the state and big business ever raised. Consequently it should come as no surprise that what Capra is condemning ("mechanism", "domination", "self-assertion", the "yang" rather than the "yin", the "pong" and not the "ping") in his books has only grown worse - infinitely worse - over the last thirty years and this despite his lauding of feminism and ecologism – both by now "isms" by the way and like all isms compromised to the hilt by the biggest ism of them all, capitalism. What a relief then to get away from this obfuscation and read the final sentence of Levy's previously cited essay written over 30 years prior to the Tao of Physics and, which seems obvious to silly old me: "But to expect such a revolution in outlook without a corresponding change in the whole structure of society would be itself undialectical".

James Lovelock the author of Gaia fulsomely praised The Turning Point when it came out in 1982 describing it as "an essential guide for anyone inquiring about the place of science and metascience in our contemporary culture". Lovelock was by this time just beginning to savour a growing fame but what on earth could he mean by metascience? It is certainly true his theory of a live earth was reinstating a long dead, though non-mythological, animus (the only concession to mythology is in the name Gaia, the Earth Goddess) but a word like metascience does imply a metaphysic of science and in that sense can be bracketed alongside dialectical materialism, a corpus of ideas and laws Lovelock would beyond a shadow of a doubt find ludicrous. Or could "metascience" be code for the need for a new totality, a totality Lovelock, and a rapidly growing number of other scientists, are forced to knock their heads against yet at the same time are set on dodging and, rather than confront the self-evident, lash out in all directions? This is a very real, growing dilemma and more often than not it leads to a chilling, generalised apoplexy rather than a coherent knitting together – "a totality" - of separated fragments. Lovelock's Revenge of Gaiat (2006) unfortunately falls into this category. Apart from his nimbyism and support for nuclear power there is never much more than a nebulous mention of consumerism or globalisation, certainly not the forces - unfettered international capitalism - that have led to it - subjects, surely, essential to tackle if the revenge of Gaia is to be halted. Once really threatened one does wonder if the increasing number of people like Lovelock will not hesitate to resort to the utmost barbarism. The answer to this question will certainly come over the next thirty years or so.

Lovelock in the book paints the blackest of pictures, truly a scientistic, Rodchenko-like, Black on Black. On the back cover of the penguin edition, Mark Lynas is quoted as saying it is an "utterly terrifying" book. Now Lynas has just built himself a reputation by writing a book 6 Degrees (2007) that describes what happens to the planet with each one-degree increase in temperature. At six degrees fireballs are exploding in the air. Is he depressed by this? Well, if he is he hardly shows it, for Lynas is one of the growing band of eco-operators seeking to profit from apocalypse by landing himself a superannuated position on the board of a global company. Never the less Lynas's book describes in an easy to read, popular manner - and with much graphic detail - the horror which awaits us and for that we must give him credit. As for Lovelock he is too well established to hanker after the job of businessman of doomsday. He is too comfortably off to want more and that makes Lovelock the more dangerous because his crazed opinions are free from the taint of money and consequently that much more attractive and potent. Meanwhile, as a foretaste of what's in Lovelock's store, sample the following: "Whatever form future society takes it will be tribal, and hence there will be the privileged and the poor" - or - "Most of us prefer an urban existence, provided that predatory low life is kept invisible". And by that he does not mean urban foxes!

In fact Lovelock has no feel at all for brownfield sites. He says rightly that the majority of people now live in cities and that consequently they are cut-off from mother earth (Gaia) and have no awareness of the natural world. There is some truth to this but it also fails to explain the growing popularity of nature programs on TV. This also raises a host of other important issues Lovelock is blind to, like the valorising of nature program presenters able to increase their net worth and nest egg with each fledged brood of tits or swallows. (In addition to presenting Springwatch, the enormously popular nature-soap, a life-sized cut out of Bill Oddy is to be found in lots of garden centres promoting some horticultural disaster or other. He also has no qualms sales-pitching for B&Q either, a DIY store that epitomises the de-industrialisation of Britain and the lightning, subcontracted industrialisation of China, international capital attracted there by a limitless industrial reserve army, able temporarily to offset the falling rate of profit. However to insist on this degree of logic and to argue that it is two sides of the same coin is largely frowned on in wild life circles and considered irrelevant, churlish and bad form.)

That said it should come as no surprise to find Lovelock's unrepentant class snobbery translates into a rural, almost chocolate box, idyll.

"By good countryside I mean farming land and communities that live well with the earth and presents an ecosystem which – has ample room for woodlands, hedgerows and meadows. Most of southern England was like this before 1940, and the largest remaining parts are in the West Country especially Devon".

He illustrates his book with a number of colour plates one of which especially caught my eye on account of its beauty. It is a typical scene from the next county down the peninsula and is captioned: "Cornwall, England. Land devastated by tin and copper mining". The objection I have to Lovelock is not just that he has no eye for the beauty of industrial dereliction, but that he also has no appreciation of the growing awareness that sites like these are becoming wildlife havens.

In a recent radio program broadcast on Radio 4, May 31st 2007 entitled Costing the Earth - an examination of brownfield sites even I was astonished to hear one of the interviewees claim that the bigger the city the more biodiverse they are, a claim I still have trouble believing. On the same program the redoubtable Ted Benton author of the definitive work on bumblebees (Bumblebees The New Naturalist 2006) could be heard kicking off about "the profit motif" and, which has in every case won out as opposed to conservation. Would that Butterfly Conservation could say the same and not mince matters, which makes it all but impossible in the long run to conserve butterflies. Benton is keenly appreciative of the wonders that have come have to light in the industrial graveyard of the Thames estuary and his discovery of the Scarce Emerald Damsel Fly (lestes dryas) in the late 1980s on the abandoned Occidental site on Canvey Island was one of the factors leading to a closer examination of this breath-taking, sublime place.

Since he wrote his book on bumblebees an edge has crept into Ted Benton's voice knowing that he can do little to halt the destruction of the former Occidental site and what rightly has been described as "England's rain forest". Of course we need to say more about the structure of capitalism than just point the finger at the profit motif. But it is a start and prompted me to look through the index where I chanced on William Blake's name. Going to the relevant page I found that Benton had indicted William Blake for introducing a sharp division between urban and rural life ever since he compared the "dark satanic mills" with "England's green and pleasant land". I would disagree with this characterisation of Blake for of all the great romantics he was the closest to industry and the industrial working class. And he was the most consistently revolutionary. But the fact that Ted had been able to put Blake into perspective and felt it appropriate to mention his name linking it to the need to preserve brownfield sites meant that here at last was a person one could have a fruitful discussion with and so widen and push the whole matter of conservation forward. We would have much to learn from each other, which is how things should be. But not so Butterfly Conservation who have closed their doors to a wider questioning such that to query, for example, the increasing control of the Treasury over urban, particularly housing, development must inevitably lead to riots in Pall Mall and the abolition of the monarchy (if only!). They are that paranoid. For the life of me I cannot help feeling there is something Stalinoid about the organisation requiring absolute obedience and obeisance – or else!

During May of this year (2007) I also listened to a radio program on beetles which I wish now I had recorded. Tongue in cheek and chuckling slightly one of the coleopterist's interviewed described beetles as the proletariat of the insect world whilst butterflies were the middle class! In fact he had a point. Beetles are everywhere and have invaded every nook and cranny and to illustrate his point this coleopterist went off to see what he could find in the way of beetles under a gasometer. Butterflies are far pickier and until the last couple of decades they were firmly associated in everyone's mind with the countryside. This is no longer the case and strictly speaking it never was true - certainly not as regards moths, though looking through a major work like Richard South's Moths published in the first decade of the 20th century, the name Shipley crops up now and again whereas I have yet to find a reference to Bradford. (For those who don't know Shipley is the posher part of Bradford!) Old habits die-hard and unfortunately Butterfly Conservation have yet to truly emancipate themselves from a Lovelockian hankering for a vanished rural idyll that will never return except as a brutal parody of its former self, perhaps even as an armed gated community.

The prejudice against industry and brownfield sites is such that one top official went so far as to describe old railway sidings as eyesores! What chance of saving the Dingy Skippers on the pit spoils heaps of northern England given this degree of rural chauvinism? These arcane, very traditional attitudes were nurtured way back and spring from the counterattack launched against industrial capitalism by a landed and commercial aristocracy miffed at the repeal of the Corn Laws in the 1830s. Of course the last thing I want to do is to cast myself in the role of an apologist for industrial capitalism but I do wish to stress how fundamental these attitudes are in this country and what an invasive, stuck-up, petty-minded (a pettiness that ultimately comes from a courtly respect for the minutiae of hierarchy), jaundiced, carnivorous plant it is, becoming stronger by the moment the more industrial capitalism and a manual proletariat is routed and finance capitalism takes over. I stressed this country because the surprising fact mentioned previously regarding big city biodiversity came from a study of German cities – and Germany in 2006 generated a £60 billion trade surplus in manufactured goods. Clearly there is nothing like the same prejudice against industry as in this country and this also applies to industrial dereliction because in Germany in the Ruhr at least one industrial park has been created and the old steel works in Duisberg left to oxidise and rot down and nature free to invade as it so pleases. But in England in particular all traces of the industrial past are assaulted with such a pathological ruthlessness and sheer vindictiveness that shortly not a hint of it will remain, including the wild life that was beginning to take up residence there. To its abiding shame Butterfly Conservation at worst has lent its authority to this terrible destruction (actually a holocaust of the Dingy Skipper) and at best stayed silent. We did, in fact, 'discover' a lot of colonies or if not that, gave them profile. Only one of these discoveries, the Penistone railway station colony is still for the moment thriving though perhaps half has been destroyed through development since coming across it in 2004.

Recently, it seems according to friends, things have taken a sinister turn and Butterfly Conservation together with other wildlife organisations are helping local councils to supposedly recreate Dingy Skipper and possibly other habitats for other flora and fauna on the Notts / Derbys spoil heaps, after they've been destroyed by government/commercial diktat with utterly disastrous results. Is this face saving or sheer cynicism or a mixture of both? This is especially so at Warsop Vale in North Notts where in the last three years or so, an expensive makeover has taken place which inevitably has destroyed an abundant colony of the Dingy Skipper but (hey!) the developers, fearing recriminations perhaps, have had the bare-faced cheek to do an about turn and supposedly re-create the original sympathetic wildlife terrain while retaining their chocolate box, essentially southern England image of nature so beloved of the estate agent sell. And who have been their best friends in this skull-duggery? Why no other than Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust and Butterfly Conservation who have sanctioned this con whereby a nutrient rich meadowland base, no matter that there maybe a fair mix of crushed limestone, maerl and paper crumble thrown in for good measure, has been imposed over the necessary nutrient poor cover which so favours the Dingy Skipper along with many other species. It painfully hasn't worked yet the truth of a tiny emergence or extinction of the butterfly has been effectively silenced. These on-going Nottinghamshire makeovers have not only destroyed the Dingy Skipper but the Grizzled Skipper and Small Blue too, despite media sound bites proclaiming the contrary. Butterfly Conservation tells you to inform the authorities if you find something of importance as it's a step in the right direction. Don't bother as all you're going to do is give the authorities the information they need to swat the natural invertebrate bastards before anybody else realises what's on their doorstep.

The point here is: it is now impossible to work with developers in any capacity whatsoever simply because they are so brutally draconian though very skilled in the black art of spin. Absolutely everything they turn their hand to is wrong, wrong, wrong. What genuine conservationists must do is expose this arrogance, throw up their hands in horror and stop placating these monsters, even if it means saying "there's nothing we can do about it". At least that would be honest. In South Yorkshire, the developmental umbrella bodies knowing well they have destroyed the rich and getting ever-richer biodiversity of the spoil heaps have stealthily gone back (in the dead of night one wonders?) and in the case of the Dingy Skipper planted birds foot trefoil here and there after the original plants were destroyed wholesale. Well it shows they finally care doesn't it? The trouble is they've seeded the new fluorescent green rye grass with the broad stem, tall trefoil favoured by the horticultural sales pitch and which is anathema to the Dingy Skipper. But the pet ecologists in the pay of the developers don't care. Why should they; just gimme money honey!

As for destruction the same fate awaits the Grayling colony in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards between Wakefield and Dewsbury. Essentially, the colony has been left to its devices for it was indeed remarkable to see how the butterflies were availing themselves if the rotting industrial detritus choosing to perch on rusting points levers rather than on birch bark, a favourite resting spot and which prompted Niko Tinbergen to describe the butterfly as "the bark with wings". To my mind it is the most remarkable Grayling colony in the country which has been left to perish. Again we are disgusted with Butterfly Conservation and local biodiversity groups in Wakefield's and Kirklees council for failing to do anything about the butterfly allowing a now rampant carr woodland to invade the broad expanses of rusting tracks, hardcore and decades old remnants of coal heaps which the grayling would frequently rest on. I doubt if the EWS management is even aware of the butterfly's existence and for sure I'm no longer prepared to risk arrest in the yards in the hope that something may eventually be done about it. Haphazardly situated on the Calder flood plain, on the all but abandoned yards which will never be developed because of subsidence, I'm sure an approach from a biodiversity group or BC could at least succeed in getting rid of some of the invasive carr woodland which will eventually kill off the Grayling in a few years time. However I have come to the conclusion that is just what these bodies wants because it saves them from an embarrassing conundrum and once the butterfly has gone the top management will breathe a sigh of relief and are clear to continue with their main concern which is the preservation of spin not butterflies. Saving the butterfly here is a very simple, uncomplicated, matter though it's like asking for the moon. If my brother is expelled from Butterfly Conservation for speaking the truth well then bring it on!

Further to your e-mail I should point out we are not Trotskyists despite Trotsky's fascination with in butterflies, a passion he found he shared with the surrealist Andre Breton when they met up. In fact Trotsky for all his insights (he was something of a polymath hence his interest in butterflies) never developed a theory of state capitalism or how it was nourished within the heart of the Bolshevik party right from the start. Admittedly he came close to it and then shied off at the last moment as though the whole issue was just too contentious for words. Whether the world will ever go back to state capitalism or variants of it (and which was very much part of the post war settlement and consensus) is a moot point. Arguably there are signs of it in Putin's Russia and Venezuela and possible eventually throughout the whole of Latin America should the new Bolivarianism become more of a reality.

I also should point out that the four British scientists I have previously mentioned never once questioned the role of the Bolshevik party or rejected the need for a vanguard party though Hyman Levy perhaps came the closest to that fundamental recognition. In the late 1960s more scientists than ever took that step, junking at the same time the pursuit of a career in science. The real history of this movement, the passions, the aspirations, the reasons for rejecting the science of our time has yet to be written. In truth the surface has barely been scratched and in twenty years time or less it will be lost forever. There was certainly more to it than a revolt against the military/industrial complex (though that was important) and involved the large scale bureaucratisation of science and the rejection of the consumer life style that went with it – the house, the nuclear family, the family car, the yearly holidays, the in-laws, Christmas, birthdays etc. Dropping out the scientific rat race for good and unable ever to re-join the scientific fold, I know at least one that went mad (Jerry B) and another that committed suicide (Spooks) and both oriented around the King Mob loose grouping we helped put together. Not for them the idea of redefining themselves as a scientific "worker" (which required they stay put like a cog in a machine) which had satisfied a Levy or Bernal. Once rid of such rebellious spirits, the scientific community was able to concentrate on what really mattered – business. Scientists today are encouraged to see themselves as businessmen and women, potential plcs' with a stock market valuation and flotation price. How one yearns to travel back not only thirty five years but to recover some of the unworldliness of a Needham even if we do find his secretaryship of the Guild of St Luke, a society aimed at promoting spirituality among doctors and medical students, not to out taste, for it is better than what we have today.

However we are unshakeably convinced the only solution to the mounting horrors confronting this little planet is a form of eco-socialism (or social ecology), one of collective/individual autonomy which is anti-money, anti-statist, cooperative and international. Obviously new forms of organisation are required, ones that are built from the ground up, that are open and democratic and function according to the best traditions of 'the workers' movement' as expressed in the workers' councils. However work has become a four-letter word and most work carried out today is socially irresponsible and destructive and in the interests of the survival of the species (rather than that of the fittest – an idiotic concept when applied to humanity as if ex PM Blair got where he is through Darwinian edict rather than media fiat) should be instantly abolished and redefined from scratch. Unwise though it is to anticipate forms of mass organisation we can at least say the revocable mandate operative at all times and in all places will be central to them. How this will work out with niche organisations like those concerned specifically with butterflies, beetles, birds, plants etc it is difficult to say but at least some kind of debate should be initiated along these lines instead of expecting the membership to go along with a set of principles drawn up behind closed doors by species experts and by people fresh out of university with little experience of reality and struggle and who impose their own version of TINA. (There Is No Other Way). Behind this adamantine negative formalism there undoubtedly lurks the fear of direct action and that people will start to do things for themselves and thrust established green organisations to one side as happened with the anti-road protestors, especially at Twyford Down in the early 1990s and which finally broke the resolve of the Tory Party to continue with their road program. That Labour stealthily resumed it is one more indication of the need for constant vigilance and never on any account to trust what politicians say. One thing for sure disillusionment with green organisations has never been so low when in fact it should be at an all time high. Beyond the apathy and fear there is also a growing awareness of how inept green organisations are at confronting – even naming - the accumulating horrors of international capitalism, a system which is now patently bent on suicide and has been appropriately labelled suicide capitalism by the enlightened French (who else?)

We likewise belong to the more libertarian wing of the communist movement, (though like the situationists – that influence is obvious throughout the www.dialecticalbutterflies.com web - we reject the term communist because it is a description that has become too devalued) believing in control from below. This was the guiding idea behind Anton Pannekoek's Workers Councils though it is perhaps ill-advised to employ such a term today seeing that most work today is socially destructive and should be instantly abolished. (Pannekoek was also an astronomer and a philosopher of science who dismissed Lenin's Materialism and Empirio-Criticism as bourgeois materialism mirroring the bourgeois, rather than proletarian, revolution then under way in Russia. Dialectical Materialism was to him an infinitely more subtle instrument because of its approach to causation, even because it denies causation altogether. I have to admit I do find Pannekoek's ideas a bit quirky in this respect and to my mind it is simply a more modern version of Hume's empiricism - with the crucial proviso Hume was a social conservative which Pannekoek patently was not. If pushed to extremes empiricism can appear to easily dispose of 'the truths' of science so is it to be wondered that Hume gave liberal vent to his spleen, ill-liberally repeating such terms as "cant", "mystical jargon", "hypocrisy", "fury", "fanaticism" over and over again when describing in his six volume History (1754-62) the forces opposed to Charles 1 in the English Civil War of 1640-5).

Stuart Wise. Summer 2007

Bataille's most important work The Accursed Share was originally published in its complete form as Le Part Maudit by Editions Minuit in 1967 though many sub-sections had escaped in passages published here and there in magazine form years previously going back to the early 1950s. It must have seemed the predictions in the book were coming true a year later in the French uprising of May 1968 when Bataille's discussion of surplus potlatch morphed into the revolutionary festival of the oppressed. However by then far more coherent developments based initially on the theory of what to do with the surplus were available and it is somewhat unfortunate Bataille's major work was to be eclipsed by events. If by 1967 the work of The Accursed Share was already done, thereafter and post '68 it is the book's vagaries that become influential, Bataille in general having a huge influence on post-modernist nothingness. The worst of Bataille - and their was much - became the endless, evasive tedium garnishing the hip ideology of counter revolution which followed though this depended more on other aspects of Bataille's oeuvre which will be discussed here shortly.

The Accursed Share is prefixed with a quotation from Blake 'Exuberance is Beauty' but really much of the book is taking up with a discussion of energy and so a further aphorism from Blake would have been exactly right: 'Energy is Eternal Delight'. Rereading the book carefully this time I was forcibly struck by the fact there is a lot of science in it, not quite 'hard' science but not soft either and that his discussion of energy and of the biosphere anticipates Lovelock because he treats energy, which he says ultimately derives from light (and which in a manner of speaking includes gravity), as a constant of the organic and inorganic. It's what happens to it, how it evolves, changes, transformed and is consumed, whether in a good or bad form, that is the critical factor. So it would not surprise me if The Accursed Share begins to attract a readership once more, a different sort of readership to that of ex-artists (who were the first to grasp the revolutionary significance of Bataille's ideas) composed of economists, ecologists, geologists and scientists particularly physicists like Freeman Dyson who as we know is spellbound by Blake's dictum. (And so much of Blake is spellbinding and The Accursed Share was the push that I needed to finally acknowledge that Blake was the greatest, the most consistently revolutionary, the most experimentally minded of all the Romantics. The closest to the nascent industrial proletariat and to industry, he was the last social visionary known and published who genuinely did 'see' things, (there were many others whom alas had no profile) that part of him disappearing underground to reappear for example amongst the miners like in my elderly uncles and aunts as it vanished amongst 'the poets' except as affectation, but without that brilliantly scary capacity among individuals liberally ensconced among the industrial working class to 'see' adding to social critique as it so palpably did in Blake. And what was true of Blake was also true of many individuals among the dispossessed of the English revolution of the 1640s). Moreover it was also a vision of wildness encompassing sexual and social longings and liberation as an indivisible whole that was common to a scorned "irregular Methodism".

Bataille had also been in consultation with a scientist George Ambrosini, a research director at the X-ray laboratory. Bataille explicitly says that without Ambrosini "I could not have constructed this book". In fact France played a crucial role in the discovery of X-rays (Madame Curie) and in the build up to understanding how nuclear fission works (Louise Meintner) and Bataille and Ambrosini must have discussed the finer points of atomic theory with Bataille acting as the junior partner. As a generous and remarkable footnote of relevance to the present by Bataille concedes "This book is in large part the work of Ambrosini. I personally regret that the atomic research in which he participates has removed him, for a time, from research in general economy. I must express the hope that he will resume in particular the study he has begun with me of the movements of energy on the surface of the globe" (my emphasis) The collaboration between Bataille and Ambrosini doesn't quite come off. But what should have been a portent of things to come and something to be taken to a much higher level, is now as far away as ever and it is as though this fruitful collaboration never existed, a mere one off and never to be even remotely countenanced when contemporary conditions are crying out for a cooperation of the best there is. No single individual is capable of uniting all knowledge into a coherent revolutionary whole and we are condemned to trying as best as we can.

The sense of apocalypse that pervades the book, of a sudden and catastrophic release of energy, is that of the atomic bomb. Bataille must have known of the first and second law of thermodynamics and their universal relevance though never mentions them specifically. And yet the entire book is about energy as an overlooked category of political economy, indeed the basic category implying energy as work by which he largely means the work of the industrial proletariat, and what is then done with the surplus, surplus energy rather than surplus value (Bataille appears to avoid the concept as too limiting). And yet there are significant glimpses of other forms of energy, that of light, of photosynthesis, the energy of the biosphere including its geology, all of which comes as a revelation to modern sensibilities now attuned to the immanence of another form of apocalypse, nature's apocalypse arising from the capitalised burning of fossil energy the most essential qualification of all regarding the burning of fossil fuels and the one that can never be accurately discussed.

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In a biography of Bataille by Nick Land entitled The Thirst for Annihilation Land wrote that the crucial themes traversing Bataille work were laughter, excrement and death exhibiting themselves as all encompassing, irreconcilable and irreducible as Bataille himself. The trouble is Bataille was also something of an exhibitionist and though never a pre-celebrity, liked to shock for the sake of it. Nonetheless it meant he became a very easy target for the vast extent of post modernist recuperation.

In 1928 Bataille pseudonymously published a porno novel The Story of the Eye. Around this time or in response to the book, Breton called him an obsessive and an excremental philosopher. For certain the conflict between these two was quite something. But ever since the late 1960s and early 1970s the greater lucidity of Andre Breton in comparison to Georges Bataille has melted into the background and a shift utterly related to the reactionary nature of these abysmal times. Bataille came to constantly deploy the notion of 'transgression' especially transgression against any form of sexual morality at the same time as he fought shy of discussing anything to do with 'transcendence' more particularly transcendence of the fundamental basics of a society increasingly rotten to the core. It is a necessary distinction to make because the last decades of the 20th century - and since - transgression in terms of changed behaviour in everyday life has become something which capitalism has quite happily been able to take on board, indeed becoming its very lifeblood. The shock value of transgression has thus become greatly weakened even helping the money-making machine on its apocalyptic way as it careers headlong towards the brink of the greatest precipice in human history. Transcendence, especially social revolutionary transcendence was fundamental to Breton and even as he got older - though in a highly contradictory manner - he at one and the same time became more ridiculously mystically artistic (e.g. nervous of the shamanic objet d'art he'd collected in his apartment thinking they had profound powers) and more lucid (e.g. his contribution to the short but to the point surrealist text on the 1956 Hungarian revolution which strongly supported the sovereignty of the workers councils). Bataille, though always interesting and often very sharp indeed lacked that fundamental clarity. However his writing always breathes life eschewing the academism (and academic role) that destroyed Foucault and the even more miserable plethora of post modernists that were to follow e.g. Bataille's first wife married Lacan and Derrida also was deeply influenced by Bataille. As for Foucault he never even dared go as far as Bataille and Foucault's notion of "limit experience" was merely a dilution of transgression. For Foucault, "limit experience" was the derring-do of an acid trip driving out into the Arizona desert listening to Schoenberg! (Wow, the audacity of such a thing). As for us "limit experience" we could perhaps say was the day we ended up working on an IRA building site where some of the guys openly talked of soldiers they'd shot from Belfast's Divis Flats thinking we were from N. Ireland and as meek northern English specimens shaking and keeping our damned mouths shut. Well, if not "limit experience" it was also 10 times more hairy than chance encounter!

Nonetheless today in comparison to Andre Breton, Georges Bataille's much mitigated influence is seemingly everywhere especially in that whole slew of installation artists and safe marketable seeming provocations that never really question the artistic paradigms, roles and other representations of the old order. For certain it sits comfortably in an art gallery and well before the 1997 major exhibition in the Pompidou centre in Paris called Formless devoted to a rereading of Bataille ideas as explanation and adjunct to a diverse range of post-war art. This exhibit though was finally to artistically canonise Bataille.

It's not as if the professional pundits aren't completely unawares of some of this; it's just that they haven't got to mention these essential truths too much, for if they did they'd be out of their professional dissimulators jobs pretty darned quick. Nonetheless occasionally they have to insert a few telling lines as you have to keep on board a certain veracity but it is a tightrope they walk. Consider some of the following in relation to the exhibition: 'Undercover Surrealism: Miro, Masson, and the vision of George Bataille' put on at London's Hayward Gallery and elaborated by that snaked-tongued cultural journalist Adrian Searle in The Guardian (11/5/06)

The exhibition was basically centred around Documents edited by Bataille along with Michel Leiris running to 15 issues between 1929/30. They dreamed of setting up editorial office in a particularly decrepit Paris brothel the prostitutes being enlisted in the editorial teem.

If Bataille is known today to a general audience, it is as a pornographer. Undercover surrealism celebrates the perverse, the contrary, the deliberately incongruous, and the arcane. The show was a cabinet of curiosities and at times a chamber of horrors. Catholic kitsch passion bottles were displayed in the same section as Picasso's 'Three Dancers'.

The exhibition was the brain child of art historian Dawn Ades and part of the team that created the 1978 'Dada and Surrealism Reviewed' in the Hey-word gallery and included a small section devoted to Bataille. Picasso had an entire issue of Documents devoted to him. Bataille remarked Picasso was a man "who could love a canvas as much as a fetishist loves a shoe". According to Searle it was surprising how little remains genuinely shocking. Mostly the frisson of transgression has died away, if only because we have seen so much. As with so much that was once deemed beyond the pale, the thrill has gone, or at least has found its market niche gone mainstream---. The most abject pornography imaginable is but few clicks away on the internet, while surrealism has been thoroughly co-opted by the advertising game. "One final point: it is the photographs rather than the conventional art that still provokes recoil like those taken in a slaughterhouse". (Adrian Searle, the Guardian 11/5/06)

And then we have others adding their ten penneth cultivating the Bataille legend of sheer mystique.

Consider Thomas Sutcliffe in the Independent January 2007 writing on the Chapman Bros' exhibition at Tate Liverpool:

'There were lots about Bataille and Deleuze etc. But no mention of the commercial enterprises that exist to satisfy all teenagers appetite for the gross and morbid. I was reminded - of - the horror comic constructions kits that were popular when I was young. Is Bataille really a bigger influence? Great chunks of aesthetic DNA had been excluded from the essays about their work.'

Consider journalist Johann Hari 5/2/2007 on The Art of Subverting the Enlightenment

'If a single work of modern art has penetrated our distracted consciousness in the past decade it is the penis-nosed, vagina mouthed child-mannequins designed by Dinos and Jake Chapman ---The Chapman brothers offer a kind of punk art that spits in your face punches you in the stomach and nicks your wallet while you are puking on the floor'.

Hari describes himself as 'staggering around their retrospective in Tate Liverpool'. Hari sees them as anti-Enlightenment even equating them with fascism and definitely exemplifying the irrationality of the times. However, the reality is far more banal. They are the perfect expression of capitalism - emptily provocative, shallow, pseudo-profound and animated by the all consuming desire for money and fame no different from the Gallagher brothers. Jake Chapman has declared 'The Enlightenment project ' virulently infects the earth'. He says this not because he believes it or that he agrees with Horkheimer's denunciation of the Enlightenment but because it pointlessly shocks - just like his reply to the question: 'Does Bataille's formulation of the conception of transgression relate to the way that work like your own is sometimes suggested as being part of a necessary force' to which he replied: 'Yes - a good social service like the children who killed Jamie Bulger'. The only possible result: - An increase in the personality price rating of this enfante horrible of art whose sole concern is the amassing of wealth through the media savvy milking of the shallowest notoriety. Hari points out 'foolish critics' (i.e. duped critics unable to see the obvious) have praised the 'moral anger' in the Chapman's work but to Hari this is immoral anger, celebrating injustice and cruelty as 'transgression' and remember a favourite concept of Bataille's who is the 'the Chapman's intellectual hero'. Bataille more than anyone else has been responsible for the latter day cult of De Sade as pornographer, post-modern shock jock and tasteless advertiser and which is designed for one purpose only - to mask the fact De Sade was at times a genuine revolutionary. Despite Bataille's pretending to be more De Sade than De Sade was himself, the only achievement of the 20th cult of De Sade has been to take him out of the Bastille and lock him up instead in the myriad bastions of museums of modern art. Hari obviously hates De Sade just as any English moral philosopher would be honour bound to (shades of Bertrand Russell here), simplistically accepting without question the conventional wisdom that De Sade was - well - no more than a sadist enjoying killing and torture for its own sake, forgetting he courageously spoke out against the death sentence at the height of the terror as well as describing the totality of all forms of sexuality, the 'nice' ones and the 'nasty' ones. Now both stances took courage - enormous courage.

Hari however is right to hate that other disciple of Bataille, Michael Foucault: 'In a telling parable about post modernism, Foucault went to Iran in 1978 to witness the incipient revolution---. He was searching for a new intellectual project. He found it in Ayatollah Khomeini! As Hari says had Foucault stayed on in Tehran he would have been eventually hanged for his homosexuality. Jake Chapman had objected to the opposition to the blowing up of ancient Buddhist sculptures by the Taliban - and which the Chapman Bros' supported - as 'strange' describing it as 'live, vital religious opposition to something that has a direct and local meaning to them'. To which we would reply why not blow up all of the Chapman brothers works, Dinos and Jake included for they are their 'art'. Without them it is meaningless junk because the artist today is the art. Now that would have more than a local meaning for its truth would resonate across the globe and would be a blow for universal freedom.

They also made a mint at the Frieze art fair, perhaps around £250.000 for a few hours crap work and that's is by the by merely a day's trading and a price far above your average seller of vegetables in disappearing trad style markets.

Consider also Louise Jury, arts correspondent to The Independent 1st August 2006 on the ICA exhibition of Juvenilia: August 2006. Dinos Chapman exhibited a papier-mache money-box pig made when he was eight. 'The Chapman Brothers' principle capacity in recent years has been to shock, whether through sexually mutated child mannequins or the doctoring of an edition of Goya's etchings'. Need we go on ad nauseum?

Regarding Bataille and his huge influence, let's deal in particular with Genesis P-Orridge and his partner, Lady Jane Breyer (now deceased) seeing they obviously come to mind. Indeed the very title 'Lady' is hardly ironic because they really did/do worship the established hierarchy and both fairly recently performed at the Royal Festival Hall in London. This very life style orientation bears all the hallmarks of Bataille's influence - realised in the flesh as it were - especially the afore mentioned 1920s novel, The History of the Eye which in itself is also Lautreamont without somehow his name never in the frame. The latter's presence is there in the dismembered self of body parts, the recombinant recombined DNA human being, the chromosome reconstructed human being and the bizarre reflection on Darwinism and natural selection. (The original Songs of Maldoror appeared two years after The Origins of the Species and in the same year as Mendel's discoveries which ultimately would lead to the analysis of DNA and its aesthetic, spectacularised equivalent which Porridge is part of. And perhaps too it's worth remembering that Breton hated the fact Isodore Ducasse had deployed the aristocratic non-de-plume Comte de Lautreamont though this was possibly an ironic wave in the direction of Lord Byron). However, it only needed Orridge and deceased partner to take Bataille's aestheticisation of De Sade and Lautremont a step further - a seemingly but only seemingly - more radical step for it to become 'real' as each swapped living tissue which the couple epithetically styled 'pandrogyny'. Essentially Orridge and deceased partner are about making a fashion statement out of body parts and always and despite the social workery tinge of helping poorly children is always with an eye to potential money making by keeping the whole reconstruction/deconstruction within the safe orbit of the gallery system exactly on the lines of creeps like the Chapman Bros, Stewart Home etc. Orridge's is no longer about clothes promo but promoing flesh leaving behind their older vanguardisms like industrial music - because industry is now passé - and body parts, concomitant essentially with a growing absence of feeling, is now the thing.

However, the living death of market appeal is nothing as linear and clear-cut as this because like so much else nostalgically pointing to the demise of creativity especially emphasised on the pop circuit who constantly reform their pop groups for yet another in memoriam final act and curtain repeated ad infinitum. Obviously such post festums are preludes to accruing more dosh so Porridge put together industrial music's Throbbing Gristle for a 'final' concert in 2004. The reunion - the pointless reunions - clearly mark the utter deadness of the age whether in the pop milieu or a lot more sadly - as we really cannot expect much else from a pop world on its last legs - the last Rebel Worker, the last King Mob, a revamped situationist group get together - and so on. The sentimentality of all this is truly astounding, especially as the latter examples involve no crude money making beyond ridiculously imitating the style of those who do.

After the failure of his hedge funds in the late 1990s, Michael Milken saw new money making prospects in the emerging bio-economy as a source of futures trading. A decade later and Orridge and Co are the artistic counterpart of Craig Venter's publicity mad machine purveying the potentiality of life forms as pure capitalism and stock market quotation. Doubtless there will be many more followers: I cyborg as a fashion statement.

However, rather than go into Craig Venter here and quite what a monster the guy is dwarfing any Dr Frankenstein in his grotesque billionairing it is best to refer to the next section on the bio-economy and not its pale Orridge-like reflection. One further point, the bio-engineering text deals with Das Kapital. Bataille's take on Marx and social revolution was very limited, even verging on the appalling. Unlike the deeper reflections around Breton which tentatively pointed towards the greater coherence of Lettrism, International Lettrism and the Situationists regarding the central questions of our age, Bataille was largely to equate Marx with the state, especially the Stalinist state as filtered through the crap the French Communist party put out which he half supported or thought of as an inevitable next step throughout the whole of Europe. Yes, sadly it was all this despite Bataille's slight incursions into Trotskyism in the late 1920s which from then on he was unable to develop. It was to prove a fatal limitation and Bataille's downfall in terms of a future worth remembering.

Above: A Portuguese Remembrance (Lembrando) of Stuart Wise in a 2022 edition of Flauta da Luz (The Enlightened Flute)

When discussing this new, vast and increasingly heavily capitalised scientific field of bio-economy other terms spring to mind like bio-mechanisation, bio tech and bio-industrialisation. The first term suggests mechanical parts though we do nowadays refer to bio engineering which no longer conjures up images of moving mechanical parts like in a child's meccano set from decades ago. Rather it indicates something that has been made or modified i.e. artificially put together or manufactured and could as well apply to a prosthetic as to genetically modified wheat (though the latter is not made, rather stuck together like a collage - a gene collage).

Bio-industrialisation I much prefer because it implies bio-production and therefore serial production of biological products. The entire concept, suitably modified, then can benefit from the kind of treatment one finds in Capital 1 by Marx, particularly the section Machinery and Modern Industry though today we would be dealing with computers, scanners, chemical tests and so on, whilst the question of the motive power (electricity) is scarce worth mentioning. (Actually it is but for different reasons) It would also be worthwhile to look at the chapters prior to the section on machinery and seek to understand their logical progression. The preceding chapter is entitled The Division of Labour and Manufacture and deals with the breaking down of the work process into its constituent parts and co-operation, which is the title of the prior chapter. This chapter is only 14 pages long and in a famous aside Marx says the reason why a dozen persons working together will, in their collective working day of 144 hours, produce more than 12 isolated men each working 12 hours, is because man is 'a social animal' and 'not as Aristotle contends, a political' one. But how to apply this obvious truth to the bio-industries is a question as thorny as a bramble bush. The spirit of cooperation is to be found in the critiques of the bio-industries; it has not as yet arisen organically from the bio-industry's work force. The transformation of bio-labour is not comparable to the transformation of handicraft into mechanized labour: we cannot compare the handicraft production of furniture with that found in a furniture factory to the present day mass production of synthesized organic compounds derived from plants and fungi whose existence may have first been detected by a medicine man and who may well have engaged others to collect the stuff from the wild, and who then helped prepare and extract the medicinal properties.

How relevant are other chapters in Capital 1 to the bio industry? Proceeding backwards from the chapter on Co-Operation we have 'The Concept of Relative Surplus value' (this can be applied without much difficulty) then the 'Rate and Mass of Surplus Value', 'The Working Day' (pressures to lengthen it will certainly apply), 'The Rate of Surplus Value', 'Constant and Variable Capital' (most certainly - e.g. increasingly sophisticated computerised aids like Craig Venter's use of computers to speed up the mapping of the human genome so he could then privately own the results) 'The Labour Process' (an unqualified yes: 'Labour is, in the first place, a process in which both man and Nature participate, and in which man of his own accord starts, regulates, and controls the material re-actions between himself and nature'. Marx starts with primitive labour but not with that 'primitive instinctive form of labour that reminds us of the mere animal'. What distinguishes the labour of man from that of the spider and bee is imagination, the capacity to envisage the result.) All these chapters come under the general heading The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value. The 'Division of Labour and Manufacture comes under the general heading Production of Relative Surplus Value.

As we retrace our steps we come to Part 1 Commodities and Money and here we are on much firmer ground. No one, just no one, is going to doubt the importance of money to the bio-industries as the following notes on the Australian bio-industry demonstrates. But do parts one, two, three and four of Das Kapital necessarily follow each other as spring, summer, autumn and winter in all instances of capitalist production? And how do we even selectively apply them to the bio-economy?

Why is Australia to the forefront of the new bio-prospecting plus commercial ecology industries? The answer lies in its virgin rain forests and two firms in particular: Cerylid Biosciences in Melbourne and Ecobiotics in Queensland . Cerylid Biosciences claims to have the world's largest library of Australian biotic extracts taken from more than 60,000 samples collected from marine macro-organisms microbes and plants. It has partners overseas in Aventis (of GM food fame), Chiron in the US and Chugai in Japan - these three firms have been given access to the library in return for any later revenues and royalties. The CEO Jackie Fairley says about 85% of plants and drugs in Australia are found nowhere else. Some of these firms are colossal corporations. The Franco-German drug company Aventis not so long ago had bankers and lawyers working on hostile bids for a much larger rival, Sanofi, who pocketed a cool 150 million dollars. Yes, these are the sums bandied about now in bio-engineering.

Merely a few years ago, ecology was popularly conceived as a profession for the 'spiritually' dedicated bravely fighting for the planet's future against brutal odds. Nothing now could be farther from the truth as capitalism and ecology walk hand in hand. The CEOs' of Ecobiotics also turn their eco training to capital account. Instead of gathering as many examples as possible in the hope of finding some sort of useful bio activity, they use their background as rain forest ecologists to help them narrow down their research. Out of every 100 samples they collect, 85% have the bio-activity they were looking for. 'It's our understanding of the environment that has allowed us to be so successful' says co-founder Victoria Gordon. 'As far as bio-discovery goes, the best place to be is in highly biodiverse areas - and the most biodiverse region on earth is the tropical rainforest'. Location, Location Location - Ecobiotics is located close to the state's tropical rainforest!

Victoria is the Australian state most developed for bio-tech companies. It is home to 38% of the country's bio-tech companies including the largest CSL which makes blood products and vaccines and which also has manufacturing bases in Europe and the US. There are also medical device companies: Resmid was founded in 1989 to commercialise a facial mask created at university of Sydney for treating sleeping disorders and Sonic Health employs more than 10,000 people and a core business providing pathology and radiology testing to GP's.

All this has to be paid for and Bio-Tech Capital is an investment fund for bio-tech industry. These must have a retinue of brokers to invest with them and lack of local funds requires overseas partnerships or overseas investment. Drugs developed by bio-medical though aided by big chemical companies like Glaxo Smith Kline. Biota of Melbourne has developed flu drug Relenza though GSK has global sales and marketing rights.

There is also a Blair/Brownite state/private partnership amounting to £60 million: a consortium of universities and research institutes seeking to attract money from Big Pharma and federal government including a national stem cell centre in Melbourne and Neuro-sciences in Victoria. University labs are also leased to private companies. Ecobiotics outsources much of its researches using Queensland 's Institute of Medical Research in Brisbane to do anti-cancer testing and CSIRO Molecular Sciences in Melbourne for chemical analysis.

The potential of a block buster drug is what counts which instantly alters market valuations. The temptation is there for scientific entrepreneurs to big up their researches, in short to resort to share ramping, to bring in more cash some of which then goes directly in to their pockets and their word means more than any broker's.

Below Australia lays Antarctica and a similar gold mine or rather gold mines for other prospecting and not just bio-prospecting. Today, both the Arctic and Antarctica have increasingly become dangerous and highly contentious areas for potential, even immanent world conflict, because rival power blocks are beginning to claim huge chunks as their own. This predation smacks of the European inter-imperialist rivalries of the late 19th century and, like the late 19th century it's basically a battle over mineral resources in the ground especially oil, now that the dreaded moment of Peak Oil hovers on the horizon or indeed, maybe here seeing the world's oil companies statistics on what stocks they possess are so mind bogglingly opaque. It even smells like something of a re-run of the Englishman's Hobson's thesis on Liberal Imperialism which Lenin was to plagiarise. This time though rivalry meets end game because fossil fuels - that by now well known rape of the earth which we have lived with for the last 50 years or so - is reaching a frightening apogee which could well lead to renewed inter-imperialist conflict of far more appalling proportions than that which created the First World War, never mind the final ecological ruin and virtual extinction of life which would be part and partial of its holocaust.

If this is not frightening enough, Antarctica is prey to another gold rush akin to the patenting of Australia 's bio-diversity in its northern rain forests. Bio-prospecting has now become the big thing in the frozen wastes. The UN warns of danger of turning Antarctica's microscopic life forms into a billion dollar industry making everything from detergents to cancer treatments. It could mean a literal 21st century gold rush plundering in Antarctica for its extremophiles bacteria, fungi and algae. The UN found 62 patents in European patent Office that elide on Antarctic wildlife and 300 references and 92 applications referring to Antarctica in US patent and trademark office. There's a problem with IPR threatening to undermine international rules (who owns Antarctica ?) Also there are environmental problems of harvesting resources. Bio-prospecting is usually done by consortia composed of private and public bodies. This has made it difficult to draw a line between scientific research and commercial activities. Financial gain is a motive for much of the research. The UN estimates that the market for products derived from genetic resources in cosmetics and drug industry is worth up to $100 billion, 62% of cancer drugs approved by US Food and Drugs Administration are of natural origin or modelled on natural products. 'The greatest commercial impact so far has been made by enzymes from extremophiles. Due to the species robust nature the enzymes can be exposed to harsh conditions such as bleach chemicals and high temperature, and have been successfully used as protein degrading additives in detergents' according to the UN report. In glycoprotein commercial bio-prospectors have found an antifreeze in Antarctic cod. It is now being investigated as a way of improving freeze tolerance in commercial plants improving production of fish farming in cold climates extending shelf life of frozen foods and improving surgical techniques for transplanting of frozen organs and tissues.

In Britain more than a million genetically modified animals mainly mice were used in medical experiment since 2006 four times as many as in 1995 and such experiments are expected to increase rapidly in future years. World wide, dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, sheep goats, monkeys, quail, chicken fish and insects have all been genetically modified or cloned.

Genetic modification is a 30 year old technology. It involves inserting an extra gene or modifying the expression of an existing gene within the DNA of the animal. It is mainly about the production of agricultural or pharmaceutical products.

Oncomouse: Engineered to develop cancer it enabled researchers to use IRT as a model of the disease. It was involved in one of the earliest patent applications on an animal.

Spider silk goats: Spider silk protein gene is inserted into goats to extract the substance from their milk. The silk is stronger than steel so could be used in industry.

Humanised cattle: A range of experiments have tried to introduce important human genes into cattle so that pharmaceutical proteins can be extracted from their milk

Knock out mice: Mice have a gene modified or destroyed so that scientists can study the outcome. Evidently it has created a 'revolution' in the understanding of mammalian genes.

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Consider below two bizarre experiments culled from the newspapers though separated by 50 years

The New Scientist: November 1st 2007
From most bizarre experiments ever conducted in the name of scientific enquiry:

Soviet surgeon Vladimir Demikov in 1954 unveiled a two headed dog created in the lab by grafting the head, shoulders and front legs of a puppy on the neck of a German shepherd dog. The German shepherd would shake the puppy and the puppy would bite back. Dr Demikov repeated his experiments 18 more times over next 15years. Though his work was dismissed as a publicity stunt outside the Soviet Union Demikov was credited with developing surgical techniques that paved the way for the first human heart transplant.

The Supermouse

from the Independent. 2nd Nov 2007

Scientists have been astounded by the creation of a genetically modified supermouse with extraordinary physical abilities that may one day be used to transform people's abilities. The Mouse can run up to six kilometres at a speed of 20metres per minute for five hours without stopping. It came about as a result of a standard genetic modification to a single metabolism gene shared with humans and it is accepted that it may be possible to use the findings to develop new drugs or treatments that could one day be used to enhance the natural abilities of athletes. The Professor of biochemistry at Cleveland University in Ohio, Richard Hanson said that the physical performance of the supermouse can only be compared to supremely fit athletes like Lance Armstrong who won Tour de France seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005. The genetic alteration to a gene involved in glucose metabolism appears to stimulate the efficient use of body fat for energy production they are ten times more active than ordinary mice and live longer. On the downside they eat twice as much as control mice but they are half the weight and are very aggressive. Why this is the case we are not really sure. We do not think that this mouse model is an appropriate model for human gene therapy. The mighty mice have up to 100 times more the concentration of the enzyme in its muscles compared with ordinary mice.

Finally we end up with the monster Craig Venter. Venter, the grotesque realisation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein nearly two hundred years later but a Frankenstein in infinitely commercial democratic form because it opens up onto a commercially democratic DIY vista one heralded by the evolution of Bill Gate's Microsoft, patenting and thieving geek experiment every which way repackaging them in a visually acceptable way, thus easy to handle and making Gate's the richest thief, er man in the world, until the arrival of Venter who has obviously modelled himself on the boss of Microsoft. DNA sampling or Synbio will most likely within the next 20 years be presented as a software programme allowing every home grown experimenter leeway to organically destroy the world by way of biological montage and a form of Picasso's synthetic cubism become horror story.

In episodes of high drama, Craig Venter was initially labelled a high school drop out and beach bum according to his book: My Life decoded: My genome - My Life. When denied the funds to expand his ambitious DNA sequencing project within the government lab where he was working he formed an association with a venture capitalist to set up a non profit research institute, The Institute of Genome Research: an associated commercial company, Human Genome Sciences would patent all the TIGRs gene discoveries. He then fell out with his commercial backers. Venter then entered a new pact with the devil to set up the company Celera Genomics claiming he could set up sequencing the whole human genome in two years on his own. He set up Celera in direct competition with an international collaboration that he publicly ridiculed for being cumbersome slow and riven with internal politics. Venter reveals how frequently he was at odd with backers, but in the end he bowed to their demands for commercial secrecy. He became personally identified with the quest to own the genome, attracting even more opprobrium from those on the public side who eventually ensured that a human sequence as complete and accurate as possible was freely available in public databases. Venter never an opportunity to claim for himself the title of first or fastest---it is always my new method, my discovery and indeed my genome. Large egos are far from unusual in science but Venter's is an extreme case and his is a study in ambition. What we miss is any examination of the ethics of access to genomic information or any sense of wonder at the mysteries that the cracking of life code is beginning to reveal. The Double Helix by Watson launched the genre of confessional biography.

In the Guardian of October 22nd 2007, journo Madeleine Bunting came up with one of her less pulled punches articles involving Synbio and the final happening Graig Venter needs to make him the numero uno richest man in the world. Synbio is about using nature as a giant meccano set building entirely new organisms from bits of DNA called bio-bricks in what is known as the bottom up approach. In this Brave New World synthetic biologists will work like graphic designers building new organisms on their laptops and emailing them off to the gene foundry for construction. Already huge money is being ploughed in. Venter and his colleagues are plastering every step of their research with sweeping broad brush patent applications. It's a gold rush and by 2015 it is estimated that a fifth of the chemical industry (worth $1.8trillion dollars) could be dependent on Synbio. The public have to be kept on side and persuaded that the risks of Synbio are worth taking. What leading synthetic biologists don't want is a public backlash and heavy handed government interference. So beware of how we are being sold this scientific revolution with pledges to help Africa 's poor the poster child for Synbio is the production of a cheap anti-malarial drug, there is a shortage of artemisinin extracted from the wormwood tree. Most tantalising possibilities might offer help with climate change bacteria that could soak up carbon dioxide by creating vast slurry pits of bacteria. Freeman Dyson has suggested creating black leaved forests for a more efficient use of sunlight in an article on Synbio in the New York Review of Books. We could shortly be busy creating our own biodiversity to replace the one we have lost. In the minds of these apostles we might have a new improved nature. Whatever, the future is an industrialisation of nature.

How Synbio could go wrong keeps scientists awake at night. Drew Endy at MIT has said: 'I expect this technology will be misapplied'. And it would be irresponsible to have a conversation about the technology without acknowledging this fact. Synbio has the potential to be a highly accessible technology much like electronics is today. In a decade thousands of labs and science graduates are likely to be able to practise Synbio making the task of regulating its use extremely difficult. Creating fantastic bacteria in a lab is one thing what happens in the case of an escape and the bacteria crossed with its wild cousins? The whole point of this science is the development of large scale use outside the lab but what can we predict, what consequences could releasing these new organisms have? Moreover, we know less than 1% of existing bacteria and have very little understanding how they mutate. We need responsible scientists but that's long been the sickest of jokes; besides the promise of huge riches will keep driving development - Venter claims that if he pulls of this organism, it could be worth billions even trillions of dollars in licensing deals.

When here we have mentioned techniques of modern art in relation to these scientific experiments we're not too short of the mark especially techniques facilitating collage, montage and photo-montage extending to the typical surrealist found object estranged encounter redolent of Lautreamont's famous dictum: "As beautiful as the chance encounter of an umbrella and sewing machine on a dissecting table" except the deployment of an adjective like 'beautiful' is meant to be ironic, displaced, suggestive of frissons far removed from traditional connotations of beauty. In these two texts; these two interconnected texts from Georges Bataille to Bio-industrialisation we can see the links between avant garde showpieces like Genesis P Orridge and Graig Venter in miming and maiming techniques which may be reaching their final realisation and the possible point of total destruction of all life on earth.

Stuart Wise : January 2008

In the Icteric years between 1965-67 in Newcastle upon Tyne we had a daft already threadbare notion of 'living sculpture' and all that can be said about it is that it did represent a revolt, albeit a confused one, against gallery art. Cringing though we now do at any mention of our youthful follies, 'living sculpture' was an anticipation of the Land Art movement that was yet to come And when it did it would go big time, earning mega bucks for its practitioners, particularly in America. The scale of some of these land art monuments are such that we are entitled to view them as a form of real estate, little different in their ecological impact to the unchecked expansion of cities like Phoenix in Arizona into threatened desert habitats. This urban sprawl is frequently the object of arson attacks though we know of no instance of land art coming under such sustained assault - more's the pity.

In fact the starting point of this development was an exhibition held in the Dwan Gallery in New York in 1968, that significant year of massive global revolt. Though a recuperative reflection of this genuine revolt from those below without name and celebrity, this exhibition had nothing to do with the ambience of total revolution, which was to be the glorious promise at the centre of that amazing year and a promise still awaiting fulfilment. Called 'Earthworks', the Dwan Gallery show and name came from a novel about ecological catastrophe, and the art works were vaguely eco with mounds of 'pungent' soil, some contaminated, some sweet, rooms filled with earth and photographs of scarred wheat fields. Its aims were then modest, though pointless, providing the eco critiques of Rachel Carson, Murray Bookchin, and Alan Hoffman (of Black Mask/Motherfuckers) etc with an 'artistic' inflection the latter two would, most likely have dismissed contemptuously. However mice, labour and bring forth mountains and many of these Dwan Gallery alumni are now responsible for Land Art constructions on the scale of, and even bigger, than Mayan Pyramids and with egos to match.

One of them is Michael Heizer who has carved a brutal, enormous incision across a valley in Nevada that involved the abstraction of 240,000 tons of blasted rock. Living in a vast Nevada ranch this paranoid Howard Hughes of Land Art is protected by guards and is funded by the Dia Foundation in New York that curates land artists and their projects of Himalayan proportions. Another Dwan Gallery alumnus is Charles Ross and his 'Star Axis' has been partially funded by a post cold war NASA that has had to become PR conscious and media savvy (e.g. stimulating interest in the search for extra terrestrial life) in order to get Congress to stump up more cash. (This also goes hand in hand with the increased privatisation of NASA and its decline in its military prowess, which is probably only temporary). Another is James Turrell who has sculpted an entire mountain in the Painted Desert. Turrell was also commissioned by New Labour to contribute a piece ('Night Rain') to that expensive white elephant and financial disaster, the Millennium Dome in Greenwich .

These mega projects are becoming the subject of criticism by an increasingly rattled American public, fed up with yet another avant-garde Mount Rushmore. However there is no chance such projects will catch on in the UK. Charles Newington's 'White Horse' (2003) cut in to the down above Folkestone is the closest this country has ever come. This ridiculous imitation of such magnificent monuments as the Uffingham Horse on the Wiltshire downs is meant to somehow compensate for the destruction caused by the building of the Channel Tunnel rail link. However it has aroused the fury of environmental campaigners who rightly say it has caused irreparable damage to a rare and very threatened landscape.

For that reason it is unlikely a similar monstrous excrescence will ever be commissioned and the days when over 150 years ago a landowner could carve out a huge white horse on the Hambleton Hills in North Yorks are long gone. So land artists in the UK like Richard Long and Andy Goldsworthy have had to be more discreet and 'humble'. Even so when Long won the Turner Prize and was complimented for his 'contribution to English landscape' he encountered nothing but popular derision. As a building worker friend said: 'A frog makes a contribution to the English landscape. But you don't then bung it 20 grand'. Though in the name of conservation, money ensures all shall be well with eco destruction; these artists now have to tread very carefully. And when they start to think big they are obliged to look for the wide-open spaces abroad. Russia could well be next......

The latest nonsense in the mid-noughties is 'Cape Farewell', an environmental project funded by the Arts Council in the frozen north. Turner Prize stalwarts like Gormley and Whiteread, old masters at the art of deception, have been invited to the Arctic to do their environmental worst, for 'Cape Farewell' is dedicated to raising awareness of climate change. Gormley (him again!) has sculpted a 'Snowman' rather than an 'Angel of the North'. And we are seriously meant to think far more highly of his abominable snowman than anything kids could do. Hallowed by the avant-gardist cult of the personality, or rather celebrity, it is a born again snowman, an angel of a snowman, the quintessence of all snowmen because it is made by Gormley who is famous, rich, talked about, invited here, there and everywhere, sits on the Arts Council, is a director of the Sage Music Centre in Gateshead-on-Tyne, has plenty of media exposure and must therefore be a genius. See!

We can wail along with that old saw, a waste of the tax payers' money, and smile at 'The Times' cartoon which has a modern day Titus Oates leaving to see this polar art exhibition with the words 'I may be gone some time', but it does miss the point. Gormley's 'Snowman' can never capture the thrill of seeing a police van during the miners' strike of 1984-5 charge a snowman made by local kids who had just been taunting and pelting them with snowballs. However malice had its just reward that day, for the snowman had been packed around a concrete post. Now that really does add a zing to life and we can begin to experience snow afresh because of it.

As an indication of how times have changed since the mid 1960s and Icteric, a biologist, Tom Wakeford, from Newcastle University has been employed by the 'Cape Farewell' project to 'advise artists on contemporary thinking about the environment'. This involvement by scientists with art is set to increase and will only thicken the smoke screen of delusion surrounding the contemporary avant-garde. A renewable energy power station in the from of a slug or sea worm has been projected for East Anglia and is the 'brainchild' of environmental scientists from the University of East Anglia. Digital artists and digital techniques have been employed in its design, which simulates organic forms.

Should the slug ever be built it is also intended to act as a regional symbol and brand like 'the Angel of the North' or the 'Eden Project' in Cornwall . But there are others, which have been short-listed by the East of England Development Association like the 'Fields of Vision', a landscape art installation using plant stems that generate sound and 'North Sea Train', a train covered in sand, which will tour Northern Europe via Scandinavia. In 1966 we would have been attracted by the idea but the funding would then never possibly have been made available. During that year we were especially fascinated by trains an amalgamation - if you like - of our railway background which had enmeshed with post Russian revolution agit-prop trains and the rinky-dink engines and coal trucks which plied the pit spoil heaps (see photo). None the less our train, apart from the illustrated model, remained a ghost train something that travelled in the imagination unlike this slick intercity/intercontinental business express with yards of avant-garde sandpaper and hype stuck to its carriages.

Finally, in 2008 we have been presented with the biggest monstrosity of all: the proposed 'Angel of the South' to be constructed on a chalk pit at Ebbsfleet, Kent marking Ashford's international railway station and heralding a major development of homes and commercial space on adjacent land. Throwing his hat in the ring and hoping to win the competition there is Turner prize winner Mark Wallinger, specialising in cloned subversion removing protest from its vital place in the streets in order to make a pretty penny. So what will the creep come up with: An enormous caterpillar?

A related avenue of enquiry suggests itself but which cannot be gone into in any depth here. And that is, how much slack does this sculptural mega engineering take up as regards an underemployed engineering trade, now that traditional engineering has been increasingly transferred to the new workshop of the world, China? Would we not be better off seeing this new art/engineering not in traditional manufacturing terms but as a high value added service industry, an 'ideas' economy trading in style and styling, image, brand and logo that has supplanted traditional manufacturing. And are not the contradictions of the 'invisible economy' most visible here with the construction workers fuming at the inequalities in pay, with the lions share going to the likes of Gormley etc. who merely dream up the shit in the first place, leaving it to others to get their hands dirty, constructing it. Far more skilled at publicity than in the use of materials, they invite comparison with the university trained engineers that arose to dominance in the 20th Century and who likewise rarely set foot in a workshop.

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A few insights based on Wordsworth's 1810 Guide to the Lake District

Wordsworth, thankfully unable to escape his childhood and 'his baby dreams' remained stuck like glue in the life of the local people of the Cumbrian fells and being one of the first anti poet poets, revelled in the artless creativity of these people; of the 'silent poet' as he so beautifully put it, set in a landscape still largely cut-off from a burgeoning cash nexus and wage labour and where primitive forms of barter were the main medium of exchange. If Wordsworth saw poverty (he rightly condemned abject want) he tended to see it as the 'happy poverty' of a plain though richly fulfilled way of life. His insights and appreciation are thus enormously prescient, if put in the right light - maybe that 'celestial light' - of a possible world without money reaching for the stars. All that is then needed is for Wordsworth, his mission accomplished, to disappear along with the transcendence of the role of poet.

For Wordsworth the buildings dotted throughout the Lake District were an emanation of the life of the inhabitants where there was no such thing as style and where architectural criticism was a meaningless term as meaningless as literary criticism with both the poet and architect having no place in this society. Wordsworth saw the buildings of the Lake dwellers as an organic part of nature, affected and even augmented by its inhabitants. These lakes and inner valleys were also 'unadorned by any remains of ancient grandeur castles or monastic edifice. And to begin with the cottages' without any intrusion of more assuming buildings' which is then backed-up quoting with approval the Elizabethan poet, Edmund Spencer:

'In whose enclosed shadow there was pight

A fair pavilion, scarcely to be seen'

For in this environment in the late 18th and early 19th century, housing and outhouses 'are in many instances the colour of native rocks' rough cast and whitewash - and - being proprietor at liberty to follow their own fancy, so that these humble dwellings remind the contemplative spectator of a production of Nature and may (using a strong expression) rather be said to have grown than to be have been erected; - to have arisen by an instinct of their own out of the native rock - so little is there in them of formality, such is their wildness and beauty'.

The Chimneys: 'the singular beauty of the chimney' and of a quadrangular shape rising one or two feet above the roof; which low square is often surmounted by a tall cylinder giving to the cottage chimney the most beautiful shape in which it is ever seen'.

The Buildings: made of rough unhewn slates -'so that both the coverings and sides of the houses have furnished places of rest for the seeds of lichens mosses ferns and flowers. Hence buildings which in their very form call to mind the processes of Nature do thus clothed in part with a vegetable garb appear to be received into the bosom of the living principle of things, as it acts and exists among the woods and fields'.combine these incidents and images together, and you have the representation the representative idea of a mountain cottage in this country so beautifully formed in itself and so richly adorned by the band of Nature.'

The Bridges: 'the great number of bridges' over the brooks and torrents connecting these cottages and 'the daring and graceful neglect of danger and accommodation' the rudeness of the forms of some and their endless variety'I must at the same time add that many of these structures are in themselves models of elegance as if they had been formed upon principles of the most thoughtful architecture' that happy instinct by which consummate beauty was produced are disappearing fast'.

Wordsworth then goes on to unfavourably compare the cottages and bridges with stately homes and the houses of middle rank as he descends from the mountain hillsides into the valleys emphasising the beginnings of horticulture in contrast with the previous descriptions of the cottage garden, especially the topiary 'those elaborate displays of pretty art' which cause one to smile 'while the house does not deign to look upon the natural beauty or the sublimity which its situation almost unavoidably commands'. This is then compared with 'the little garden with its shed for beehives, its small bed of pot-herbs and its borders of flowers for Sunday poesies' etc. At the head of these dales was found 'a perfect republic of shepherds and agriculturalists' - 'this pure commonwealth' which only by sleight and apparent ownership can be connected to the mighty empire beyond'. Having adverted to the feelings that justify the introduction of a few exotic plants, provided they be confined almost to the doors of the house, we may add that a transition should be contrived, without abruptness, from these foreigners to the rest of the shrubs which ought to be of the kinds scattered by nature through the woods - holly broom wild rose, elder, dogberry white and blackthorn etc either these only or such as are carefully selected in consequence of their being united in form and harmonising in colour with them, especially with respect to colour when the tints are most diversified as in autumn and spring.'

The Hatred of the Larch: Because it is 'for those who plant for profit'. Larch and fir plantations have been spread, merely with a view to profit, but in many instances for the sake of ornament' reminding you of the behaviour of the Forestry Commission even twenty years ago. None the less Wordsworth comes out with a beautiful description of the larch's 'pink tassels in blossom'. 'The process by which she (nature) forms woods and forests is as follows; seeds are scattered indiscriminately by winds, brought by waters and dropped by birds' i.e. shat out. The seedling is sheltered by bramble or other prickly shrubs - a protective device of nature not chance ' nature as art and providential design. 'Let the images of nature be your guide and the whole secret lurks in a few words; thickets or underwoods ' single trees - tree clustered or in groups - groves - unbroken woods, but with varied masses of foliage, glades - invisible or winding boundaries' trees climbing up to the horizon and in some places - the whole body of the tree appearing to stand in the clear sky'.

The Walls and Pathways: Wordsworth was against 'the modern system of gardening which is now, I hope, on the decline' and which was so far from the truth. What comes across too is a dislike of garden walls something which Wordsworth was to abjure and even practise himself with the garden at the back of Dove Cottage in Grasmere disappearing without demarcation into the slope of the mountain'. Natural pathways as conducive to heightened emotion like that of speech (as in the 'Preface to the Lyrical Ballads') 'laying out grounds'.is to assist nature in moving the affections'. Wordsworth objects to the relaying of pathways into 'manufactured walks' brushed neatly without a blade of grass or weed upon them, or anything that bore traces of a human footstep, more indeed of human hands but wear and tear of foot was none'. He remembers 'the most beautiful specimen of a forest footpath ever seen by human eyes this path winds with ' the subtlety of a spirit, contracting or enlarging itself, visible or invisible as it likes' and the fields are like a 'large piece of lawless patchwork'.

'That peaceful harmony of form and colour, which had been through a long lapse of ages most happily preserved'.. Objects that are divided from each other by strong lines of demarcation'. A new habit of pleasure will be formed arising out of the fine gradations by which in nature one thing passes into another and the boundaries that constitute individuality disappear ' the hill overgrown with self-planted wood.'

The New Settlers: The urbanization of the countryside: 'I mean a warping of the natural mind occasioned by the consciousness that this country being an object of general admiration every new house would be looked upon and commented on either for approbation or censure'. The craving for prospect also which is immoderate in new settlers' with their houses deliberately not organic but 'ornamental to the landscape.'

'The rule is simple; with respect to grounds - work, where you can in the spirit of Nature, with an invisible hand of art' Antiquity who may be styled the co-partner and sister of nature be not denied the respect to which she is entitled' Wordsworth laments: 'If the thirst for prospect were mitigated by those considerations of comfort shelter and convenience which used to be chiefly sought after.'

The Palladianism of mansion and estate which removed the village in the manner of Capability Brown plus an objection to the formal architectural style of the age and although Wordsworth doesn't deploy the then fashionable architectural term, you know what is meant. He even envisages houses the colour of iron ore and coal on the Cumbrian plain in the area where coal and iron ore was plentiful only to reject them' He does approve that 'the glare of whitewash has been subdued by time and enriched by weather-stains'. The builder of taste' (in the Lake District ) respecting the surrounding geological base utilising 'the pure blue gravel from the bed of the river' as a 'masonry rough cast to protect from the weather.' 'On the sides of bleak and desolate moors, we are indeed thankful for the sight of white cottages. I have certainly seen such buildings glittering in sunrise, and in wandering lights, with no common pleasure.'

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Ominously Wordsworth ends with recognition of the collapse of domestic industry particularly weaving through manufacture. And also how farms become concentrated into fewer and fewer hands and the cottages knocked down as new mansions are built 'out of the ruins of the ancient cottages; whose little enclosures, with all the wild graces that grew out of them, disappears'.Wordsworth's final sentence looks towards a day when the Lake District will be nationalised and protected by something like a very enlightened National Trust which would eschew the primacy of money and business. Such is the man's naivety about the nation state. In this sense Wordsworth's heir truly was John Ruskin's enlightened despotism under a cabal of statist uber-intellectuals who understood what was best for the people and the general good answerable to nobody but themselves. On the other hand, that 'levelling muse' that was at the heart of Wordsworth's perceptions and counterposed to a Ruskin style elite couldn't see beyond the nation state to anything like a vision of an eco-oriented, wageless and moneyless peoples' collectivity the world over and which we have no choice but to search for now.

Here we have another problem. Most of the egomaniacs that make up the school of present day land artists would adore these sympathies and descriptions penned by Wordsworth so long ago; even perhaps desirous of some kind of re-vamped National Trust this time having real teeth. They could perhaps even add to Wordsworth's thoughts in a not entirely insensitive way which is why the present grotesque phase of capitalism needs the services of land artists so badly. Wordsworth had originally put these observations down responding to the fact that the Lake District was on the cusp of one of the first immanent suburbanite invasion that could destroy its character in a 'rash and ignorant assault' and he hoped the new colonisers would respect the ambience he had skilfully outlined, even perhaps listening to him. It was alas a forlorn hope and you cannot help but be pissed off with the guy's naivety if only because it's given rise ever since to so many well-intentioned individuals completely underestimating how brutal capitalism's expanded reproduction must be. Thus Richard Mabey's beguiling niceties - and so enjoyed by a woolly-minded anarchism when put on bookshelf display at eco-camps - is marked by a very eloquent English style, even somewhat Wordsworthian in tone, which perpetually baulks at hitting the nail on the head; a Mabey who in his youth had some of his articles reprinted in Rebel Worker that combative counterpart to Black Mask in New York in the late 1960s!

In the same manner the land artists admire what's there both in terms of natural features and what may have happened since in, for example, the decaying legacy of industrial features - for industrial sites once they also fall into ruin enter into an organic life of their own also becoming part of nature - but then they go one step further than the unwanted incomers into the Lake District during the Romantic era, tearing up what's there in order to impose their own crock of shit where a morphing different kind of beauty was evolving by itself alone. That's an imposition that Wordsworth would hardly have had the gall to even contemplate though in his poem on Yorkshire's Malham Cove he does suggest the awesome sheer limestone cliffs could be moulded into an amphitheatre and ironically, in this instance, prescient of what the land artists 200 years hence could have the technical means and dosh to outrageously impose. Wordsworth notes in The Guide that before his time, mountains and precipices never received any poetical accolade in the verse of Gray, Goldsmith or even more recently, Robbie Burns who, lamenting the thistle cut down by his plough, never really looked up from his work in the field to marvel at the splendid summit of Scafell just across the Solway Firth. (To this we would add Daniel Defoe who viewed with horror the bare-backed Yorkshire mountains of Ingleborough and Pen-y-ghent together with their inhabitants).

Today few take account of the beauties inherent in industrial dereliction an experience which should be brought into an expanded Kantian reinterpretation regarding the superiority of nature's terrain over that of art; a terrain whereby the evolving character of a formerly commodified object loses its original use value undergoing a natural redefinition preyed on by the natural world which also today picks up on the memory of a Duchampian ready made having lost the stifling mantle of the art gallery object or, indeed, art itself. Regarding industrial dereliction a further quote from Wordsworth is apposite: 'Let Nature be all in all, taking care that everything done by man shall be in the way of being adopted by her'.

For a brief moment, Icteric played with transforming the landscape - especially the landscape of dereliction - as individual artistic intervention only to definitively reject such a cul-de-sac as we encompassed the praxis of total social revolutionary upheaval and the artless 'silent' poetry made by all and not by one and going farther into this process than Wordsworth would ever dared envisage or could have contemplated at the time. Nonetheless we honour him for becoming one of the first to set out - and remain despite his overtures to conformity cultivating the more enlightened aristocracy as formal Poet Laureate in later life - on this 'unhewn' path.

As for unhewn paths, it wasn't just architecture without architects Wordsworth desired but buildings without builders, or rather, builders without style that went hand in glove with the architects' plan like those required by the neo-classical mansions and Georgian crescents of the time. In reality Wordsworth's sympathy was for the builder who wasn't a 'proper' builder as such, though knowing his structural onions and as practised in the Lake District, the peasant builder in tune and harmony with local nature who'd learned ways of doing and making things alongside husbandry of the land, the animals and haymaking. In its broad outlines this can still be a practical vision of the future now that ecological, and economic, collapse is immanent. We have only to think about the 'Hobbit' houses winkling their way into grounds of National Trust land and flouting the dry as dust and brutally stupid edicts of the planners and in many other temporary dwellings like the 'scratch cities' of the displaced inhabitants of floods and havoc which is likely to be the immediate future of our warmer and much wetter islands; of a flooded Robin Hood Inn in the vale of Wentbridge in South Yorkshire in the summer of 2007 giving off a new inflection to the emancipatory myth of the 'merry men' as temporary lakes stretched far away to the horizon surrounding the decaying industrial infrastructure around a once vibrant Doncaster.

Not forgetting the delight of Derek Jarman's dispersed garden around Prospect Cottage on the shingle beach of Dungeness where found objects - seafarers chains and the like - are semi-disguised with a mass of indigenous sea plants and the only work of merit Jarman ever did. Rather better too than Asger Jorn's seemingly natural Jardin D'Albisola cluttered and ruined by the many rubbishy artistic objects of his own making he placed there and the sad but lucrative backdrop to the guy's superb early theorising. Interestingly too in Wordsworth's Guide mention is made of a garden in Lord Lowther's grounds near Penrith whereby the wild garden had been punctuated by a clued-in gardener 'in twining pathways along the banks of the river, making little cells and bowers with inscriptions of his own writings' which, in retrospect you cannot help but compare and see as something of a precursor of the piece of municipal hillside in Scotland Ian Hamilton Findlay was to turn into a concrete poetry affair nearly two centuries later. However, because the latter's effort quickly became an art event and thus intensively capitalised as artistic real estate, it doesn't point the way to the eco-emancipation of those buildings and their surrounds that might be put in place if humanity is to have a future.

Wordsworth's contribution to the original Guide was initially published anonymously harking back a few years to the original anonymity of the Lyrical Ballads, and an anonymity suggestive of the silent, no profile creativity of the people once they are allowed to be so and an act which never needs to be named. And yet A Guide to the Lake District was the first (and best) tourist brochure ever produced written at the moment when the tourist industry wasn't even a ghost on the horizon merely a gleam in the eyes of the rich. Now that the horror story which is contemporary mass, democratised tourism reveals its brutal characteristics culpable of assisting in the final plundering of the planet's sentient life, Wordsworth's perceptions have poignancy together with a deadly sting in the tale. No longer is environmental sensitivity at the heart of the matter even in the promotion of eco-tourism, rather it is the total packaged deal where travel is enervation with Easy Jet catering for the billions of people themselves 'prisoners of a flattened universe'. Better to refuse most travel if at all possible. Better to look under the stones merely a few feet away from you and from there the last hopes of a new world might spring. Even perhaps as Wordsworth put it: 'We have too much hurrying about in these islands, much for idle pleasure and more from our activity in the pursuit of wealth'. Moreover, even in this early moment of environmental devastation in the first decades of the 19th century, there are times when Wordsworth calls for something of an ecological apocalypse or, at least, the revenge of nature against technological cum industrial/urban assault.

'Weighing the mischief with the promised gain

Mountains, and Vales, and Floods, I call on you

To share the passion of just disdain'

Wordsworth emphasised the perceptions inherent in the activity of the walking traveller and in this he was right. We have no choice but to more or less return to this. When Wordsworth revisited the Simplon pass in the Alps in the 1840s after many years absence he fulminates against the new military road (predecessor of the traffic packed super highway in place today) having displaced 'the old muleteer track with its primitive simplicities' which had so inspired him in his youth above which rose steep-sided: 'woods decaying, never to be decayed' and 'the black drizzling crags that spake' knowing they were overwhelming him sensing too they were bringing about the disintegration of all literature as the heightened presence of nature was breaking through all formal artistic representation including that of painting, music and sculpture though without Wordsworth having the concepts in his head to clearly grasp this. Nevertheless, his remarks in Appendix 11: the Kendal and Windermere Railway written in December 1844 for a local newspaper are remarkable when outlining his objections to speed and development containing lines worthy of a more contemporary situationist denunciation in the manner perhaps of the Encyclopaedia des Nuisances intelligent diatribe against the TGV super train or indeed some well chosen words by Rene Riesel.... 'and instead of travellers proceeding with leisure to observe and feel, mere pilgrims of fashion hurried along in their carriages, not a few of them perhaps discussing the merits of 'the last new Novel' or poring over their Guide-books, or fast asleep' a process whereby: 'Art interfered with and takes the lead of Nature' meaning, takes the lead over nature and thus a step backwards.

In BM Blob's 'A Summer with a Thousand Julys' there's a montaged comment on the riot which hit Keswick when 1,000 motorcyclists went on the rampage during the glorious uprisings of 1981. Underneath a photo of a steep rising mountain side, Lewis Carroll's 'Upon the Lonely Moor' - a parody of Wordsworth's romantic nature poems - is quoted:

'His accents mild took up the tale,

I set it in a blaze'

This was just the kind of contradictory clash and frisson that we had been mulling over quietly, and not so quietly, for many a year. In the days of King Mob in the late 1960s a number of us suggested - as is well known - a blowing up of Wordsworth. Back then we didn't have sufficient all-rounded knowledge to put the case in a clearer manner helping unblock retarded, half-baked notions, freeing Wordsworth from the legions of boring, usually academic Eng Lit types with a set in aspic notion of poetry. Here we attempt to restore such a deficit. How about for starters somebody sawing a leg off that giant table and chair on Hampstead Heath?

Some Thoughts: 2006-8. D and S Wise
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For further recent commentary related to the above read the following in the "Wreckage & bric-a-brac" series:

A Hidden History of King Mob (Posters/Cartoons)

A Critical Hidden History of King Mob

On Georges Bataille:

On Bryan Ferry: "Ferry Across The Tyne"

On Ralph Rumney: Hidden Connections, Ruminations and Rambling Parentheses

Alex Trocchi's Hour Upon the Stage

BM BIS, BM BLOB, Riot and Post-Modernist Recuperation

Comparisons: From Mass Observation to King Mob

A Drift on Germaine Greer, Feminism and Modern-Day Shameless Ranterism

For Vicki: On What Happened at Selfridges in 1968

Nietzsche, Revolutionary Subversion and the Contemporary Attack on Music

New Introduction for a Spanish Book on Black Mask & the Motherfuckers

New Introduction to Spanish King Mob

Lost Ones Around King Mob

Land Art, Icteric and William Wordsworth

King Mob: Icteric & the Newcastle Experience from the early to late 1960s

New Afterword to The End of Music for La Felguera in Spain

THE ORIGINAL: The End of Music (1978)

(The following is a theoretical drift which originally saw the light of day as a letter to a very intelligent guy in Huddersfield with a passion for moths and, on a more general level, a fellow traveller on the same eco-revolutionary wavelength. It has since been amended, somewhat altered and put in a more coherent sequence)

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Dear Huddersfield Mothman,

Thanks for your appreciative remarks on the www.dialecticalbutterflies.com website. Excuse the delay in replying but have been very busy.

Regarding melanism have you read the little book Of Moths and Men by Judith Harper? The title is suggestive of a feminist approach to the subject (i.e. women would never have been so easily duped!) and is subtitled: 'Intrigue, tragedy and the Peppered Moth'. But it appears Kettlewell may have falsified the evidence and the question of industrial melanism a far more complicated matter than has been made out hitherto. As is well known both EB Ford and the great Haldane uncritically accepted Kettlewell's findings. I do know the controversy over the Peppered Moth has cast considerable doubt on the EB Ford/Kettlewell thesis that it was an evolutionary response to industrialization and one we could see happening before our very eyes. Everyone wants to see evolution happening before their eyes but even so there can be no doubt that urbanism and industrialization has profoundly affected wild life and we are only just becoming aware of how deep and on going the process is.

I was going to send you a short resume I had been wrestling with regarding Marxism and science particularly in relationship to four notable 20th century British scientists. Haldane, (a geneticist, amongst other things) Bernal (a crystallographer), Levy (a mathematician and physicist) and Needham (a biochemist chiefly interested in embryology who in 1932 founded the Theoretical Biology Club to counteract the eugenic thinking of the Rockefeller Foundation that was promoting a reductive 'science of man' which was also a science of social control. Nothing has fundamentally changed since, though the term eugenic has been discreetly dropped from the scientific vocabulary though the concept is still very much alive and kicking).

However, such a resume requires a return to basics and raising that most difficult of subjects, the relationship between dialectical and scientific reason. Even this division is suspect because Hegel would argue dialectical reason is scientific in fact more rigorous than mathematical or formal logic. The more I puzzle over it and think about it the more questions it inevitable raises and the more my mind goes dark pondering these thorny questions - ouch.

I read two essays by Levy and Bernal on dialectical materialism as a general science or a higher science, whichever way you like to put it. Levy, an honest man, who was eventually expelled from the Communist party (and to his credit the Labour party also!) clearly had great difficulties with its scholastic categorisations. He refers to the 'laws' of dialectical change as written in 'almost medieval language' and is 'repellent to the scientific man'. (See his essay: A Scientific Worker looks at Dialectical Materialism 1934). Interestingly the only scientist Henri Lefebvre respectfully mentions in his little book Dialectical Materialism written in the late 1930s is Hyman Levy. He most have felt attracted to Levy's lack of dogmatism and thought here was a fellow spirit who cannot easily be made to toe the party line even though Lefebvre continued to do so well into the 1950s.Though Bernal and Levy were friends, Bernal pretty much remained a faithful scientific apparatchik of the Soviet Union all his life and had no difficulty in accepting Engels's Dialectics of Nature as the new Soviet Sermon on the Mount. Lefebvre's Dialectical Materialism was important in reviving the long lost themes of reification and alienation so essential to a critique of capitalism. (Would that scientists could take up these themes today and it must remain one of the great mysteries of our time why a scream of pain, powerful enough to burst the ear drums and which has no equivalent in scientific history, has not rent the world's scientific laboratories). Lefebvre almost pokes fun at Hegel's triadic formulation of thesis, antithesis, synthesis central to dialectical thought, citing no less an authority than Hegel himself : 'If one wants to count them' says Hegel').

In a forward to the fifth edition of 'Dialectical Materialism' written in 1961 Lefebvre apologises for his adherence, twenty-five years previously, to dialectical materialism as a philosophy of nature i.e. the natural sciences. He blames Stalin and Zhdanov for this error ' perhaps crime would be a more appropriate word - but he would have done better had he gone back to basics and indicted Engels 'Dialectics of Nature' (c.1873) and before that Hegel's Philosophy of Nature. It is a commonplace of Marxist hagiography that Marx turned Hegel's dialectic right side up, giving it a materialist foundation. However as Lefebvre reminds us: 'It was only with great caution that Marx embarked on this path (as in his application of the dialectical method to economics)'. Engels, a connoisseur of Hegel if ever there was one, was more ready to throw caution to the wind believing the dialectical materialist method possessed a universal truth i.e. was applicable to all sciences. And he also thought he was turning Hegel right side up whereas Engels's critique, when it comes to nature, is basically the same as Hegel's who was the most materialist of all idealist philosophers, though Engels did recognise this when he perceptively wrote 'idealist systems also filled themselves more and more with a materialist content'. What other aerie fairy, wilting philosopher with their head in the clouds has wallowed in shit like Hegel, realising without it humanity would starve? To see in this a remarkable anticipation of the importance of the nitrate cycle is not to confer on Hegel the benefit of hindsight!

Hegel's philosophy of nature is a summation of tendencies begun by Kant within classical German philosophy. It is a strain to even attempt to read it today though my foreign languages publishing house copy of Engels's Dialectics of Nature was mislaid, without undue regret, years ago. It would be unfair to say Hegel's Philosophy of Nature died without issue but it did take the deification of Engels to successfully imprint its spirit on a third of the world.

In fact 'naturphilosophie', of which Hegel's work forms a discrete part, was once hugely influential and, it has to be said, more scientifically consequential as regards actual discoveries than dialectical materialism ever was. (Its proper field of application I will repeatedly stress is the history of science and I unhesitatingly agree with Hyman Levy's considered judgement 'the so-called laws of the dialectic, couched as they must be in very general terms, must have there principal application in the field of social and economic development. They appear to add little or nothing to the detailed methods of analysis of scientific workers'). We have only to think of Goethe's anatomical studies and great work on plant morphology. That most influential of 19th century geologists and naturalists, Louis Aggasiz (1807-73), was a naturphilosophe - and the first to suggest, as a result of meticulous observation, there had been several ice ages. So was the nasty Richard Owen, the life-long opponent of Darwin and coiner of the word 'dinosaur'. However to say that all naturalists who subscribed to the argument for God's existence from design, like William Paley, were nature-philosophers in the strict German meaning of the term would be wrong. Paley could point to the blue yonder and say that's where God is. But following Kant, the high priests of German nature philosophy rigorously rejected any ontological proof of God's existence but retained it as a regulative if not a constitutive hypothesis. The philosophers that immediately followed Kant introduced an ever greater dynamism ('praxis'!) into their respective systems with the result that God became ever less a preformed entity but something that was continually developing towards an ever greater perfection in nature and man.(In fact it was on the specific nature of the relationship between the two that finally caused Hegel to distance himself from Schelling, preferring to see in nature the 'otherness' of man, or the 'idea', and hence the alienation of man, or the 'idea'.) Whew! I have already pointed out the close materialist/idealist parallels between Hegel's and Engels's conception of nature but Hegel's conviction, which he loved to throw in the face of German romanticism, that nature had been tamed and bent to mankind's purpose was one he shared with Marx. In the margins of a lecture he gave in 1805-6 he wrote: 'Wind, mighty river, mighty ocean, subjugated, cultivated. No point in exchanging compliments with it ' puerile sentimentalities etc'. This comment is all the more fit for my purpose in so far as it was part of a lecture dealing with tools - yes tools ' and the teleology of labour, which sounds more grounded if we call it the labour process. And then compare it with the following quotation from Marx's 'Grundrisse' (1857-8) 'Where does Vulcan come in as against Roberts and Co? Jupiter as against the lightning conductor? And Hermes as against the Credit Mobilier? All mythology masters and dominates and shapes the forces of nature in and through the imagination; hence it disappears as soon as man gains mastery over the forces of nature'. What must be at once apparent to anyone reading this today is that we haven't gained control over the forces of nature and that nature is set to take the most terrible revenge.

(A little aside: Having discovered what has to be Britain's most unusual Grayling colony in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards midway twixt Wakefield and Dewsbury in West Yorkshire, I began to look into the origin of the yards, turning up an old photo of a huge iron foundry, the property of Roberts and Co! Could this be the very company Marx was referring to? And how odd that the foundry has long since gone and in its stead there is this most unusual colony of butterflies.)

What happens now? And what impact will this awareness have on the future trajectory of science? It all seems a very far cry from the glowing positivism of dialectical materialism. Suppose a hellish catastrophe is just around the corner? Despite the destruction of lives, by far the greatest Homo erectus as a genus has ever endured and its bitter, even insupportable aftermath, it also seems unlikely a nature religion will once more take root with all its myths, attendant rituals and suspension of disbelief. The handful of survivors will be living in a state of acute existential agony and bereft of that most precious gift, the dream of utopia. They will have no past worth remembering and no future to look forward to, and perhaps even incapable of reproducing themselves. The guilt over what that meaningless abstraction 'humanity' has done in the past may be such that the survivors spontaneously abase themselves before any living object in the natural world, ready to beg forgiveness. There will certainly be no 'exchanging of compliments with it' analogous to Hegel's cynical depiction of romantic nature schmaltz. The horrors that the soviet state philosophy of dialectical materialism (in fact the philosophy of state capitalism - a concept that now must never be given a renewed airing) strove to conceal is mild in comparison, even though it did involve the deaths of millions in the gulags. So let us now return to the cosier comforts of those years, which seem positively humane in comparison to what will undoubtedly come to pass short of an anti-capitalist revolution.

I have in my possession the first edition of Bernal's Science in History (1954!) in which he denies, under the influence of Lysenko, the existence of genes. ('genes were supposed to be material bodies - but ' neither then nor since have they been isolated and their nature still remains hypothetical'- in later editions the offending sentences have been mercifully removed). What is amazing Bernal even managed to convince the great populational geneticist Haldane of it - but not for long and scientific integrity won out in the end when Haldane was forced to denounce Lysenko as a fawning, politically manipulated impostor. (In fact Julian Huxley had irrefutably exposed Lysenko as a fraudster and if Haldane had continued to ratify this perversion of scientific integrity he would have become the butt of ridicule in a scientific community that previously went in awe of him. As it was, Haldane remained a great scientist and both Crick and Watson were deeply indebted to him and the discovery of the DNA molecule may have been delayed if it wasn't for Haldane).

I don't know if Haldane wrote on dialectical materialism as a ' as the - philosophy of science but would be interested to know more. And as for Needham - who cannot but be impressed by his four volumes on Chinese Science? I went on the internet to see if I could find a copy of his book The Sceptical Biologist and was amazed to find several copies for sale, all in America and Canada. (This came out in 1929 a year or so before Bukharin made an entrance at the international conference on science in which he strove to press upon scientists the acceptance of 'dialectical materialism' as a guiding philosophy to their studies. The worst depression in the history of capitalism was beginning to bite and this conference, precisely on account of Bukharin's well-timed intervention, had a huge influence on scientists around the world. It also marks the beginning of the canonization of dialectical materialism as the Soviet Union's new religion which was then assiduously promoted by Stalin who, incidentally, seized hold of Bukharin's ideas on science whilst vehemently rejecting his proposed economic reforms which were an anticipation of Gorbachov's some fifty years later. After an infamous Moscow show trial Bukharin was bundled off to the Lubyanka prison and shot). However to repeat, it is mainly within the domain of scientific history, not actual scientific method, that dialectical materialism has scored its greatest success. Bukharin's scientific proselytising was greatly aided by what was generally regarded as a brilliant and innovative interpretation of Newton by Boris Hessen in Science at the Cross-Roads, a collection of papers edited by Bukharin and presented to the International Congress of Science and Technology held in 1931. This essay endeavoured to show how the general mechanical problems Newton set himself to solve were conditioned by the current needs of technics, particularly the technics of military and naval warfare. Later Bernal would write a lengthy book on science (op. cit. Science in History 1954) in which he argued as a matter of principle technical innovation tended to come before that of 'pure' scientific theory, which essentially was an extrapolation after the fact. And today Needham is chiefly remembered for his volumes on Chinese science. The volumes are also intended as a necessary corrective to the arrogance of western scientists. He claims for instance that the Chinese discovered the circulation of the blood before William Harvey but have never been credited with that discovery. By all accounts Needham remained a humble, approachable man all his life and he comes across as an attractive personality which is more than can be said for most scientists today, drunk as they are on petty power and the ethos of business ' rather, in fact, like installation artists ever looking to hand out their autographs.

Needham also wrote on Coleridge in an essay entitled 'Coleridge as a biologist' in The Sceptical Biologist which I would be very interested to read. Under the influence of German philosophical idealism, the clash of opposites and their interpenetration began to play an increasingly important part in Coleridge's thought and I rather think Needham was perhaps the last biologist capable of tackling such a tricky subject. (Coleridges's favourite proverb was 'extremes meet'- the debt to dialectical philosophy is obvious though surprisingly he never once mentioned Hegel to my knowledge, though he does Schelling who, for a time, was theoretically close to Hegel to the point of actually collaborating on some texts together. Coleridge is credited with bringing classical German philosophy to Britain almost unaided. He had plunged in at the deep end actually reading Kant in German, which is no mean achievement. However he must have found the Kantian antinomies repugnant and constantly strove to find a way beyond them, writing in his truly astonishing notebooks things like 'the reconciliation of the many with the one ' of a plurality with unity'. He found this reconciliation in the realm of the imagination which 'reveals itself in the reconciliation of opposite or discordant qualities'. This, in essentials, is little different to Kant's view as expressed in The Critique of Judgement his last great work on aesthetics and natural organisms in particular ' which revealingly takes up a major part of the book - and published shortly before the French Revolution of 1789. This latter work is commonly acknowledged as reconciling the two formerly opposed antinomies of pure and practical reason and was immediately seized on as pointing to a practical resolution of the problem. What a pity then these half-buried ideas in Coleridge were never subsequently taken up and given a more practical field to play in other than that of art or poetry and which, as the 19th century turned into the 20th century and then the 21st, became an ever more empty substitute for genuine, practical creativity. Who knows but we could have had an 'English' version of Marx's - Thesis on Feurbach - the summation of romanticism if you like - and which would have been of huge relevance to our time. I will end this protracted digression with a couple of conjoint quotes from Coleridge's notebooks penned during the revolutionary West Country years of 1794-9: 'Property intended to secure to every man the produce of his toil - as at present instituted, operates directly contrariwise to this. (NB', 'Poetry ' excites us to artificial feelings ' makes us callous to real ones'. This very remarkable combination of thoughts needed the merest tweaking to become truly explosive).

The more quietist, reconciliatory, reactionary side of Kant's aesthetics, is nonetheless there in the attitude of some of today's scientists who are patently close to the end of their tether and ready to clutch at the ghost of a straw. This will no doubt come as a surprise to them but there is a definite correspondence. I was particularly struck by a review of Steve Jones book Coral by Richard Fortey (author of Trilobite! and The Earth etc) who censures Jones for being insensitive to the beauty of coral reefs. This must surely be a plea entered on behalf of the bleakest nature aesthetic ever. In Keats' Ode to Melancholy beauty must die but in the scheme of things it will also be reborn. But not so today and after Keats, the definitions of beauty that really mattered were heavily ironic and designed to shock - the very opposite of 'beauty'. If Lautreamont were alive today and something of a lepidopterist ' which he could easily have been - he may well have supplemented his remarks on the beautiful trembling of an alcoholic's hand, with something along the lines of 'as beautiful as the last, disorientated Dingy Skipper and a bulldozer on a Yorkshire colliery spoil heap.' In so far as it implies the opposite, irony is a dialectical mode of expression and if the axiom was to lead to uproar and the eventual saving of the Dingy Skipper on these spoil heaps then ' yes - it would be truly 'beautiful'. But make no mistake about it, in today's increasingly repressive climate it could mean the ugliest of set-to's.

And the worst of it is there is scarcely a scientist alive today who dare tell it like it is. Neither Fortey nor Jones, for example, will come clean about capitalism and prefer in the last instance to opt for all manner of evasions rather than acknowledge it. The fact that Steve Jones never mentions capitalism to my mind vitiates his 'Coral' book. Excuse me for thinking that it is blindingly obvious capitalism plays a preponderant role in the destruction of the world's coral reefs. Rather than admit it, Jones plumps for a lame Darwinism as though this mass extinction at present under way is a natural rather than social event and cannot therefore be prevented. Someone like Steve Jones is more open to such questions but yields to a Duchampian readymade Darwinism, patently a cop out, at least avoids the indignity of being ostracised from a highly conservative scientific community increasingly afraid of its own shadow. (Just how much, intellectual humiliation and abuse is a scientist prepared to put up with before she/he joins a picket line?) His co-conspirator in remaining silent has to be Richard Fortey who is also aware of the impending destruction but mounts a desperate final plea on behalf of nature's beauty commending us to enjoy it while we can though it is fast fading from the scene. Colin Tudge is prepared to speak his mind and is doubtless regarded as somewhat off it by the academic community. I greatly benefited from reading his book on trees and one day must get around to reading his: 'And so shall you reap.' Yet in our opinion his critiques of political economy remains rudimentary despite his increasingly vociferous condemnation of capitalism. He wants the democratisation of money rather than its abolition. None the less, the guy very recently (The Guardian July 31st 2007) probably accurately predicts that the outcome of the Summer of Floods will be 'that Britain's farming should go the way of its coal-mining' seeing the county's climate has become too fickle for agriculture. (Globalisation's answer is always to up the ante closing down the offending object/subject.)

Most paid-up scientific intellectuals are however fearful and/or benign in their critiques so it is hardly surprising that conservation practise, if one can even call it that, is what it is. The naivet' of groups like Butterfly Conservation and Buglife when faced with the all-devouring ogre beggars belief. Ted Benton the bumble bee expert is prepared to call into question the profit motif which in every case takes precedence over conservation matters. But even so his nascent critique of political economy must be pushed further - much, much further. As for James Lovelock the question does not even figure in his analysis though few who have bothered to study him would doubt the conclusion spilling over from his Revenge of Gaia that if things continue as they are the end result will be billions dead. The two hundred millions who died in the two world wars become almost paltry beside Lovelock's death certificate for Homo sapiens. The fact that he is prepared to countenance this unprecedented catastrophe, the worst by far in the entire history of the human species, with such equanimity is indeed chilling. And what about the survivors of such a holocaust? Will they be able to function as per normal? Lovelock never once raises the question what life will be like for the survivors of such an unimaginable holocaust. Psychologically it will be wretched in the extreme. There will be nothing to look back on or even forward to and humanity's utopian impulse will be extinguished forever. The pitiful remnants of humanity may well fizzle out because the hell of continuing to live on in the aftermath of all that suffering will be just too much for the human mind to bear.

Dialectical Materialism as a term has, of course, long fallen out of use. Maybe it is due for a more thoroughly worked-through revival, maybe not. However it does strike me certain concepts belonging to what may loosely be called dialectical materialism find their way into the work of Fritjof Capra, particularly his Tao of Physics (1971) and The Turning Point (1982). Significantly Needham receives a honourable mention in the latter book. I also think it significant The Tao of Physics' commences on a beach in California with a surf-city, tableau vivante, epiphany resembling one of those dreadful alternative collages of psychedelic quantum particles set against a shadowy backdrop of Hindu deities that Allen Ginsberg could easily have cooked up. In a sense Capra is concluding what Robert Oppenheimer (the tortured inventor, with others, of the atomic bomb) initiated and it is not difficult to imagine the despairing Oppie, taking time-off from reading the Mahabarata, singing along to 'Hari Krishna, Hare Rama'. Finally Capra's two books have almost certainly been influenced by the anarchist Murray Bookchin and the Institute of Social Ecology he set up first of all in the 1960s. But of course Capra discreetly avoids mentioning Murray as did Rachel Carson of Silent Spring fame, way back in the 1950s because Murray made no bones about his anti-capitalist convictions. None the less she pillaged Murray's themes, the book being a nauseating example of recuperation ' the means whereby the essential sting is taken out of valid arguments ' thus making them somewhat acceptable to the powerful system which imperiously rules this impossible world.

However, Capra believes 'the revolution' will come from a revolution in perception alone. It won't. It can't. By itself a change in outlook will not change society and no where in his books are basic questions like funding, the role of the state and big business ever raised. Consequently it should come as no surprise that what Capra is condemning ('mechanism', 'domination', 'self-assertion', the 'yang' rather than the 'yin', the 'pong' and not the 'ping') in his books has only grown worse - infinitely worse - over the last thirty years and this despite his lauding of feminism and ecologism ' both by now 'isms' by the way and like all isms compromised to the hilt by the biggest ism of them all, capitalism. What a relief then to get away from this obfuscation and read the final sentence of Levy's previously cited essay written over 30 years prior to the Tao of Physics and, which seems obvious to silly old me: 'But to expect such a revolution in outlook without a corresponding change in the whole structure of society would be itself undialectical'.

James Lovelock the author of Gaia fulsomely praised The Turning Point when it came out in 1982 describing it as 'an essential guide for anyone inquiring about the place of science and metascience in our contemporary culture'. Lovelock was by this time just beginning to savour a growing fame but what on earth could he mean by metascience? It is certainly true his theory of a live earth was reinstating a long dead, though non-mythological, animus (the only concession to mythology is in the name Gaia, the Earth Goddess) but a word like metascience does imply a metaphysic of science and in that sense can be bracketed alongside dialectical materialism, a corpus of ideas and laws Lovelock would beyond a shadow of a doubt find ludicrous. Or could 'metascience' be code for the need for a new totality, a totality Lovelock, and a rapidly growing number of other scientists, are forced to knock their heads against yet at the same time are set on dodging and, rather than confront the self-evident, lash out in all directions? This is a very real, growing dilemma and more often than not it leads to a chilling, generalised apoplexy rather than a coherent knitting together ' 'a totality' - of separated fragments. Lovelock's Revenge of Gaia (2006) unfortunately falls into this category. Apart from his nimbyism and support for nuclear power there is never much more than a nebulous mention of consumerism or globalisation, certainly not the forces - unfettered international capitalism - that have led to it - subjects, surely, essential to tackle if the revenge of Gaia is to be halted. Once really threatened one does wonder if the increasing number of people like Lovelock will not hesitate to resort to the utmost barbarism. The answer to this question will certainly come over the next thirty years or so.

Lovelock in the book paints the blackest of pictures, truly a scientistic, Rodchenko-like, Black on Black. On the back cover of the penguin edition, Mark Lynas is quoted as saying it is an 'utterly terrifying' book. Now Lynas has just built himself a reputation by writing a book '6 Degrees' (2007) that describes what happens to the planet with each one-degree increase in temperature. At six degrees fireballs are exploding in the air. Is he depressed by this? Well, if he is he hardly shows it, for Lynas is one of the growing band of eco-operators seeking to profit from apocalypse by landing himself a superannuated position on the board of a global company. Never the less Lynas's book describes in an easy to read, popular manner - and with much graphic detail - the horror which awaits us and for that we must give him credit. As for Lovelock he is too well established to hanker after the job of businessman of domesday. He is too comfortably off to want more and that makes Lovelock the more dangerous because his crazed opinions are free from the taint of money and consequently that much more attractive and potent. Meanwhile, as a foretaste of what's in Lovelock's store, sample the following: 'Whatever form future society takes it will be tribal, and hence there will be the privileged and the poor' - or - 'Most of us prefer an urban existence, provided that predatory low life is kept invisible'. And by that he does not mean urban foxes!

In fact Lovelock has no feel at all for brownfield sites. He says rightly that the majority of people now live in cities and that consequently they are cut-off from mother earth (Gaia) and have no awareness of the natural world. There is some truth to this but it also fails to explain the growing popularity of nature programs on TV. This also raises a host of other important issues Lovelock is blind to, like the valorising of nature program presenters able to increase their net worth and nest egg with each fledged brood of tits or swallows. (In addition to presenting Springwatch, the enormously popular nature-soap, a life-sized cut out of Bill Oddy is to be found in lots of garden centres promoting some horticultural disaster or other. He also has no qualms sales-pitching for B&Q either, a DIY store that epitomises the de-industrialisation of Britain and the lightning, subcontracted industrialisation of China, international capital attracted there by a limitless industrial reserve army, able temporarily to offset the falling rate of profit. However to insist on this degree of logic and to argue that it is two sides of the same coin is largely frowned on in wild life circles and considered irrelevant, churlish and bad form.)

That said it should come as no surprise to find Lovelock's unrepentant class snobbery translates into a rural, almost chocolate box, idyll. 'By good countryside I mean farming land and communities that live well with the earth and presents an ecosystem which ' has ample room for woodlands, hedgerows and meadows. Most of southern England was like this before 1940, and the largest remaining parts are in the West Country especially Devon'. He illustrates his book with a number of colour plates one of which especially caught my eye on account of its beauty. It is a typical scene from the next county down the peninsula and is captioned: 'Cornwall, England. Land devastated by tin and copper mining'. The objection I have to Lovelock is not just that he has no eye for the beauty of industrial dereliction, but that he also has no appreciation of the growing awareness that sites like these are becoming wildlife havens.

In a recent radio program broadcast on Radio 4, May 31st 2007 entitled Costing the Earth - an examination of brownfield sites even I was astonished to hear one of the interviewees claim that the bigger the city the more bio diverse they are, a claim I still have trouble believing. On the same program the redoubtable Ted Benton author of the definitive work on bumblebees (Bumblebees The New Naturalist 2006) could be heard kicking off about 'the profit motif' and, which has in every case won out as opposed to conservation. Would that Butterfly Conservation could say the same and not mince matters, which makes it all but impossible in the long run to conserve butterflies. Benton is keenly appreciative of the wonders that have come have to light in the industrial graveyard of the Thames estuary and his discovery of the Scarce Emerald Damsel Fly (lestes dryas) in the late 1980s on the abandoned Occidental site on Canvey Island was one of the factors leading to a closer examination of this breathtaking, sublime place.

Since he wrote his book on bumblebees an edge has crept into Ted Benton's voice knowing that he can do little to halt the destruction of the former Occidental site and what rightly has been described as 'England's rain forest'. Of course we need to say more about the structure of capitalism than just point the finger at the profit motif. But it is a start and prompted me to look through the index where I chanced on William Blake's name. Going to the relevant page I found that Benton had indicted William Blake for introducing a sharp division between urban and rural life ever since he compared the 'dark satanic mills' with 'England's green and pleasant land'. I would disagree with this characterisation of Blake for of all the great romantics he was the closest to industry and the industrial working class. And he was the most consistently revolutionary. But the fact that Ted had been able to put Blake into perspective and felt it appropriate to mention his name linking it to the need to preserve brownfield sites meant that here at last was a person one could have a fruitful discussion with and so widen and push the whole matter of conservation forward. We would have much to learn from each other, which is how things should be. But not so Butterfly Conservation who have closed their doors to a wider questioning such that to query, for example, the increasing control of the Treasury over urban, particularly housing, development must inevitably lead to riots in Pall Mall and the abolition of the monarchy (if only!). They are that paranoid. For the life of me I cannot help feeling there is something Stalinoid about the organisation requiring absolute obedience and obeisance ' or else!

During May of this year (2007) I also listened to a radio program on beetles which I wish now I had recorded. Tongue in cheek and chuckling slightly one of the coleopterist's interviewed described beetles as the proletariat of the insect world whilst butterflies were the middle class! In fact he had a point. Beetles are everywhere and have invaded every nook and cranny and to illustrate his point this coleopterist went off to see what he could find in the way of beetles under a gasometer. Butterflies are far pickier and until the last couple of decades they were firmly associated in everyone's mind with the countryside. This is no longer the case and strictly speaking it never was true - certainly not as regards moths, though looking through a major work like Richard South's 'Moths' published in the first decade of the 20th century, the name Shipley crops up now and again whereas I have yet to find a reference to Bradford. (For those who don't know Shipley is the posher part of Bradford!) Old habits die-hard and unfortunately Butterfly Conservation have yet to truly emancipate themselves from a Lovelockian hankering for a vanished rural idyll that will never return except as a brutal parody of its former self, perhaps even as an armed gated community.

The prejudice against industry and brownfield sites is such that one top official went so far as to describe old railway sidings as eyesores! What chance of saving the Dingy Skippers on the pit spoils heaps of northern England given this degree of rural chauvinism? These arcane, very traditional attitudes were nurtured way back and spring from the counterattack launched against industrial capitalism by a landed and commercial aristocracy miffed at the repeal of the Corn Laws in the 1830s. Of course the last thing I want to do is to cast myself in the role of an apologist for industrial capitalism but I do wish to stress how fundamental these attitudes are in this country and what an invasive, stuck-up, petty-minded (a pettiness that ultimately comes from a courtly respect for the minutiae of hierarchy), jaundiced, carnivorous plant it is, becoming stronger by the moment the more industrial capitalism and a manual proletariat is routed and finance capitalism takes over. I stressed this country because the surprising fact mentioned previously regarding big city biodiversity came from a study of German cities and Germany in 2006 generated a '60 billion trade surplus in manufactured goods. Clearly there is nothing like the same prejudice against industry as in this country and this also applies to industrial dereliction because in Germany in the Ruhr at least one industrial park has been created and the old steel works in Duisberg left to oxidise and rot down and nature free to invade as it so pleases. But in England in particular all traces of the industrial past are assaulted with such a pathological ruthlessness and sheer vindictiveness that shortly not a hint of it will remain, including the wild life that was beginning to take up residence there. To its abiding shame Butterfly Conservation at worst has lent its authority to this terrible destruction (actually a holocaust of the Dingy Skipper) and at best stayed silent. We did, in fact, 'discover' a lot of colonies or if not that, gave them profile. Only one of these discoveries, the Penistone railway station colony is still for the moment thriving though perhaps half has been destroyed through development since coming across it in 2004.

Recently, it seems according to friends, things have taken a sinister turn and Butterfly Conservation together with other wildlife organisations are helping local councils to supposedly recreate Dingy Skipper and possibly other habitats for other flora and fauna on the Notts/Derbys spoil heaps, after they've been destroyed by government/commercial diktat with utterly disastrous results. Is this face saving or sheer cynicism or a mixture of both? This is especially so at Warsop Vale in North Notts where in the last three years or so, an expensive makeover has taken place which inevitably has destroyed an abundant colony of the Dingy Skipper but (hey!) the developers, fearing recriminations perhaps, have had the bare-faced cheek to do an about turn and supposedly re-create the original sympathetic wildlife terrain while retaining their chocolate box, essentially southern England image of nature so beloved of the estate agent sell. And who have been their best friends in this skull-duggery? Why no other than Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust and Butterfly Conservation who have sanctioned this con whereby a nutrient rich meadowland base, no matter that there maybe a fair mix of crushed limestone, maerl and paper crumble thrown in for good measure, has been imposed over the necessary nutrient poor cover which so favours the Dingy Skipper along with many other species. It painfully hasn't worked yet the truth of a tiny emergence or extinction of the butterfly has been effectively silenced. These on-going Nottinghamshire makeovers have not only destroyed the Dingy Skipper but the Grizzled Skipper and Small Blue too, despite media sound bites proclaiming the contrary. Butterfly Conservation tells you to inform the authorities if you find something of importance as it's a step in the right direction. Don't bother as all you're going to do is give the authorities the information they need to swat the natural invertebrate bastards before anybody else realises what's on their doorstep.

The point here is: it is now impossible to work with developers in any capacity whatsoever simply because they are so brutally draconian though very skilled in the black art of spin. Absolutely everything they turn their hand to is wrong, wrong, wrong. What genuine conservationists must do is expose this arrogance, throw up their hands in horror and stop placating these monsters, even if it means saying 'there's nothing we can do about it'. At least that would be honest. In South Yorkshire, the developmental umbrella bodies knowing well they have destroyed the rich and getting ever-richer biodiversity of the spoil heaps have stealthily gone back (in the dead of night one wonders?) and in the case of the Dingy Skipper planted birds foot trefoil here and there after the original plants were destroyed wholesale. Well it shows they finally care doesn't it? The trouble is they've seeded the new fluorescent green rye grass with the broad stem, tall trefoil favoured by the horticultural sales pitch and which is anathema to the Dingy Skipper. But the pet ecologists in the pay of the developers don't care. Why should they; just gimme money honey!

As for destruction the same fate awaits the Grayling colony in Healey Mills Marshalling Yards between Wakefield and Dewsbury. Essentially, the colony has been left to its devices for it was indeed remarkable to see how the butterflies were availing themselves if the rotting industrial detritus choosing to perch on rusting points levers rather than on birch bark, a favourite resting spot and which prompted Niko Tinbergen to describe the butterfly as 'the bark with wings'. To my mind it is the most remarkable Grayling colony in the country which has been left to perish. Again we are disgusted with Butterfly Conservation and local biodiversity groups in Wakefield's and Kirklees council for failing to do anything about the butterfly allowing a now rampant carr woodland to invade the broad expanses of rusting tracks, hardcore and decades old remnants of coal heaps which the grayling would frequently rest on. I doubt if the EWS management is even aware of the butterfly's existence and for sure I'm no longer prepared to risk arrest in the yards in the hope that something may eventually be done about it. Haphazardly situated on the Calder flood plain, on the all but abandoned yards which will never be developed because of subsidence, I'm sure an approach from a biodiversity group or BC could at least succeed in getting rid of some of the invasive carr woodland which will eventually kill off the Grayling in a few years time. However I have come to the conclusion that is just what these bodies wants because it saves them from an embarrassing conundrum and once the butterfly has gone the top management will breathe a sigh of relief and are clear to continue with their main concern which is the preservation of spin not butterflies. Saving the butterfly here is a very simple, uncomplicated, matter though it's like asking for the moon. If my brother is expelled from Butterfly Conservation for speaking the truth well then bring it on!

Further to your e-mail I should point out we are not Trotskyists despite Trotsky's fascination with in butterflies, a passion he found he shared with the surrealist Andre Breton when they met up. In fact Trotsky for all his insights (he was something of a polymath hence his interest in butterflies) never developed a theory of state capitalism or how it was nourished within the heart of the Bolshevik party right from the start. Admittedly he came close to it and then shied off at the last moment as though the whole issue was just too contentious for words. Whether the world will ever go back to state capitalism or variants of it (and which was very much part of the post war settlement and consensus) is a moot point. Arguably there are signs of it in Putin's Russia and Venezuela and possible eventually throughout the whole of Latin America should the new Bolivarianism become more of a reality.

I also should point out that the four British scientists I have previously mentioned never once questioned the role of the Bolshevik party or rejected the need for a vanguard party though Hyman Levy perhaps came the closest to that fundamental recognition. In the late 1960s more scientists than ever took that step, junking at the same time the pursuit of a career in science. The real history of this movement, the passions, the aspirations, the reasons for rejecting the science of our time has yet to be written. In truth the surface has barely been scratched and in twenty years time or less it will be lost forever. There was certainly more to it than a revolt against the military/industrial complex (though that was important) and involved the large scale bureaucratisation of science and the rejection of the consumer life style that went with it - the house, the nuclear family, the family car, the yearly holidays, the in-laws, Christmas, birthdays etc. Dropping out the scientific rat race for good and unable ever to rejoin the scientific fold, I know at least one that went mad (Jerry B) and another that committed suicide (Spooks) and both oriented around the King Mob loose grouping we helped put together. Not for them the idea of redefining themselves as a scientific 'worker' (which required they stay put like a cog in a machine) which had satisfied a Levy or Bernal. Once rid of such rebellious spirits, the scientific community was able to concentrate on what really mattered - business. Scientists today are encouraged to see themselves as businessmen and women, potential plcs' with a stock market valuation and flotation price. How one yearns to travel back not only thirty five years but to recover some of the unworldliness of a Needham even if we do find his secretaryship of the Guild of St Luke, a society aimed at promoting spirituality among doctors and medical students, not to out taste, for it is better than what we have today.

However we are unshakeably convinced the only solution to the mounting horrors confronting this little planet is a form of eco-socialism (or social ecology), one of collective/individual autonomy which is anti-money, anti-statist, cooperative and international. Obviously new forms of organisation are required, ones that are built from the ground up, that are open and democratic and function according to the best traditions of 'the workers' movement' as expressed in the workers' councils. However work has become a four-letter word and most work carried out today is socially irresponsible and destructive and in the interests of the survival of the species (rather than that of the fittest ' an idiotic concept when applied to humanity as if ex PM Blair got where he is through Darwinian edict rather than media fiat) should be instantly abolished and redefined from scratch. Unwise though it is to anticipate forms of mass organisation we can at least say the revocable mandate operative at all times and in all places will be central to them. How this will work out with niche organisations like those concerned specifically with butterflies, beetles, birds, plants etc it is difficult to say but at least some kind of debate should be initiated along these lines instead of expecting the membership to go along with a set of principles drawn up behind closed doors by species experts and by people fresh out of university with little experience of reality and struggle and who impose their own version of TINA. (There Is No Other Way). Behind this adamantine negative formalism there undoubtedly lurks the fear of direct action and that people will start to do things for themselves and thrust established green organisations to one side as happened with the anti-road protestors, especially at Twyford Down in the early 1990s and which finally broke the resolve of the Tory Party to continue with their road program. That Labour stealthily resumed it is one more indication of the need for constant vigilance and never on any account to trust what politicians say. One thing for sure disillusionment with green organisations has never been so low when in fact it should be at an all time high. Beyond the apathy and fear there is also a growing awareness of how inept green organisations are at confronting ' even naming - the accumulating horrors of international capitalism, a system which is now patently bent on suicide and has been appropriately labelled suicide capitalism by the enlightened French (who else?)

We likewise belong to the more libertarian wing of the communist movement, (though like the situationists ' that influence is obvious throughout the www.dialecticalbutterflies.com web - we reject the term communist because it is a description that has become too devalued) believing in control from below. This was the guiding idea behind Anton Pannekoek's 'Workers Councils' though it is perhaps ill-advised to employ such a term today seeing that most work today is socially destructive and should be instantly abolished. (Pannekoek was also an astronomer and a philosopher of science who dismissed Lenin's 'Materialism and Empirio-Criticism' as bourgeois materialism mirroring the bourgeois, rather than proletarian, revolution then under way in Russia. Dialectical Materialism was to him an infinitely more subtle instrument because of its approach to causation, even because it denies causation altogether. I have to admit I do find Pannekoek's ideas a bit quirky in this respect and to my mind it is simply a more modern version of Hume's empiricism - with the crucial proviso Hume was a social conservative which Pannekoek patently was not. If pushed to extremes empiricism can appear to easily dispose of 'the truths' of science so is it to be wondered that Hume gave liberal vent to his spleen, ill-liberally repeating such terms as 'cant', 'mystical jargon', 'hypocrisy', 'fury', 'fanaticism' over and over again when describing in his six volume 'History' (1754-62) the forces opposed to Charles 1 in the English Civil War of 1640-5).

Stuart Wise. Summer 2007

For more precise comment on the failure of conservation go to the Dingy Skipper filmscripts plus the videos section on the Revolt Against Plenty web:

Filmscripts. Miner/Butterfly Destruction. Part 1

Filmscripts.Miner/Butterfly Destruction. Part 2

Filmscripts.Miner/Butterfly Destruction. Part 3